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The document summarizes several key metabolic pathways including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the Krebs cycle, beta oxidation, and cholesterol synthesis. It lists the rate-limiting enzyme, substrate, and product for each step of these pathways. The pathways occur in different cellular locations such as the cytosol, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.
The document summarizes several key metabolic pathways including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the Krebs cycle, beta oxidation, and cholesterol synthesis. It lists the rate-limiting enzyme, substrate, and product for each step of these pathways. The pathways occur in different cellular locations such as the cytosol, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.
The document summarizes several key metabolic pathways including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the Krebs cycle, beta oxidation, and cholesterol synthesis. It lists the rate-limiting enzyme, substrate, and product for each step of these pathways. The pathways occur in different cellular locations such as the cytosol, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.
Glycolysis – well fed state Fructose-6-PO4 → Fructose 1,6- Phosphofructokinase-1 Use ATP Glucose 2 Pyruvate or Lactate Cytosol Bisphosphate
Gluconeogenesis – fasting state Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate → Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphatease Synthesis of glucose ü Intermediates from Glycolysis Glucose and TCA Liver(90%), kidney (10%): Fructose-6-PO4 requires: ü Glycerol, proprionyl CoA from 6 ATP TAG ü Lactate from Cori cycle Mitochondria, cytosol 2 NADH ü Carbon skeleton from from B-oxidation glucogenic AA
Kreb’s Cycle Isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate Isocitrate dehydrogenase Acetyl CoA 2 CO2
Mitochonrial matrix 1 GTP Except succinyl dehydrogenase – inner 3 NADH mitochondrial membrane 1 FADH2 Pentose Phosphate Oxidative Phase: Glucose-6-PO4 Dehydrogenase Produce NADPH Glucose-6-Phosphate Ribose-5-PO4 Pathway/HMP Shunt Glucose-6-PO4 → NADPH RBC and tissues that produce lipids: liver, 6-Phosphogluconate Non oxidative Phase: (not rate limiting step) Fructose-6-PO4 adipose, adrenal, thyroid, testes, lactating Enzyme: Transketolase mammaries Glyceraldehyde-3-PO4 Co-factor: Vit B1 Cytosol Glycogenesis – well fed state Elongation of glycogen chains Glycogen synthase α-D,Glucose Glycogen Liver/Muscle: Cytosol α(1-4) glycosidic bonds formation
Glycogenolysis – fasting state Shortening of glycogen chains Glycogen phosphorylase Glycogen Glucose in liver Liver/Muscle: Cytosol α(1-4) glycosidic bonds cleavage Cofactor: Vit B6 Glucose-6-Phosphate in muscle Lipogenesis Acetyl CoA + HCO3 → Malonyl Acetyl CoA carboxylase Use ATP Acetyl CoA Palmytoyl-CoA Cytosol CoA Co-enzyme: BIOTIN Must be transported from the Activated by: Citrate and mitochondria to the cytosol insulin via citrate shuttle Inhibited by: glucagon and EPI Beta Oxidation Translocation of fatty-acyl CoA Carnitine-palmitoyl transferase Palmitate 8 Acetyl CoA (even) or Mitochonria from cytosol to mitochondria Propionyl CoA+ Acetyl FA must be activated 1st by enzyme: CoA (odd) Fatty Acyl Coa Synthetase + 2ATP in the 7 NADH cytosol 7 FADH2 Ketogenesis Acetoacetyl CoA + Acetyl CoA → HMG CoA Synthase Acetyl CoA Acetoacetate Liver mitochondria HMG CoA From B oxidation Acetone β-hydroxybutyrate Cholesterol Synthesis HMG CoA → Mevalonate HMG CoA Reductase Requires 2 NADPH Acetyl CoA Cholesterol Cytosol and ER All tissues Urea Cycle NH3 + CO2 → Carbamoyl Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase I Use 2 Mg-ATP NH3 Urea Liver only: mitochondri & cytosol Phosphate Activator: N-AGA Aspartate (N-Acetylglutamate) CO2 Heme Metabolism Glycine + Succinyl CoA → δ- ALA synthase Co-factor: Pyridoxime Heme Aminolevulinic acid