Steel Design Vehicular Steel Bridge Arch v16 Recovered

VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION:
MS18 Loading
Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) – Vol. II
1
FLOOR BEAM 2 ANALYSIS
2
Deck Arch Bridge
Floor Beam 2 (One-Way Deck)
Figure 1: Isometric View of Slab
Figure 2: Tributary Area for Floor Beam 2

Symbols and notations:
WBarrier = Weight of post and railings carried by Floor Beam 2
WDeck = Weight of concrete slab and steel plate carried by Floor Beam 2
Wwheels = Weight of each wheel
Computation for weight of post and railings:

(made of aluminum; γaluminum = 26.7kN/m3)(From Table 204-1, NSCP 2015)
WBarrier = Wpost + Wrailings

WBarrier = (Vpost + Vrailings)(γaluminum)
WBarrier = {[(0.2)(0.2) - (𝜋)(0.06)2][0.015] + [(𝜋)(0.06)2(1.015)] + [(𝜋)(0.05)2 - (𝜋)(0.04)2]
(1.25)(3)}(26.7)
WBarrier = 0.60 kN`
Computation for weight of Bridge Deck:

Based on Figure 1 & 2 at page 3:
wsl = width of slab between two floor beams = 1.25m.
tc = thickness of concrete = 0.4 m.
ts = thickness of steel plate = 0.02 m.
Where:
γconcrete = 23.5 kN/m3 (From NSCP Vol. II Art. 3.3.4)
γsteel = 77 kN/m3 (From NSCP Vol. II Art. 3.3.4)
3
WDeck = weight of concrete + weight of steel plate
WDeck = (wsl x tc x γconcrete ) + (wsl x ts x γsteel )
WDeck = (1.25)(0.4)(23.5) + (2.5)(0.02)(77)
WDeck = 15.6 kN/m
Based from MS 18, NSCP Art. 3.11.1, figure 3.7.6A at page 1

Wwheels = 72kN
Where:
Wwheels = P1 = P2 = P3 = P4
(𝑊𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑘 )(𝐿𝑇 )2 (𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 )(𝐿𝑇 −𝐿1 )2 (𝐿1 ) (𝑃1 )(𝐿𝑇 −(𝐿1 +𝐿2 ))2 (𝐿1 +𝐿2 )
FEML = -[ + 2 +
12 𝐿𝑇 𝐿𝑇 2
(𝑃2 )(𝐿𝑇 −(𝐿1 +𝐿2 +𝐿3 ))2 (𝐿1 +𝐿2 +𝐿3 ) (𝑃3 )(𝐿5 +𝐿6 +𝐿7 )2 (𝐿𝑇 −(𝐿5 +𝐿6 +𝐿7 )) (𝑃4 )(𝐿6 +𝐿7 )2 (𝐿𝑇 −(𝐿6 +𝐿7 ))
+ 2 + 2 + +
𝐿𝑇 𝐿𝑇 𝐿𝑇 2
(𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 )(𝐿7 )2 (𝐿𝑇 −𝐿7 )
]
𝐿𝑇 2
(15.6)(7.5)2 (0.6)(7.4)2 (0.1) (72)(6.15)2 (1.35) (72)(4.35)2 (3.15) (72)(3.15)2 (4.35)
FEML =-[ + + + + +
12 7.52 7.52 7.52 7.52
(72)(1.35)2 (6.15) (0.6)(0.1)2 (7.4)
+ ]
7.52 7.52
FEML = -284.43 kNm
(𝑊𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑘 )(𝐿𝑇 )2 (𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 )(𝐿1 )2 (𝐿𝑇 −𝐿1 ) (𝑃1 )(𝐿1 +𝐿2 )2 (𝐿𝑇 −(𝐿1 +𝐿2 ))
FEMR = [ + 2 + +
(𝑃2 )(𝐿1 +𝐿2 +𝐿3 )2 (𝐿𝑇 −(𝐿1 +𝐿2 +𝐿3 )) (𝑃3 )(𝐿𝑇 −(𝐿5 +𝐿6 +𝐿7 ))2 (𝐿5 +𝐿6 +𝐿7 ) (𝑃4 )(𝐿𝑇 −(𝐿6 +𝐿7 ))2 (𝐿6 +𝐿7 )
2 + 2 + +
(𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 )(𝐿𝑇 −𝐿7 )2 (𝐿7 )
]
𝐿𝑇 2
(15.6)(7.5)2 (0.6)(0.1)2 (7.4) (72)(1.35)2 (6.15) (72)(3.15)2 (4.35) (72)(4.35)2 (3.15)
FEMR = [ + + + + +
12 7.52 7.52 7.52 7.52
(72)(6.15)2 (1.35) (0.6)(7.4)2 (0.1)
+ ]
7.52 7.52
FEMR = 284.43 kNm
4
Reaction:
∑ 𝐹𝑣
RL = RR = 2
(𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 +𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 )+(𝑃1 +𝑃2 +𝑃3 +𝑃4 )+(𝑊𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑘 )(𝐿𝑇 ) (0.6)(2)+(72)(4)+(15.6)(7.5)
RL = RR = =
2 2
RL = RR = 203.1 kN
SHEAR DIAGRAM (kN)
MOMENT DIAGRAM (kNm)
5
FLOOR BEAM 1 ANALYSIS
6
Floor Beam 1 (One-Way Deck)
Figure 3: Tributary Area for Floor Beam 1

Symbols and notations:
WBarrier = Weight of post and railings carried by Floor Beam 1
WDeck = Weight of concrete slab and steel plate carried by Floor Beam 1
Wwheels = Weight of each wheel
Computation for weight of post and railings:

(made of aluminum; γaluminum = 26.7 kN/m3)(From Table 204-1, NSCP 2015)
WBarrier = Wpost + Wrailings

WBarrier = (Vpost + Vrailings)(γaluminum)
WBarrier = {[(0.2)(0.2) - (𝜋)(0.06)2][0.015] + [(𝜋)(0.06)2(1.015)] + [(𝜋)(0.05)2 -(𝜋)(0.04)2]
(2.5)(3)}(26.7)
WBarrier = 0.88 kN
Computation for weight of Bridge Deck:

Based from figure 1 at page 3 and figure 3 above:
wsl = width of slab between two floor beams = 2.5m.
tc = thickness of concrete = 0.4 m.
ts = thickness of steel plate = 0.02 m.
Where:
WDeck = weight of concrete + weight of steel plate

WDeck = (wsl x tc x γconcrete ) + (wsl x ts x γsteel )
WDeck = (2.5)(0.4)(23.5) + (2.5)(0.02)(77)
WDeck = 27.35 kN/m
Based from MS 18, NSCP Art. 3.11.1, figure 3.7.6A at page 1

Wwheels = 72kN
Where:
Wwheels = P1 = P2 = P3 = P4
7
(𝑊𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑘 )(𝐿𝑇 )2 (𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 )(𝐿𝑇 −𝐿1 )2 (𝐿1 ) (𝑃1 )(𝐿𝑇 −(𝐿1 +𝐿2 ))2 (𝐿1 +𝐿2 )
FEML =-[ + 2 + +
(𝑃2 )(𝐿𝑇 −(𝐿1 +𝐿2 +𝐿3 ))2 (𝐿1 +𝐿2 +𝐿3 ) (𝑃3 )(𝐿5 +𝐿6 +𝐿7 )2 (𝐿𝑇 −(𝐿5 +𝐿6 +𝐿7 )) (𝑃4 )(𝐿6 +𝐿7 )2 (𝐿𝑇 −(𝐿6 +𝐿7 ))
2 + + +
𝐿𝑇 𝐿𝑇 2 𝐿𝑇 2
(𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 )(𝐿7 )2 (𝐿𝑇 −𝐿7 )
]
𝐿𝑇 2
(27.35)(7.5)2 (0.88)(7.4)2 (0.1) (72)(6.15)2 (1.35) (72)(4.35)2 (3.15) (72)(3.15)2 (4.35)
FEML = -[ + + + + +
12 7.52 7.52 7.52 7.52
(72)(1.35)2 (6.15) (0.88)(0.1)2 (7.4)
+ ]
7.52 7.52
FEML = -339.54 kNm
(𝑊𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑘 )(𝐿𝑇 )2 (𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 )(𝐿1 )2 (𝐿𝑇 −𝐿1 ) (𝑃1 )(𝐿1 +𝐿2 )2 (𝐿𝑇 −(𝐿1 +𝐿2 ))
FEMR = [ + 2 + +
(𝑃2 )(𝐿1 +𝐿2 +𝐿3 )2 (𝐿𝑇 −(𝐿1 +𝐿2 +𝐿3 )) (𝑃3 )(𝐿𝑇 −(𝐿5 +𝐿6 +𝐿7 ))2 (𝐿5 +𝐿6 +𝐿7 ) (𝑃4 )(𝐿𝑇 −(𝐿6 +𝐿7 ))2 (𝐿6 +𝐿7 )
2 + 2 + +
(𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 )(𝐿𝑇 −𝐿7 )2 (𝐿7 )
]
𝐿𝑇 2
(27.35)(7.5)2 (0.88)(0.1)2 (7.4) (72)(1.35)2 (6.15) (72)(3.15)2 (4.35) (72)(4.35)2 (3.15)
FEMR = [ + + + + +
12 7.52 7.52 7.52 7.52
(72)(6.15)2 (1.35) (0.88)(7.4)2 (0.1)
+ ]
7.52 7.52
FEMR = 339. 54 kNm
Reaction:
∑ 𝐹𝑣
RL = RR = 2
(𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 +𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 )+(𝑃1 +𝑃2 +𝑃3 +𝑃4 )+(𝑊𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑘 )(𝐿𝑇 ) (0.88)(2)+(72)(4)+(27.35)(7.5)
RL = RR = =
2 2
RL = RR = 247.44 kN
8
9
DESIGN OF FLOOR BEAMS
10
BEAM DESIGN (FLOOR BEAM 1)
Mreq = maximum moment
Mreq = 339.54 kNm (See moment diagram at page 9)
Fy = 248 MPa
Assume compact:
Fb = 0.66Fy
= (0.66)(248 MPa)
Fb = 163.68 MPa
Sx = M / Fb
= (339.5379517 x 106) / (163.68)
Sx = 2074.400976 x 103 mm3
Using W12 x 120

