SECOND DAY JANUARY 21, 2006

Ma’am Veron, kindly make a lesson plan for these topics. The students have their
own copy and are expecting you to discuss it. This is in addition to our “regular”
multiple choice questions that you answer every refresher course. Thanks a lot
and see you soon…Jim
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
1. Effective Length – the distance between inflection points.
2. Development Length- minimum length of a reinforcing bar required to
anchor it in concrete
3. Bending Moment- the moment that produces bending at a section of a
structural member, equal to the sum of moments taken about the
center of gravity of that section
4. minimum concrete coverings
5. minimum spacing of bolts
6. end distance of bolts in tension
7. end distance of bolts in compression
8. minimum penetration of screws
9. Malleability- the property of metal that permits mechanical deformation by
extrusion, forging, rolling, etc., without fracturing
10. Yield Point- the stress wherein the deformation increases without any
increase in the load. The material at some point shows a decrease in
its section.
11. modulus of elasticity
12. Elasticity- the property of a material that enables it to deform in responses
to applied forces and to recover its original size and shape upon
removal of the force
13. plasticity
14. Toughness- the property of materials that enable it to absorb energy
before rupturing, represented by the area under stress- strain curve
derived from a tensile test of the material. Ductile materials are tougher
than brittle materials.
15. Rigidity- property of a material to resist a change in its physical shape
16. Inflection Point- point on the length of a structural member subjected to
flexure at which the direction of curvature changes and at which the
bending moment is zero.
17. Brittleness- property of a material to fracture at low stress without
appreciable deformation
18. Ductility- the property of a material to undergo plastic deformation after
being stressed beyond the elastic limit before rupturing. Ductility is a
desirable property of a structural material since plastic behavior is an
indicator of reserve strength and can serve as a visual warning of
impending failure
19. Eccentric Load/ Force- a force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a
structural member but not to the centroid of the cross section,
producing bending and uneven distribution of stresses in the section.
20. Axial Load- a force that acts perpendicular to the cross section of a
structural member and at its centroiod
21. Impact Load- the dynamic effect on a structure, either moving or at rest,
by the forcible momentary contact of a moving body.
22. compressive force/stress
23. Torsion- the twisting of a structural member about its longitudinal axis by
two equal and opposite torques
24. Prestressed Concrete- concrete in which internal stresses are introduced
of such magnitude and distribution that the tensile stresses resulting
from the service loads are counteracted to a desired degree
25. Posttensioning- a method of prestressing reinforced concrete in which
tendons are tensioned after the concrete has hardened.
26. Jacking Force- a temporary force exerted into the prestressing tendons
27. Tendon- a steel element such as a wire, cable, bar, rod, or strand used to
impart prestress to the concrete when the element is placed under
tension.
28. Span- the distance between two supports
29. Clear Span- the distance between two inside faces of two supports
30. Moment- the property by which a force tends to cause a body, to which it
is applied, to rotate about a point or line.
31. Cantilever Beam- a beam supported only at one end
32. overhanging beam
33. Girder- a principal beam usually carrying other beams
34. Short Column – a thick column subjected to failure by crushing rather than
by buckling
35. Long Column – a slender column subject to failure by buckling rather than
by crushing
36. method of section
37. method of joints
38. diaphragm (strut and chord)
39. Construction Joint – a joint between two successive placements of
concrete, often keyed or doweled to provide lateral stability across the
joint.
40. Contraction Joint – in concrete work, a break in a structure made to allow
for the drying and temperature shrinkages (of concrete or masonry)
thus to prevent cracks forming at undesirable places. Since all
materials containing cement shrink appreciably on drying, contraction
joints are needed in every long structure.
41. Soffit – the underside of an architectural element, as an arch, beam,
cornice, or staircase
42. Tremie – a funnel- like device with a pipe or tube for depositing concrete
underwater.
43. Space Frame – a three- dimensional structural frame based on the rigidity
of the triangle and composed of linear elements subject only to axial
tension or compression. The simplest spatial unit of a space frame is a
tetrahedron having 4 joints and 6 structural members.
44. Slump Test – a test for the stiffness of wet concrete. A conical mould is
filled with concrete, well rammed, and then carefully inverted and
emptied over a flat plate. The amount by which the concrete cone
drops below the top of the mould is measured and is called the slump.
This test is valuable only when the aggregates are used all the time
and in the same proportions. It then gives a rough idea if the water
content of the mix. This otherwise most useful test cannot be applied to
stiff concretes with slump of less than about 20 mm.
45. Aggregates – gravel, sand, slag, crushed rock or similar inert materials
which form a large part of concretes, asphalts or roads including
macadam.
46. light weight aggregate – aggregates with low specific gravity?
47. Fine Aggregates – aggregates consisting of sand having a particle size
smaller than ¼ inch: specifically, the portion of aggregate that will pass
through a 3/8 inch sieve, almost entirely through a #4 sieve, and be
predominantly retained on a #200 sieve.
48. Coarse Aggregates – aggregates consisting of crushed stone, gravel or
blast furnace slag having a particle size larger than ¼ inch: specifically, the
portion of aggregate that is retained on a #4 sieve.
 49. Grout – a fluid cement mortar that will flow easily without segregation of
the ingredients, used to fill narrow cavities in masonry and consolidate
the adjoining materials into a solid mass
50. Mortar – a paste of cement, sand and water laid between bricks, blocks or
stones, and usually now made with masonry cement, formerly with
cement and lime putty. Cement paste can be regarded as the mortar of
concrete.
51. Bundled Bars – reinforcing bars bundled together to form a larger cross
section?
52. nscp standards on stirrup spacing
53. nscp standards on beams and columns
54. nscp definitions
55. minimum thickness of footings
56. Concrete – an artificial stone- like building material made by mixing
cement and various mineral aggregates with sufficient water to cause
the cement to set and bind the entire mass.
57. Proportional Limit – the stress beyond which the ratio of stress to strain for
a material no longer remains constant
58. Ultimate Strength – the maximum tensile, compressive, or shearing stress
a material can be expected to bear without nrupturing or fracturing.
Also called Ultimate Stress.
59. Portland Cement – a hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay
and limestone in a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker into
very fine powder. It is named after a limestone quarried in the isle of
Portland, England due its resemblance to the limestone.
60. Pedestal- an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported
height to average lateral dimensions of less than 3.
61. PNS standards
62. One-Way Slab – a concrete slab reinforced in one direction only. It is
suitable only for relatively short spans.
63. Two-Way Slab – a concrete slab reinforced in both directions
64. seismicity
65. movable structure
66. deformeter/ deflectometer – device used to measure deformation?