bf = 312.9 mm tw = 18 mm
tf = 28.1 mm Sx = 2673.3 x 103 mm3
d = 332.2 mm W = 179.1 kg/m
Checking for Compact Section:

𝑏𝑓 170 𝑑 1690
≤ ≤
2𝑡𝑓 √𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑤 √𝐹𝑦
312.9 170 332.2 1690
≤ ≤
2(28.1) √248 18 √248
5.57 ≤ 10.8 18.51 ≤ 107.32
∴ Compact ∴ Compact
Mnew = Mreq + Msection

𝑤𝐿2
Mnew = Mreq +
12
𝑘𝑔 9.81𝑚 1𝑘𝑁
(179.1 )( 2 )( )(7.5𝑚)2
𝑚 𝑠 1000𝑁
Mnew = 339.5379517 + [ ]
12
Mnew = 347.77 kNm
𝑀𝑛𝑒𝑤 347.77 x 103 𝑁𝑚
Sxnew = = 𝑁 = 2.12 x 10-3m3
𝐹𝑏 163.68 x 106
𝑚²
= 2124.72 x 103 mm3
Sxnew < Sxsection
2124.72 x 103 mm3 < 2673.3 x 103 mm3
∴ Acceptable
Checking for Lateral Support:

200𝑏𝑓 200(312.9)
𝐿1 = = = 3.97𝑚 = 𝐿𝑐
√𝐹𝑦 √248
137900 137900
𝐿2 = = = 14.7𝑚 = 𝐿𝑢
𝐹𝑦𝑑 (248)(332.2)
𝑏𝑓𝑡𝑓 (312.9)(28.1)
Lc < Lb < Lu
3.97m < 7.5m < 14.7m
11
Safe to analyze small value of Fb so that Fb = 0.60Fy
Fb = 0.60Fy
Fb = 0.60 (248MPa)
Fb = 148.8 MPa
𝑀 339.54 x 106
Sx = 𝐹 = = 2281.85 x 103 mm3
𝑏 148.8
Mnew = 347.77 kNm
𝑀𝑛𝑒𝑤 347.77 x 103 𝑁𝑚
Sxnew = = = 2337.16 x 103 mm3
𝐹𝑏 148.8
Sxnew < Sxsection

2337.16 x 103 mm3 < 2673.3 x 103 mm3
∴ Acceptable
Where:
WT = Weight of concrete, steel plate and floor beam
WDeck = Weight of concrete and steel plate
Wsection = Weight of section
WT =WDeck + Wsection
= 27.35 kN/m + (179.1 kg/m)(9.81m/s2)(1kN/1000N)
= 29.11 kN/m
BEAM DESIGN (FLOOR BEAM 2)

Mreq = maximum moment
Mreq = 284.43 kNm (See moment diagram at page 5)
Fy = 248 MPa
Assume compact:
Fb = 0.66Fy
= (0.66)(248 MPa)
Fb = 163.68 MPa
Sx = M / Fb
= (284.43 x 106) / (163.68)
Sx = 1737.72 x 103 mm3
Using W12 x 96
bf = 308.86 mm tw = 13.97 mm
tf = 22.86 mm Sx = 2147 x 103 mm3
d = 322.83 mm W = 143 kg/m
Checking for Compact Section:

𝑏𝑓 170 𝑑 1690
≤ ≤
2𝑡𝑓 √𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑤 √𝐹𝑦
308.86 170 322.83 1690
≤ ≤
2(22.86) √248 13.97 √248
6.76 ≤ 10.8 23.11 ≤ 107.32
∴ Compact ∴ Compact
12
Mnew = Mreq + Msection
𝑤𝐿2
Mnew = Mreq + 12
𝑘𝑔 9.81𝑚 1𝑘𝑁
(143 )( 2 )( )(7.5𝑚)2
𝑚 𝑠 1000𝑁
Mnew = 284.43 + [ ]
12
Mnew = 291.01 kNm
𝑀𝑛𝑒𝑤 291.01 x 103 𝑁𝑚
Sxnew = = 𝑁 = 1.78 x 10-3m3
𝐹𝑏 163.68 x 106
𝑚²
= 1777.92 x 103 mm3
Sxnew < Sxsection
1777.92 x 103 mm3 < 2147 x 103 mm3
∴ Acceptable
Checking for Lateral Support:

200𝑏𝑓 200(308.86)
𝐿1 = = = 3.92𝑚 = 𝐿𝑐
√𝐹𝑦 √248
137900 137900
𝐿2 = = = 12.16𝑚 = 𝐿𝑢
𝐹𝑦𝑑 (248)(318.26)
𝑏𝑓𝑡𝑓 (307.98)(20.57)
Lc < Lb < Lu
3.92m < 7.5m < 12.16m
Safe to analyze small value of Fb so that Fb = 0.60Fy

Fb = 0.60Fy
Fb = 0.60 (248MPa)
Fb = 148.8 MPa
𝑀 284.43 x 106
Sx = 𝐹 = = 1911.49 x 103 mm3
𝑏 148.8
Mnew = 291.01 kNm
𝑀𝑛𝑒𝑤 291.01 x 103 𝑁𝑚
Sxnew = = = 1955.71 x 103 mm3
𝐹𝑏 148.8
Sxnew < Sxsection

1955.71 x 103 mm3 < 2147 x 103 mm3
∴ Acceptable
Where:
WT = Weight of concrete, steel plate and floor beam
WDeck = Weight of concrete and steel plate
Wsection = Weight of section
WT =WDeck + Wsection
= 15.6 kN/m + (143 kg/m)(9.81m/s2)(1kN/1000N)
= 17 kN/m
13
TRANSFER OF LOADS
14
MAXIMUM STESS CONDITION (Case 1) (Summary)
Design Lane Load = 9.4 kN/m (From AASHTO Bridge Design Specifications Cl 3.6.1.2)
WL=Load due to design lane load P= Load due to Weight of Truck wheel
WL= 1.6(9.4 kN/m) = 15.04 kN/m P1= P2= P4= P5= 1.6(Wwheel) = 1.6(144 kN) = 230.4kN
P3= P6= 1.6(Wwheel) = 1.6(36 kN) = 57.6 kN
15
Table 1.1: Summary of Axial Forces Per Truss Member (Case 1)
Top Member Axial Force (kN) Arch Member (kN) Axial Force (kN)
AC 527.378 C BD 0
CE 1403.07 C DF 635.394 T
EG 2356.658 C FH 1487.455 T
GI 2356.658 C HJ 2939.349 T
IK 2482.762 C JL 2939.349 T
KM 2482.762 C LN 1524.086 T
MO 1437.623 C NP 674.677 T
OQ 559.983 C PR 0
Table 1.2: Summary of Axial Forcess Per Truss Member (Case 1)
Vertical Member Axial Force (kN) Diagonal Member Axial Force (kN)
AB 1257.650 C AD 1149.151 T
CD 1219.201 C CF 1411.382 T
EF 1094.858 C EH 1290.608 T
GH 38.690 C HI 763.905 C
IJ 803.439 T IL 593.233 C
KL 225.030 C LM 1414.515 T
MN 1087.573 C NO 1414.522 T
OP 1304.243 C PQ 1220.196 T
QR 1085.86 C
(See Computations of axial forces per truss members - case 1 at page 42 - 48)
16
Transferring of Loads: Case 1 (Moment Distribution Method)
(NSCP 2010 Volume 2: MS 18 Loading)
For FEMAC and FEMCA:

𝑃1 (𝑎)(𝑏 2 ) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMAC= − −
𝐿2 12
230.40(0)(0) 15.04(2.52 )
FEMAC=− − = –7.83 kNm
2.52 12
𝑃1 (𝑎2 )(𝑏) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )

FEMCA= +
𝐿2 12
230.40(0)(0) 15.04(2.52 )
FEMCA= + = 7.83 kNm
2.52 12
For FEMCE and FEMEC:
𝑃2 (𝑎)(𝑏 2 ) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMCE= − −
𝐿2 12
230.40(1.77)(0.732 ) 15.04(2.52 )
FEMCE=− − = –42.60 kNm
2.52 12
𝑃2 (𝑎2 )(𝑏) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )

FEMEC= +
𝐿2 12
230.40(1.772 )(0.73) 15.04(2.52 )

FEMEC= + = 92.14 kNm
2.52 12
For FEMEG and FEMGE:

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMEG= − 12
15.04(2.52 )
FEMEG=− = –7.83kNm
12
𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMGE= 12
15.04(2.52 )
FEMGE= = 7.83 kNm
12

𝑃3 (𝑎)(𝑏 2 ) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMGI= − −
𝐿2 12
57.60(1.04)(1.462 ) 15.04(2.52 )
FEMGI=− − = –28.26kNm
2.52 12
𝑃3 (𝑎2 )(𝑏) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )

FEMIG= +
𝐿2 12
57.60(1.042 )(1.46) 15.04(2.52 )

FEMIG= + = 22.39kNm
2.52 12
17
For FEMIK and FEMKI:
𝑃4 (𝑎)(𝑏 2 ) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMIK= − −
𝐿2 12
230.40(2.16)(0.342 ) 15.04(2.52 )
FEMIK=− − = –17.04kNm
2.52 12
𝑃4 (𝑎2 )(𝑏) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )

FEMKI= +
𝐿2 12
230.40(2.162 )(0.34) 15.04(2.52 )

FEMKI= + = 66.31kNm
2.52 12
For FEMKM and FEMMK:

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMKM= − 12
15.04(2.52 )
FEMKM=− = –7.83kNm
12
𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMMK= 12
15.04(2.52 )
FEMMK= = 7.83kNm
12
For FEMMO and FEMOM:

𝑃5 (𝑎)(𝑏 2 ) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMMO= − −
𝐿2 12
230.40(1.43)(1.072 ) 15.04(2.52 )
FEMMO=− − = –68.19kNm
2.52 12
𝑃5 (𝑎2 )(𝑏) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )

FEMOM= +
𝐿2 12
230.40(1.432 )(1.07) 15.04(2.52 )

FEMOM= + = 88.49kNm
2.52 12
For FEMOQ and FEMQO:

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMOQ= − 12
15.04(2.52 )
FEMOQ=− = –7.83kNm
12
𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMQO= 12
15.04(2.52 )
FEMQO= = 7.83kNm
12
18
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION OF CASE 1
19
SOLUTION FOR REACTIONS (CASE 1):
For PA:
PA= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
Reaction due to truck load and uniform load between supports A and C :
(-) SMC = SMC (+)

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
RAL = P1L + 2
15.04(2.52 )
2.5RA = (230.40)(2.5) + 2
RA=249.2kN
ΣFy=0
RC1 = P1 +WL(L)–RA
RC1 = 230.40 + (15.04)(2.5) – 249.2
RC1 =18.80kN
Reaction due to moment between supports A and C:
Let ML = Larger Absolute Value of End Moments
MS = Smaller Absolute Value of End Moments
M L  M S M CA  M AC 39.19  7.85
R 1'   
L L 2.5
R 1'  12.54 kN
PA= RA - R 1'  = 249.2kN – 12.54kN
PA = 236.66kN
For PC:
PC=Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
Reaction due to truck load and uniform load2 between supports C and E:
20
(-) SME = SME (+)
𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
RC2L = P2b + 2
15.04(2.52 )
2.5RC2 = (230.40)(0.73) + 2
RC2=86.08kN
ΣFy=0
RE1 = P2+WL(L) –
RC2
RE1 = 230.4+(15.04)(2.5) –
86.08
RE1 =181.92kN
Reaction due to moment between supports C and E:
M  M S M EC  M CE 51.92  39.20
R '2  L  
L L 2.5
R '2  5.09 kN
PC= RC1 + RC2 + R1'  R2' = 18.80kN+86.08kN+12.54kN – 5.09kN
PC= 112.33kN
For PE:
PE= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
Reaction due to truck load and uniform load between supports E and G :
(-) SMG = SMG (+)

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
RE2L = 2
15.04(2.52 )
2.5RE2 = 2
RE2=18.80kN
ΣFy=0
RG1 =WL(L) – RE2
RG1 =(15.04)(2.5) – 18.80
RG1 =18.80kN
Reaction due to moment between supports E and G:
21
M L  M S M EG  M GE 51.93  3.50
R 3'   
L L 2.5
R 3'  19.37 kN
PE = RE1 + RE2 + R '2  R 3' = 181.92kN + 18.80kN + 5.09kN + 19.37kN
PE = 225.18 K
For PG:
PG= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
Reaction due to truck load and uniform load between supports G and I :
(-) SMI = SMI (+)

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
RG2L = P3b + 2
15.04(2.52 )
2.5RG2 = (57.60)(1.46) + 2
RG2=52.44kN
ΣFy=0
RI1 = P3+WL(L) – RG2
RI1 = 57.60+(15.04)(2.5) – 52.44
RI1 =42.76kN
Reaction due to moment between supports G and I:
M L  M S M IG  M GI 36.46  3.51
R '4   
L L 2.5
R '4  13.18kN
PG= RG1 + RG2 - R 3' - R '4 = 18.80kN +52.44kN – 19.37kN – 13.18kN
PG= 38.69kN
For PI:
PI= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
Reaction due to truck load and uniform load between supports I and K :
22
(-) SMK = SMK (+)
𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
RI2L = P4b + 2
15.04(2.52 )
2.5RI2 = (230.40)(0.34) + 2
RI2=50.13kN
ΣFy=0
RK1 = P4+WL(L) – RI2
RK1 = 230.40+(15.04)(2.5) – 50.13
RK1 =217.87Kn
Reaction due to moment between supports I and K:
M L  M S M IK  M KI 36.49  24.01
R 5'   
L L 2.5
R 5'  4.99 kN
PI= RI1 + RI2 + R '4 + R 5' = 42.76kN +50.13kN+3.18kN + 4.99kN
PI = 111.07kN
For PK:
PK= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
Reaction due to truck load and uniform load between supports K and M :
(-) SMM = SMM (+)

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
RK2L = 2
15.04(2.52 )
2.5RK2 = 2
RK2=18.80kN
ΣFy=0
RM1 = WL(L) – RK2
RM1 = (15.04)(2.5) – 18.80
RM1 =18.80kN
Reaction due to moment between supports K and M:
M L  M S M MK  M KM 40.63  24.01
R '6   
L L 2.5
R '6  6.65 kN
23
PK= RK1 + RK2 - R 5' - R '6 = 217.87kN +18.80kN – 4.99kN – 6.65kN
PK= 225.03Kn
For PM:
PM= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
Reaction due to truck load and uniform load between supports M and O :
(-) SMO = SMO (+)

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
RM2L = P5b + 2
15.04(2.52 )
2.5RM2 = (230.40)(1.07) + 2
RM2=117.41kN
ΣFy=0
RO1 = P4+WL(L) – RI2
RO1 = 230.40+(15.04)(2.5) – 117.41
RO1 =150.59kN
Reaction due to moment between supports M and O:
M L  M S M OM  M MO 61.79  40.65
R '7   
L L 2.5
R '7  8.46 kN
PM = RM1 + RM2 + R '6 - R '7 = 18.80kN +117.41kN + 6.65kN – 8.46kN
PM= 134.40kN
For PO:
PO= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
Reaction due to truck load and uniform load between supports O and Q :
(-) SMQ = SMQ (+)
24
𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
RO2L =
2
15.04(2.52 )
2.5RO2 = 2
RO2=18.80kN
ΣFy=0
RQ = WL(L) – RI2
RQ = (15.04)(2.5) – 18.80
RQ =18.80kN
Reaction due to moment between supports O and Q:
M L  MS MOQ  MQO 61.79  19.15