STRUCTURAL DESIGN – June 2005

1. What is a Bridge Cap?

2. What is a Joist?
3. Provisions of NSCP on minimum aggregate size for
concrete
4. Provisions of NSCP on maximum thickness of fillet
weld for 6mm thick steel sheet.
5. Minimum center to center distance of fasteners for
Rivet and Bolt connections
6. Minimum distance of Bolt at the edge of timber
7. Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
8. What is the common practice for proportioning of
Course and Fine Aggregates?
9. Definition of Live Load
10. What is a Girder?
11. Maximum slump for Slab
12. Maximum slump for Beams
13. What is Overturning Moment?
14. What is Bending Moment?
15. What is the maximum tolerance for variance in
dimension for timber?
16. What are Aggregates?
17. What are Admixtures? Accelerators and Retarders
18. What is the minimum dimension of a wooden
post?
19. Size of wood post given the span and no. of
storeys
20. What is a Diaphragm?
21. What is the difference between a Diaphragm
Chord and a Diaphragm Strut?
22. Compute for the required gallons of water per lb of
cement to produce 3000psi concrete.
23. What is Boring or Bored Holes?
24. What is a Gusset Plate?
25. What is a Base Shear?
26. Factors for Punching Shear
27. What is Storey Drift Ratio?
28. What is a Seismograph?
29. What do you call the distance between Roof
Trusses? Bay or Span
30. What is Modulus of Elasticity?
31. What is the purpose of driving Wooden Piles into
the ground? What is the concern of the engineer
regarding this?
32. ASCI standards for Concrete
33. PNS number for Woodwool Cement
34. What do you call walls that support weight from
above as well as their own dead weight? Load
Bearing Walls
35. Sizes of holes for Bolts
36. What is the minimum bar diameter for spiral
columns?
37. What is a web reinforcement?
38. What are bundled bars?
39. What is the minimum penetration rate of nails?
40. Curing of Concrete
 41. What is the strength of concrete on the 28th day
42. Minimum Concrete Cover for Reinforcement
43. What is the minimum requirement for development
of at least 1/3 of the total reinforcement provided for
negative moment reinforcement as an embedment
length beyond the point of inflection?
a. Not less than the effective depth of member of
12db or 1/16 the clear span whichever is
greater
b. L/3 + d or 24 db or 1/12 the clear span
whichever is greater
c. Not less than 1.5 d or 14db or 1/12 the clear
span whichever is greater
d. L/4 + 2d or 12 db or 1/12 the clear span
whichever is greater