R 8'   
L L 2.5
R 8'  17.06 kN
PO= RO1 + RO2 + R '7 + R 8' = 150.59kN +18.80kN + 8.4kN + 17.06kN
PO= 194.91kN
For PQ:
PQ= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
PQ= RQ - R 8' = 18.80kN –17.06kN
PQ= 1.74kN
25
MAXIMUM STESS CONDITION (Case 2) (Summary)
Design Lane Load = 9.4 kN/m (From AASHTO Bridge Design Specifications Cl 3.6.1.2)
WL=Load due to design lane load P= Load due to Weight of Truck wheel
WL= 1.6(9.4 kN/m) = 15.04 kN/m P1= P2= P4= P5= 1.6(Wwheel) = 1.6(144 kN) = 230.4kN
26
P3= P6= 1.6(Wwheel) = 1.6(36 kN) = 57.6 kN
Top Member Axial Force (kN) Arch Member (kN) Axial Force (kN)
AC 543.516 C BD 0
27
CE 1390.932 C DF 654.837 T
EG 2372.447 C FH 1474.587 T
GI 2372.447 C HJ 2980.100 T
IK 2476.414 C JL 2980.100 T
KM 2476.414 C LN 1536.112 T
MO 1448.968 C NP 655.312 T
OQ 543.911 C PR 0
Vertical Member Axial Force (kN) Diagonal Member Axial Force (kN)
AB 1054.448 C AD 1184.315 T
CD 1261.288 C CF 1365.809 T
EF 1044.001 C EH 1328.405 T
GH 50.434 C HI 797.346 C
IJ 812.511 T IL 656.635 C
KL 166.714 C LM 1390.570 T
MN 1137.021 C NO 1458.710 T
OP 1262.308 C PQ 1185.175 T
QR 1116.252 C
(See Computations of axial forces per truss members - case 2 at page 48 - 55)
Transferring of Loads: Case 2 (Solution)

(NSCP 2010 Volume 2: MS 18 Loading)
For FEMAC and FEMCA:
28
𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMAC= −
12
15.04(2.52 )
FEMAC=− = –7.83 kNm
12
𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMCA= 12
15.04(2.52 )
FEMCA= = 7.83 kNm
12
For FEMCE and FEMEC:

𝑃2 (𝑎)(𝑏 2 ) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMCE= − −
𝐿2 12
230.40(1.07)(1.432 ) 15.04(2.52 )
FEMCE=− − = –88.49kNm
2.52 12
𝑃2 (𝑎2 )(𝑏) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )

FEMEC= +
𝐿2 12
230.40(1.072 )(1.43) 15.04(2.52 )

FEMEC= + = 68.19kNm
2.52 12

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMEG= −
12
15.04(2.52 )
FEMEG=− = –7.83kNm
12
𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMGE= 12
15.04(2.52 )
FEMGE= = 7.83kNm
12
For FEMGI and FEMIG:

𝑃3 (𝑎)(𝑏 2 ) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMGI= − −
𝐿2 12
57.60(0.34)(2.162 ) 15.04(2.52 )
FEMGI=− − = –22.45kNm
2.52 12
𝑃3 (𝑎2 )(𝑏) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )

FEMIG= +
𝐿2 12
57.60(0.342 )(2.16) 15.04(2.52 )

FEMIG= + = 10.13kNm
2.52 12
For FEMIK and FEMKI:
29
𝑃4 (𝑎)(𝑏 2 ) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMIK= − −
𝐿2 12
230.40(1.46)(1.042 ) 15.04(2.52 )
FEMIK=− − = –66.05kNm
2.52 12
𝑃4 (𝑎2 )(𝑏) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )

FEMKI= +
𝐿2 12
230.40(1.462 )(1.04) 15.04(2.52 )

FEMKI= + = 89.56kNm
2.52 12
For FEMKM and FEMMK:

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMKM= − 12
15.04(2.52 )
FEMKM=− = –7.83kNm
12
𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMMK= 12
15.04(2.52 )
FEMMK= = 7.83kNm
12
For FEMMO and FEMOM:

𝑃5 (𝑎)(𝑏 2 ) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMMO= − −
𝐿2 12
230.40(0.73)(1.772 ) 15.04(2.52 )
FEMMO=− − = –92.14kNm
2.52 12
𝑃5 (𝑎2 )(𝑏) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )

FEMOM= +
𝐿2 12
230.40(0.732 )(1.77) 15.04(2.52 )

FEMOM= + = 42.60kNm
2.52 12
For FEMOQ and FEMQO:

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMOQ=− 12
15.04(2.52 )
FEMOQ=− = –7.83kNm
12
𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
FEMQO= 12
15.04(2.52 )
FEMQO= = 7.83kNm
12
30
MDM OF CASE 2
SOLUTION FOR REACTIONS (CASE 2):
31
For PA:
PA= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
Reaction due to truck load and uniform load between supports A and C :
(-) SMC = SMC (+)

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
RAL = 2
15.04(2.52 )
2.5RA = 2
RA=18.80kN
ΣFy=0
RC1 = WL(L)–RA
RC1 = (15.04)(2.5) – 18.80
RC1 =18.80kN
Reaction due to moment between supports A and C:
M L  M S M CA  M AC 59.42  17.96
R 1'   
L L 2.5
R 1'  16.584kN
PA= RA - R 1'  18.80kN – 16.584kN
PA = 2.216kN
For PC:
PC= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
Reaction due to truck load and uniform load between supports C and E:
(-) SME= SME (+)

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
RC2L = P2b +
2
15.04(2.52 )
2.5RC2 = (230.40)(1.43) + 2
RC2=150.59kN
ΣFy=0
RE1 = P2 + WL(L) – RC2
RE1 = 230.40 + (15.04)(2.5) – 150.59
RE1 =117.41kN
Reaction due to moment between supports C and E:
32
M L  M S M CE  M EC 59.42  48.96
R '2   
L L 2.5
R '2  4.184 kN
PC= RC1 + RC2 + R 1' + R '2 = 18.80kN +150.59kN + 16.584kN+ 4.18kN
PC= 190.158kN
For PE:
PE= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
Reaction due to truck load and uniform load between supports E and G :
(-) SMG = SMG (+)

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
RE2L = 2
15.04(2.52 )
2.5RE2 = 2
RE2=18.80kN
ΣFy=0
RG1 =WL(L) – RE2
RG1 =(15.04)(2.5) – 18.80
RG1 =18.80kN
Reaction due to moment between supports E and G:
M L  M S M EG  M GE 48.96  6.89
R 3'   
L L 2.5
R 3'  16.828kN
PE= RE1 + RE2 - R '2 - R 3' = 117.41kN +18.80kN – 4.18kN - 16.828kN
PE= 148.854kN
For PG:
33
PG= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
Reaction due to truck load and uniform load between supports G and I :
(-) SMI = SMI (+)

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
RG2L = P3b + 2
15.04(2.52 )
2.5RG2 = (57.60)(2.16) + 2
RG2=68.57kN
ΣFy=0
RI1 = P3+WL(L) – RG2
RI1 = 57.60+(15.04)(2.5) – 68.57
RI1 =26.63kN
Reaction due to moment between supports G and I:
M  M S M IG  M GI 57.18  6.91
R '4  L  
L L 2.5
R '4  20.108 kN
PG= RG1 + RG2 - R 3' - R '4 = 18.80kN +68.57kN – 16.828kN – 20.108kN
PG= 50.434kN
For PI:
PI= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
Reaction due to truck load and uniform load between supports I and K :
(-) SMK = SMK (+)

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
RI2L = P4b + 2
15.04(2.52 )
2.5RI2 = (230.40)(1.04) + 2
RI2=114.65kN
ΣFy=0
RK1 = P4+WL(L) – RI2
RK1 = 230.40+(15.04)(2.5) – 114.65
RK1 =153.35kN
Reaction due to moment between supports I and K:
34
M L  M S M IK  M KI 57.20  42.53
R 5'   
L L 2.5
R 5' = 5.868kN
PI= RI1 + RI2 + R '4 + R 5' = 26.63kN +114.65kN + 20.108kN + 5.868kN
PI= 167.256kN
For PK:
PK= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
Reaction due to truck load and uniform load between supports K and M :
(-) SMM = SMM (+)

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
RK2L = 2
15.04(2.52 )
2.5RK2 = 2
RK2=18.80kN
ΣFy=0
RM1 = WL(L) – RK2
RM1 = (15.04)(2.5) – 18.80
RM1 =18.80Kn
Reaction due to moment between supports K and M:
.
M L  M S M KM  M MK 42.49  41.41
R '6   
L L 2.5
R '6 = 0.432 kN
PK= RK1 + RK2 - R 5' - R '6 = 153.35kN +18.80kN – 5.868kN + 0.432kN
PK= 166.714kN
For PM:
35
PM= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
Reaction due to truck load and uniform load between supports M and O :
(-) SMO = SMO (+)

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
RM2L = P5b + 2
15.04(2.52 )
2.5RM2 = (230.40)(1.77) + 2
RM2=181.92kN
ΣFy=0
RO1 = P4+WL(L) – RI2
RO1 = 230.40+(15.04)(2.5) – 181.92
RO1 =86.08/kN
Reaction due to moment between supports M and O:
M L  M S M OM  M MO 42.20  41.41
R '7   
L L 2.5
R '7 = 0.304 kN
PM= RM1 + RM2 - R '6 - R '7 = 18.80kN +181.92kN – 0.43kN – 0.304kN
PM= 199.984kN
For PO:
PO= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
Reaction due to truck load and uniform load between supports O and Q :
(-) SMQ = SMQ (+)

𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )
RO2L = 2
15.04(2.52 )
2.5RO2 =
2
RO2=18.80kN
ΣFy=0
RQ = P6 +WL(L) – RI2
RQ = 57.60 + (15.04)(2.5) – 18.80
RQ =76.40kN
Reaction due to moment between supports O and Q:
36
M L  MS MOQ  MQO 42.18  9.34
R 8'   
L L 2.5
R 8' = 13.136 kN
PO= RO1 + RO2 + R '7 + R 8' = 86.08kN +18.80kN + 0.304kN + 13.136kN
PO= 118.32kN
For PQ:
PQ= Reaction Due to Truck Load and Uniform Load + Reaction Due to Moment
PQ= RQ - R 8' = 76.40kN –13.136kN
PQ= 63.264kN
37
LOADING OF TRUSS
(LIVE LOAD AND DEAD
LOAD)
38
SUMMARY AND COMPUTATION OF SELF- WEIGHT OF TRUSS MEMBERS
Assume dead load of the truss member:
 Use W14 x 68 with 101.5kg/m for Diagonal and Vertical Member
 Use W14 x 120 with 179.1kg/m for Top and Arch Member
Truss Length of Weight of the Truss Length of Weight of the

Member Member Member = Member Member Member =
Lengthxdead Lengthxdead
(m) (m)
loadx9.81m/s2 loadx9.81m/s2
(kN) (kN)
AB 8 7.97 IK 2.5 4.39
AC 2.5 4.39 IL 3.38 3.37
AD 5.45 5.43 JL 2.52 4.43
BD 4.03 7.08 KL 2.28 2.27
CD 4.84 4.82 KM 2.5 4.39
CE 2.5 4.39 LM 3.38 3.37
CF 4.03 4.01 LN 2.65 4.66
DF 3.01 5.29 MN 3.16 3.15
EF 3.16 3.15 MO 2.5 4.39
EG 2.5 4.39 NO 4.03 4.01
EH 3.38 3.37 NP 3.01 5.29
FH 2.65 4.66 OP 4.84 4.82
GH 2.28 2.27 OQ 2.5 4.39
GI 2.5 4.39 PQ 5.45 5.43
HI 3.38 3.37 PR 4.03 7.08
HJ 2.52 4.43 QR 8 7.97
IJ 2 1.99
39
For computation of weight from FB2,See page 3 for WBarrier and page 13 for WT:
17𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 +𝑊𝑇 (0.6𝑘𝑁𝑋2)+( 𝑋7.5𝑚)
𝑚
WFB2= = =64.35kN
2 2
For computation of weight from FB1,See page 7 for WBarrier and page 12 for WT:
29.11𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 +𝑊𝑇 (0.88𝑘𝑁𝑋2)+( 𝑋7.5𝑚)
𝑚
WFB1= = =110.04kN
2 2
Factored Dead Load @ Point B

DLB = 1.2[WAB + ½(WAC + WAD +WBD)+WFB2]
= 1.2[7.97 + ½(4.39+5.43+7.08)+64.35]
= 96.924 kN
Factored Dead Load @ Point D
DLD = 1.2[WCD + ½(WAC + WAD +WBD) + ½(WCE + WCF +WDF)+WFB1]
= 1.2[4.82 + ½(4.39+5.43+7.08) + ½(4.39+4.01+5.29)+110.04]
= 156.186 kN
Factored Dead Load @ Point F
DLF = 1.2[WEF + ½(WCE + WCF +WDF) + ½(WEG + WEH + WFH)+ WFB1]
=1.2[3.15 + ½(4.39+4.01+5.29) + ½(4.39+3.37+4.66)+110.04]
= 151.494 kN
Factored Dead Load @ Point H
DLH = 1.2[WGH + ½(WEG + WEH + WFH) + ½(WGI + WHI + WHJ) +WFB1]
=1.2[ 2.27 + ½(4.39+3.37+4.66) + ½(4.39+3.37+4.43)+110.04]
= 149.538 kN
Factored Dead Load @ Point J
DLJ = 1.2[WIJ + ½(WGI + WHI + WHJ) + ½(WIK + WIL + WJL)+ WFB1]
= 1.2[1.99 + ½(4.39+3.37+4.43) + ½(4.39+3.37+4.43)+110.04]
= 149.064 kN
Factored Dead Load @ Point L
DLL = 1.2[WKL + ½(WIK + WIL + WJL) + ½(WKM + WLM +WLN) + WFB1]
= 1.2[2.27 + ½(4.39+3.37+4.43) + ½(4.39+3.37+4.66)+110.04]
= 149.538 kN
Factored Dead Load @ Point N
DLN = 1.2[WMN + ½(WKM + WLM +WLN) + ½(WMO + WNO + WNP) + WFB1]
=1.2[3.15 + ½(4.39+4.01+5.29) + ½(4.39+3.37+4.66)+110.04]
= 151.494 kN
Factored Dead Load @ Point P
DLP =1.2 [WOP + ½(WMO + WNO + WNP) + ½(WOQ + WPQ + WPR) + WFB1]
= 1.2[4.82 + ½(4.39+5.43+7.08) + ½(4.39+4.01+5.29)+110.04]
= 156.186 kN
Factored Dead Load @ Point R
40
DLR =1.2[ WQR + ½(WOQ + WPQ + WPR) + WFB2]
= 1.2[7.97 + ½(4.39+5.43+7.08)+64.35]
= 96.924 kN
41
COMPUTATION OF
FORCES PER MEMBER OF
TRUSS
42
Method of Joints (Case 1):
M R 0
20RB = (PA + DLB) (20) + (PC + DLD)(17.5) + (PE + DLF)(15) + (PG + DLH)(12.5) + (PI + DLJ)(10) + (PK +
DLL)(7.5) + (PM + DLN)(5) + (PO + DLP)(2.5)
20RB=(236.66 + 96.924)(20) + (112.33 + 156.186)(17.5) + (225.18 + 151.494)(15) + (12.5)(38.69 +

149.538) + (111.07 + 149.064)(10) + (225.03 + 149.538)(7.5) + (134.40 + 151.494)(5) +
(194.91 + 156.186)(2.5)
20RB= 27091.48 kN
RB= 1354.574 kN
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
RR = PA + DLB + PC + DLD + PE + DLF + PG + DLH + PI + DLJ + PK + DLL + PM + DLN + PO + DLP + PO + DLR

RR= 236.66 + 96.924 + 112.33 + 156.186 + 225.18 + 151.494 + 38.69 + 149.538 + 111.07 + 149.064 +
225.03 + 149.538 + 134.40 + 151.494 + 194.91 + 156.186 + 1.74 + 96.924 – 1354.574
RR= 1182.784 kN
@ Joint B
43
F X 0
FBDcos51.651 = 0
FBD = 0
F Y 0
RB - DLB - FAB = 0
1354.574 – 96.924 - FAB = 0
FAB = 1257.650 kN (C)
@ Joint A
F Y 0
FAB - PA - FADsin62.682 = 0
1257.650 - 236.66 - FADsin62.682 = 0
FAD = 1149.151 kN (T)
F X 0
FADcos62.682 - FAC = 0
1149.151cos62.682 - FAC = 0
FAC = 527.378 kN (C)
@ Joint D
F X 0
FDFcos33.901 - FADcos62.682 = 0
FDFcos33.901 – 1149.151cos62.682 = 0
FDF = 635.394 kN (T)
F Y 0
-DLD - FCD + FADsin62.682 + FDFsin33.901 = 0
-156.186 - FCD + 1149.151sin62.682 + 635.394sin33.901 = 0
FCD = 1219.201 kN (C)
@ Joint C
44
F Y 0
-PC + FCD - FCFsin51.651 = 0
-112.33 + 1219.201 - FCFsin51.651 = 0
FCF = 1411.382 kN (T)
F X 0
FAC - FCE + FCFcos51.651 = 0

527.378 - FCE + 1411.382cos51.651 = 0
FCE = 1403.070 kN (C)
@ Joint F
F
X 0
-FCFcos51.651 - FDFcos33.901 + FFHcos19.392 = 0
-1411.382cos51.651 – 635.394cos33.901 + FFHcos19.392 = 0
FFH = 1487.455 kN (T)
F Y 0
FCFsin51.651 - FEF + FFHsin19.392 - FDFsin33.901 - DLF = 0
1411.382sin51.651 -FEF + 1487.455sin19.392 –