STRUCTURAL DESIGN – January 2005

1. Yield Point
2. Yield Strength
3. Inflection Point
4. Elastic Limit
5. Plastic Limit
6. Plastic Range
7. Concurrent Forces
8. Forces that act parallel to each other is a _____. Ans. Couple
9. Difference between Concrete, Plain Concrete, Reinforced
Concrete & Cement
10. Force
11. Deflection
12. Shear
13. Stress
14. Strain
15. Shear Wall
16. Span
17. Nominal Size
18. 25mm
19. 200,000
20. 24,000psi
21. 6db
22. Notches in sawn lumber shall not be located in the ______.
23. Minimum spacing of bolts in timber connections and
fastenings shall be ________.
24. Clear distance between pretensioning tendons at each end of
the member shall not be less than _______.
25. Equivalent of Grade 40 to MPa
26. Slump Test (Heavy Mass)
27. Slump Test (Pavement)
28. Spiral Reinforcement
29. Midpoint (Beam)
30. Beam
31. Column
32. Class B- Water Cement Ratio
33. Determine the amount of water in gallons to produce
concrete of compressive strength 3000psi given 94lbs of
cement
34. Retarder
35. Chlorine
36. Carry-over Moment
37. Fixed End Moment
38. Bending Moment
39. Bending Reduction Factor
40. Minimum concrete covering for slab & beam
41. Contraction Joint
42. Tendons
43. Grade Beam
44. Frame System
45. Pre- tensioning
46. Earthquake Magnitude
47. Earthquake Intensity
48. What is a mixture of cement, sand and water used to fill in
cracks and cavities and sometimes used under base plates or
leveling plates to obtain uniform bearing surfaces?
a. Grout
b. Caulk
c. Sealant
d. Filler
49. What is the type of beam wherein no rotation or vertical
movement can occur at either end?
a. Fixed end beam
b. Simple beam
c. Beam with overhangs
d. Continuous beam
50. What is a single force that will hold two given forces in
equilibrium and is a reversed direction of the resultant?
a. Equilibrant
 b. Parallelogram
c. Concurred
d. Concurrent
51. What is a steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod or
strand or a bundle of such elements used to impart pre-stress
to a concrete structural member?
a. Tendon
b. Bottom bar
c. Top bar
d. Stiffener bar
52. What is the commercial size designation of width and depth
in standard sawn lumber and glued laminated lumber grades
which is somewhat larger than the standard net size of
dressed lumber in accordance with standards for sawn
lumber?
a. Nominal size
b. Over size
c. Under size
d. Actual size
53. What is a method of pre-stressing in which tendons are
tensioned before concrete is cast in place?
a. Pre-tensioning
b. Post tensioning
c. Cast-in placing
d. Precasting
54. What do you call a structural member which is supported at
one end and the other end is projecting beyond the support or
wall?
a. Cantilever beam
b. Simple beam
c. Semi-continuous beam
d. Continuous beam
55. What is the deepened portion of a column or rafter designed
to accommodate the higher bending moments at such points
and usually occurs at the column and rafter connection?
a. Haunch
b. Base
c. Apex
d. Mid-section

STRUCTURAL DESIGN – June 2003

1. Young’s Formula
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. What is the Inflection Point
4. What is Coplanar?
5. Weak Storey- one in which the story strength is less than 80% of the story
above
6. Soft Story- one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the
stiffness above.
7. Spacing of Nails
8. Welding Symbols
9. Why are bridge supports convex?
10. Conversion: PSI – MPa
11 What is the Load for Bleacher Stands? Uniform Load= 4.8KPa
Vertical Load = 1.75KN/m2

STRUCTURAL DESIGN – January 2003

1. What is elasticity?
2. What is Rigidity?
3. What are Beam Notches?
4. Spacing for Spiral Column Stirrups.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN (40 questions) – June 2001

DEFINITIONS
1. Batter piles
2. Tendon
3. That which transfers loads to the subsoil? Footing
4. A system where there is no vertical…? Horizontal brace frame system
5. Working stress design
6. What do you call the distance from outside-most compression part to center of tensile force? effective
depth
7. What do you call the beam that supports something? Lintel or jamb?
8. What do you call the members in between the top and bottom chord? web
9. Method of jacking force wherein tendon is placed after the concrete has set? Post-tensioning
10. Supported on one end only: cantilever
11.What do you call a system wherein the joints and the members are rigid? Rigid frame?
12. Upon excavation, what do you call the bracing in which vertical boards with cross bracing? stay
bracing
13. Precast (definition)
14. What do you call the amount of force applied over a given area, usually in units of kips or Mpa?
Stress
15. What is a kind of weld (perpendicular)? fillet weld
16. Reference marks: Bench mark
17. A floor system supported at the ends by either posts, etc.: deck
18. Dead load
19. Strut?

NSCP
20. What ASCI standard for concrete?
21. What ASCI standard for aggregates?
22. What should the spacing be for lateral ties? Minimum dimension of column
23. How thick should be for 28-32 mm bars? 8db
24. Size of bolts: 25 + 3 mm
25. Cover for exposed pipes: 40 mm
26. What should be the diameter of the lateral ties for a 32mm diameter longitudinal bar? 12mm??
27. What deep should a 12mm diameter bolt be dug????
28. What is the length of weld of something?