635.394sin33.901 – 151.494 = 0
FEF = 1094.858 kN (C)
@ Joint E
F Y 0
-PE + FEF - FEHsin42.365 = 0
-225.18 + 1094.858 - FEHsin42.365 = 0
FEH = 1290.608 kN (T)
F X 0
FCE - FEG + FEHcos42.365 = 0
1403.070 -FEG + 1290.608cos42.365 = 0
FEG = 2356.658 kN (C)
@ Joint G
45
F X 0
FEG - FGI = 0
2356.658 - FGI = 0
FGI = 2356.658 kN (C)
F Y 0
-PG + FGH = 0
-38.69 + FGH = 0
FGH = 38.69 kN (C)
@ Joint H
F X 0
-FFHcos19.392 - FEHcos42.365 -FHIcos42.365 + FHJcos6.391 = 0
-1487.455cos19.392 – 1290.608cos42.365 - FHIcos42.365 +

FHJcos6.391 = 0
F Y 0
-FFHsin19.392 + FEHsin42.365 - FGH - DLH -FHIsin42.365 +

FHJsin6.391 = 0
-1487.455sin19.392 +1290.608sin42.365 - 38.69 – 149.538 -

FHIsin42.365 + FHJsin6.391 = 0
FHI = 763.905 kN (C)
FHJ = 2939.349 kN (T)
@ Joint J
F X 0
-FHJcos6.391 + FJLcos6.391 = 0
-2939.349cos6.391 + FJLcos6.391 = 0
FJL = 2939.349 kN (T)
F Y 0
FIJ - DLJ - FHJsin6.391 - FJLsin6.391 = 0
FIJ – 149.064 – 2939.349sin6.391 – 2939.349sin6.391 = 0
FIJ = 803.439 kN (T)
46
@ Joint I
F Y 0
-PI + FHIsin42.365 + FILsin42.365 - FIJ = 0
-111.07 + 763.905sin42.365 + FILsin42.365 - 849 = 0
FIL = 593.233 kN (C)
F X 0
FGI - FIK + FHIcos42.365 - FILcos42.365 = 0
2356.658 - FIK + 763.905cos42.365 – 593.233cos42.365 = 0
FIK = 2482.762 kN (C)
@ Joint K
F X 0
FIK - FKM = 0
2482.762 - FKM = 0
FKM = 2482.762 kN (C)
F Y 0
-PK + FKL = 0
-225.03 + FKL = 0
FKL = 225.03 kN (C)
@ Joint L
F X 0
FILcos42.365 - FJLcos6.391 + FLNcos19.392 + FLMcos42.365 = 0
593.233cos42.365 – 2939.349cos6.391 + FLNcos19.392

+FLMcos42.365 = 0
F Y 0
-FILsin42.365 + FJLsin6.391 - FLNsin19.392 + FLMsin42.365 - FKL - DLL=

0
-593.233sin42.365 + 2939.349sin6.391 - FLNsin19.392 +

FLMsin42.365 - 225.03 – 149.538 = 0
FLN = 1524.086 kN (T)
FLM = 1414.515 kN (T)
@ Joint M
47
F X 0
FKM - FMO - FLMcos42.365 = 0
2482.762 - FMO – 1414.515cos42.365 = 0
FMO = 1437.623 kN (C)
F Y 0
-PM + FMN - FLMsin42.365 = 0

-134.40 + FMN – 1414.515sin42.365 = 0
FMN = 1087.573 kN (C)
@ Joint N
F X 0
-FLNcos19.392 + FNOcos51.651 + FNPcos33.901 = 0
-1524.086cos19.392 + FNOcos51.651 + FNPcos33.901 = 0
F Y 0
-FMN + FLNsin19.392 + FNOsin51.651 - FNPsin33.901- DLN = 0
-1087.573 + 1524.086sin19.392 + FNOsin51.651 -

FNPsin33.901 – 151.494 = 0
FNO = 1414.522 kN (T)
FNP = 674.677 kN (T)
@ Joint O
F Y 0
-PO + FOP - FNOsin51.651 = 0
-194.91 + FOP – 1414.522sin51.651 = 0
FOP = 1304.243 kN (C)
F X 0
FMO - FOQ - FNOcos51.651 = 0
1437.623 - FOQ – 1414.522cos51.651 = 0
FOQ = 559.983 kN (C)
48
@ Joint R
F X 0
-FPRcos51.651 = 0
FPR = 0
F Y 0
-FQR + RR - DLR = 0
-FQR + 1182.784 – 96.924 = 0
FQR = 1085.86 kN (C)
@ Joint Q
F X 0
FOQ - FPQcos62.682 = 0
559.983 - FPQcos62.682 =0
FPQ = 1220.196 kN (T)
Method of Joints (Case 2):
49
M R 0
20RB = (PA + DLB) (20) + (PC + DLD)(17.5) + (PE + DLF)(15) + (PG + DLH)(12.5) + (PI + DLJ)(10) + (PK +
DLL)(7.5) + (PM + DLN)(5) + (PO + DLP)(2.5)
20RB = (2.216 + 96.924)(20) + (190.158 + 156.186)(17.5) + (148.854 + 151.494)(15) + (50.434 +

149.538)(12.5) + (167.256 + 149.064)(10) + (166.714 + 149.538)(7.5) + (199.984 + 151.494)(5) +
(118.32 + 156.186)(2.5)
20RB = 23027.435 kN
RB = 1151.372 kN
F y 0
RR = PA + DLB + PC + DLD + PE + DLF + PG + DLH + PI + DLJ + PK + DLL + PM + DLN + PO + DLP + PO + DLR
RR = 2.216 + 96.924 + 190.158 + 156.186 + 148.854 + 151.494 + 50.434 + 149.538 + 149.064 + 153.654 +
149.538 + 169.752 + 151.494 + 174.684 + 156.186 + 186.294 + 96.924 + 125.196 – 1151.372
RR = 1213.176 kN
50
@ Joint B
F X 0
FBDcos51.651 = 0
FBD = 0
F Y 0
RB - DLB - FAB = 0
1151.372 – 96.924 - FAB = 0
FAB = 1054.448 kN (C)
@ Joint A
F Y 0
FAB - PA - FADsin62.682 = 0
1054.448 - 2.216 - FADsin62.682 = 0
FAD = 1184.315 kN (T)
F X 0
FADcos62.682 - FAC = 0
1184.315cos62.682 - FAC = 0
FAC = 543.516 kN (C)
@ Joint D
51
F X 0
FDFcos33.901 - FADcos62.682 = 0
FDFcos33.901 – 1184.315cos62.682 = 0
FDF = 654.837 kN (T)
F Y 0
-DLD - FCD + FADsin62.682 + FDFsin33.901 = 0
-156.186 - FCD + 1184.315sin62.682 + 654.837sin33.901 = 0
FCD = 1261.288 kN (C)
@ Joint C
F Y 0
-PC + FCD - FCFsin51.651 = 0
-190.158 + 1261.288 - FCFsin51.651 = 0
FCF = 1365.809 kN (T)
F X 0
FAC - FCE + FCFcos51.651 = 0
543.516 - FCE + 1365.809cos51.651 = 0
FCE = 1390.932 kN (C)
@ Joint F
F X 0
-FCFcos51.651 - FDFcos33.901 + FFHcos19.392 = 0
-1365.809cos51.651 – 654.837cos33.901 + FFHcos19.392 = 0
FFH = 1474.587 kN (T)
F Y 0
FCFsin51.651 - FEF + FFHsin19.392 - FDFsin33.901 - DLF = 0
1365.809sin51.651-FEF+1474.587sin19.392–
654.837sin33.901 - 151.494 = 0
FEF = 1044.001 kN (C)
@ Joint E
52
F Y 0
-PE + FEF - FEHsin42.365 = 0
-148.854 + 1044.001 - FEHsin42.365 = 0
FEH = 1328.405 kN (T)
F X 0
FCE - FEG + FEHcos42.365 = 0
1390.932 -FEG + 1328.405cos42.365 = 0
FEG = 2372.447 kN (C)
@ Joint G
F X 0
FEG - FGI = 0
2372.447 - FGI = 0
FGI = 2372.447 kN (C)
F Y 0
-PG + FGH = 0
-50.434 + FGH = 0
FGH = 50.434 kN (C)
@ Joint H
F X 0
-FFHcos19.392 - FEHcos42.365 -FHIcos42.365 + FHJcos6.391 = 0
-1474.587cos19.392 – 1328.405cos42.365 - FHIcos42.365 +

FHJcos6.391 = 0
F Y 0
-FFHsin19.392 + FEHsin42.365 - FGH - DLH-FHIsin42.365 +

FHJsin6.391 = 0
-1474.587sin19.392 + 1328.405sin42.365 – 50.434 – 149.538 -

FHIcos42.365 + FHJcos6.391 = 0
FHI = 797.346 kN (C)
FHJ = 2980.100 kN (T)
@ Joint J
53
F X 0
-FHJcos6.391 + FJLcos6.391 = 0
-2980.100cos6.391 + FJLcos6.391 = 0
FJL = 2980.100 kN (T)
F Y 0
FIJ - DLJ - FHJsin6.391 - FJLsin6.391 = 0
FIJ – 149.064 – 2980.100sin6.391 – 2980.100sin6.391 = 0
FIJ = 812.511 kN (T)
@ Joint I
F Y 0
-PI + FHIsin42.365 +FILsin42.365 - FIJ = 0
-167.256 + 797.346sin42.365 + FILsin42.365 – 812.511 = 0
FIL = 656.635 kN (C)
F X 0
FGI - FIK + FHIcos42.365 - FILcos42.365 = 0
2372.447 – FIK + 797.346cos42.365 – 656.635cos42.365 = 0
FIK = 2476.414 kN (C)
@ Joint K
F X 0
FIK -FKM = 0
2476.414 - FKM = 0
FKM = 2476.414 kN (C)
F Y 0
-PK + FKL = 0
-166.714 + FKL = 0
FKL = 166.714 kN (C)
@ Joint L
54
F X 0
FILcos42.365 - FJLcos6.391 + FLNcos19.392 + FLMcos42.365 = 0
656.635cos42.365 – 2980.100cos6.391 + FLNcos19.392 +

FLMcos42.365 = 0
F Y 0
-FILsin42.365 + FJLsin6.391 - FLNsin19.392 - DLL +

FLMsin42.365 - FKL = 0
-656.635sin42.365 + 2980.100sin6.391 - FLNsin19.392 -

169.752 + FLMsin42.365 – 166.714 = 0
FLN = 1536.112 kN (T)
FLM = 1390.570 kN (T)
@ Joint M
F X 0
FKM - FMO - FLMcos42.365 = 0
2476.414 - FMO – 1390.570cos42.365 = 0
FMO = 1448.968 kN (C)
F Y 0
-PM + FMN - FLMsin42.365 = 0
-199.984 + FMN – 1390.570sin42.365 = 0
FMN = 1137.021 kN (C)
55
@ Joint N
F X 0
-FLNcos19.392 + FNOcos51.651 + FNPcos33.901 = 0
-1536.112cos19.392 + FNOcos51.651 + FNPcos33.901 = 0
F Y 0
-FMN - DLN + FLNsin19.392 + FNOsin51.651 - FNPsin33.901 = 0
-1137.021 – 151.494 + 1536.112sin19.392 + FNOsin51.651 -

FNPsin33.901 = 0
FNO = 1458.71 kN (T)
FNP = 655.312 kN (T)
@ Joint O
F Y 0
-PO + FOP - FNOsin51.651 = 0
-118.32 + FOP – 1458.710sin51.651 = 0
FOP = 1262.308 kN (C)
F X 0
FMO - FOQ - FNOcos51.651 = 0
1448.968 - FOQ – 1458.710cos51.651 = 0
FOQ = 543.911 kN (C)
@ Joint R
F X 0
-FPRcos51.651 = 0
FPR = 0
F Y 0
-FQR + RR - DLR = 0
-FQR + 1213.176 - 125.196 = 0
FQR = 1192.06 kN (C)
56
@ Joint Q
F X 0
FOQ - FPQcos62.682 = 0
583.911 - FPQcos62.682 = 0
FPQ = 1185.175 kN (C)
57
DESIGN OF TRUSS
MEMBERS
58
DESIGN FOR TOP AND ARCH MEMBER:
Fmax = Maximum Axial Force = 2980.1kN (T) (See Table 2.1 at page 27)
L = 4.03 m
Using W14 x 120

A = 22774 mm2 Sx = 3123.4x 103 mm3
d = 367.6mm rx = 158.81mm
bf = 372.6mm Iy = 206035 x 103 mm4
tf = 23.9 mm Sy = 1105.9 x 103 mm3
tw 15 mm ry = 95.12mm
Ix = 574399 x 103 mm4
Check Slenderness Ratio:

L = 4.03 m; Fy = 248 MPa; E = 200000 MPa
𝐾𝐿 1(4030)
= = 25.38
𝑟 158.81
2𝜋2 𝐸
CC = √ 𝐹𝑦
2𝜋2 (200000)
CC = √ 248
CC = 126.169
𝐾𝐿
< CC
𝑟
25.38 < 126.169 ∴ Intermediate Column
59
Allowable Stress:
𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿 3
5 3 𝑟 1 𝑟
FS = 3 + 8 ( 𝐶𝑐 ) − 8 ( 𝐶𝑐 )
5 3 25.38 1 25.38 3
FS = + 8 (126.169) − 8 (126.169)
3
FS = 1.74
𝐾𝐿 2
1 𝑟 𝐹𝑦
Fa = [1 − 2 ( 𝐶𝑐 ) ] 𝐹𝑆
1 25.38 2 248
Fa = [1 − 2 (126.169) ] 1.74
Fa = 139.56 MPa
139.56𝑀𝑃𝑎 (22774𝑚𝑚2 )
F = Fa(A) = = 3178.34 𝑘𝑁
1000
F > Fmax
3178.34 kN > 2980.1 kN
∴ W14 X 120 is Acceptable
DESIGN FOR DIAGONAL AND VERTICAL MEMBER:

Fmax=Maximum Axial Force = 1458.71 kN (T) (See Table 2.2 at page 27)
L=8m
Using W14 x 68
A = 12903 mm2 Sx = 1510.1 x 103 mm3
d = 356.6 mm rx = 152.72 mm
bf = 254.9 mm Iy = 50364 x 103 mm4
tf = 18.3 mm Sy = 395.2 x 103 mm3
tw = 10.5 mm ry = 62.1 mm
Ix = 300935 x 103 mm4
Check Slenderness Ratio:

L = 8 m; Fy = 248 MPa; E = 200000 MPa
𝐾𝐿 1(8000)
= = 52.38
𝑟 152.72
2𝜋2 𝐸
CC = √ 𝐹𝑦
60
2𝜋2 (200000)
CC = √ 248
CC = 126.169
𝐾𝐿
< CC
𝑟
52.38 <126.169
∴ Intermediate Column
Allowable Stress:
𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿 3
5 3 𝑟 1 𝑟
FS = + ( )− ( )
3 8 𝐶𝑐 8 𝐶𝑐
5 3 52.38 1 52.38 3
FS = + 8 (126.169) − 8 (126.169)
3
FS = 1.81
𝐾𝐿 2
1 𝑟 𝐹𝑦
Fa = [1 − 2 ( 𝐶𝑐 ) ] 𝐹𝑆
1 52.38 2 248
Fa = [1 − 2 (126.169) ] 1.81
Fa = 124.97 MPa
124.97𝑀𝑃𝑎 (12903𝑚𝑚2 )
F = Fa(A) = = 1612.51 𝑘𝑁
1000
F > Fmax
1612.51 kN > 1458.71 kN
∴ W14 X 68 is Acceptable
61
DESIGN OF BOLTED
CONNECTION
62
A-325 Bolts Slip Critical Bearing Type
Connections Connections
Threads included 117 MPa Fv = 207 MPa
Threads not included 117 MPa Fv = 145 MPa
A-325 Bolts: Fv = 207 MPa

Shear Capacity: P = AVFVn
Bearing Capacity: P = APFVn
Diameter of bolt = 28mm
A-36 Steel Plate: Fy = 248 MPa; Fu = 500 MPa
Thickness of steel plate = 20mm
At joint A
For member AD: P = FAD = 1184.315 kN

Shear(Double Shear): P = AVFVn
𝜋
1184.315x103 = 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n
n = 4.65 say 5 bolts

Bearing: P = 1.2APFun
1184.315 x103 = 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
63
At joint B:
For member AB: P = FAB = 1257.65 kN

𝜋
1257.65 x103 = 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

1257.65 x103= 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
At joint C:
For member CD: P = FCD = 1261.288 kN

𝜋
1261.288 x103= 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

1261.288 x103= 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
64
For member CF: P = FCF = 1411.382kN
𝜋
1411.382x103= 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

1411.382x103= 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
At joint D:
For member DF: P = FDF = 654.837kN

𝜋
654.837x103= 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

654.837x103= 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
At joint E:
65
For member EF: P = FEF = 1094.858 kN
𝜋
1094.858 x103= 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

1094.858x103= 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
For member EH: P = FEH = 1328.405 kN

𝜋
1328.405x103= 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

1328.405x103= 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
At joint F:
For member FH: P = FFH = 1487.455 kN

𝜋
1487.455x103= 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

1487.455x103= 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x2 x n
66
At joint G:
For member GH: P = FGH = 50.434 kN

𝜋
50.434x103= (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n
4
n = 0.20 say 1 bolt

50.434x103= 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
n = 0.15 say 1 bolt
At joint H:
For member HI: P = FHI = 797.346 kN

𝜋
797.346 x103 = 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

797.346 x103 = 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
67
At joint I:
For member IJ: P = FIJ = 812.511 kN

𝜋
812.511x103 = 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

812.511x103 = 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
For member IL: P = FIL = 656.635 kN

𝜋
656.635 x103 = 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

656.635 x103 = 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
At joint J:
68
For member HJ: P = FHJ = 2980.100 kN
𝜋
2980.1x103 = 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

2980.1x103 = 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
For member JL: P = FJL = 2980.100 kN

𝜋
2980.1x103 = 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

2980.1x103 = 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
At joint K:
For member KL: P = FKL = 225.03 kN

𝜋
225.03x103 = 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n
n = 0.88 say 1 bolt

225.03x103 = 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
n = 0.67 say 1 bolt
69
At joint L:
For member LM: P = FLM = 1414.522 kN

𝜋
1414.522 x103 = 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

Bearing P = 1.2APFun
1414.522 x103 = 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
At joint M:
For member MN: P = FMN = 1137.021 kN

𝜋
1137.021x103= 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

1137.021x103= 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
70
At joint N:
For member LN: P = FLN = 1536.112 kN

𝜋
1536.112 x103 = 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

1536.112 x103 = 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
For member NO: P = FNO = 1458.71 kN
𝜋
1458.71x103= (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n
4

1458.71x103= 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
At joint O:
71
For member OP: P = FOP = 1304.243 kN
𝜋
1304.243x103 = 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

1304.243x103 = 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
At joint P:
For member NP: P = FNP = 674.677 kN

𝜋
674.677x103 = 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

674.677x103 = 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
At joint Q:
72
For member PQ: P = FPQ = 1220.196 kN
𝜋
1220.196x103 = 4 (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n

1220.196x103 = 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
At joint R:
For member QR: P = FQR = 1116.252 kN

𝜋
1116.252x103 = (28)2 x 207 x 2 x n
4

1116.252x103 = 1.2 x 28 x 20 x 500 x n
Summary of the Bolted Connections

(28 mm ø bolts – A 325; Fv = 207 MPa)
At A:
AB = 5 bolts
AD = 5 bolts
At B:
BA = 5 bolts
BD = 1 bolt
73
At C:
CD= 5 bolts
CF= 6 bolts
At D:
DB = 1 bolt
DF = 3 bolts
At E:
EF = 5 bolts
EH = 6 bolts
At F:
FD = 3 bolts
FC = 6 bolts
FH = 6 bolts
FE = 5 bolts
At G:
GH = 1 bolt
At H:
HF = 6 bolts
HE = 6 bolts
HG = 1 bolt
HI = 4 bolts
HJ = 12 bolts
At I:
IH =4 bolts
IL = 3 bolts
IJ = 4 bolts
At J:
JH and JL = 12 bolts
JI = 4 bolts
At K:
KL = 1 bolt
At L:
LJ = 12 bolts
LI = 3 bolts
74
LK = 1 bolt
LM = 6 bolts
LN = 7 bolts
At M:
ML = 6 bolts
MN = 5 bolts
At N:
NL = 7 bolts
NM = 5 bolts
NO = 6 bolts
NP = 3 bolts
At O:
ON= 6 bolts
OP = 6 bolts
At P:
PN = 3 bolts
PO = 6 bolts
PQ = 5 bolts
PR = 1 bolt
At Q:
QP = 5 bolts
QR= 5 bolts
At R:
RQ = 5 bolts
RP = 1 bolt
75
DESIGN FOR BASE PLATE
76
DESIGN FOR BASE PLATE
A W14 X 68 section is used as column to carry an axial load of 1354.574kN.

(see page for the value of axial load, RB. Page 42 )
Fy = 248 MPa
f’c = 24.2 MPa
Using W14 X 68
W14 x 68
A = 12903 mm2 Sx = 1510.1 x 103 mm3
d = 356.6 mm rx = 152.72 mm
bf = 254.9 mm Iy = 50364 x 103 mm4
tf = 18.3 mm Sy = 395.2 x 103 mm3
tw = 10.5 mm ry = 62.1 mm
Ix = 300935 x 103 mm4
B = 500 mm
N = 500 mm
A1 = BN = (500mm)(500mm) = 250000 mm2
Fp = 0.35 f’c = 0.35(24.2 MPa) = 8.47 MPa

250000 mm2 (8.47 MPa)
Pallowable = P = A1Fp = = 2117.5 kN
1000
2117.5 kN > 1354.574kN
∴ 𝑺𝑨𝑭𝑬
Thickness of the Base Plate
2n + 0.8bf = 500mm
2n + 0.8(254.9) = 500mm
500−0.8(254.9)
n=
2
n = 148.04mm
2m + 0.95d = 500mm
2m + 0.95(356.6) = 500mm
77
500−0.95(356.6)
m=
2
m = 80.615mm
√𝑑𝑏𝑓
n’ =
4
√356.6 (254.9)
n’ =
4
n’ = 75.37mm
n’ < m< n
75.37mm < 80.615mm < 148.04mm
∴ 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟎𝟒𝒎𝒎
𝑓𝑝
t = 2n√𝐹𝑦
𝑃
fp = < 0.35f’c
𝐵𝑁
1354.574kN
< 8.47 MPa
500(500)
5.418MPa < 8.47 MPa
∴ 𝒐𝒌
5.418
t = 2(148.04)√
248
t = 43.76 mm ∴ 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒕 = 𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎
78

Steel Design Vehicular Steel Bridge Arch v16 Recovered

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Steel Design Vehicular Steel Bridge Arch v16 Recovered

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VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION:

Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) – Vol. II

Figure 1: Isometric View of Slab

Figure 2: Tributary Area for Floor Beam 2

Computation for weight of post and railings:

WBarrier = Wpost + Wrailings

Computation for weight of Bridge Deck:

Based from MS 18, NSCP Art. 3.11.1, figure 3.7.6A at page 1

SHEAR DIAGRAM (kN)

MOMENT DIAGRAM (kNm)

Figure 3: Tributary Area for Floor Beam 1

Computation for weight of post and railings:

WBarrier = Wpost + Wrailings

Computation for weight of Bridge Deck:

WDeck = weight of concrete + weight of steel plate

Based from MS 18, NSCP Art. 3.11.1, figure 3.7.6A at page 1

Using W12 x 120

Checking for Compact Section:

Mnew = Mreq + Msection

Checking for Lateral Support:

Sxnew < Sxsection

BEAM DESIGN (FLOOR BEAM 2)

Checking for Compact Section:

Checking for Lateral Support:

Safe to analyze small value of Fb so that Fb = 0.60Fy

Sxnew < Sxsection

P3= P6= 1.6(Wwheel) = 1.6(36 kN) = 57.6 kN

Table 1.2: Summary of Axial Forcess Per Truss Member (Case 1)

For FEMAC and FEMCA:

𝑃1 (𝑎2 )(𝑏) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )

For FEMCE and FEMEC:

𝑃2 (𝑎2 )(𝑏) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )

230.40(1.772 )(0.73) 15.04(2.52 )

For FEMEG and FEMGE:

For FEMEG and FEMGE:

𝑃3 (𝑎2 )(𝑏) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )

57.60(1.042 )(1.46) 15.04(2.52 )

𝑃4 (𝑎2 )(𝑏) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )

230.40(2.162 )(0.34) 15.04(2.52 )

For FEMKM and FEMMK:

For FEMMO and FEMOM:

𝑃5 (𝑎2 )(𝑏) 𝑊𝐿 (𝐿2 )

230.40(1.432 )(1.07) 15.04(2.52 )

For FEMOQ and FEMQO:

(-) SMC = SMC (+)

PA= RA - R 1'  = 249.2kN – 12.54kN

PC= RC1 + RC2 + R1'  R2' = 18.80kN+86.08kN+12.54kN – 5.09kN

(-) SMG = SMG (+)

PE = RE1 + RE2 + R '2  R 3' = 181.92kN + 18.80kN + 5.09kN + 19.37kN

(-) SMI = SMI (+)

Reaction due to moment between supports G and I:

PG= RG1 + RG2 - R 3' - R '4 = 18.80kN +52.44kN – 19.37kN – 13.18kN

PI= RI1 + RI2 + R '4 + R 5' = 42.76kN +50.13kN+3.18kN + 4.99kN

(-) SMM = SMM (+)

(-) SMO = SMO (+)

PM = RM1 + RM2 + R '6 - R '7 = 18.80kN +117.41kN + 6.65kN – 8.46kN

(-) SMQ = SMQ (+)

Reaction due to moment between supports O and Q:

M L  MS MOQ  MQO 61.79  19.15

PO= RO1 + RO2 + R '7 + R 8' = 150.59kN +18.80kN + 8.4kN + 17.06kN

PQ= RQ - R 8' = 18.80kN –17.06kN

Table 2.1: Summary of Axial Forces Per Truss Member (Case 2)

Table 2.2: Summary of Axial Forces Per Truss Member (Case 2)