Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Diterbitkan Oleh
R.A.De.Rozarie
(Anggota Ikatan Penerbit Indonesia)
Jl. Ikan Lumba-Lumba Nomor 40 Surabaya, 60177
Jawa Timur – Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia
www.derozarie.co.id – 081333330187/0819671079
Aviation Legal Terms
© April 2015
Law Faculty,
University of 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya.
i
CONTENTS
PREFACE
A 1
B 19
C 24
D 35
E 41
F 45
G 51
H 54
I 57
J 61
K 62
L 63
M 67
N 71
O 73
P 76
Q 82
R 83
S 87
T 98
ii
U 102
V 104
W 107
X 111
Y 112
Z 113
SUPPLEMENT
iii
A
A/D: Aerodrome.
A/P: Airport.
A/P: Autopilot.
Abort: To stop something taking place. They had to abort the landing
because of a violent storm; To end something before it has finished.
Above Sea Level: Distance of the aircraft above the average sea level.
1
Accident: An occurence associated with the operation of an aircraft
that takes place between the time any person boars the aircraft with
the intention of flight and the time all such persons have
disembarked, and in which any person (occupant or non occupant)
suffer a fatal or serious injury or the aircraft receives substantial
damage.
Advection fog: Fog which forms when warmer moist air moves over
a colder surface.
3
Aerobatic display: A demonstration, often public, of piloting skill and
aircraft performance.
Aerodrome: Any area of land or water designed for the taking off and
landing of aircraft Airports and military air bases or stations are types
of aerodrome. All aerodromes are marked on charts. Abbreviation
A/D disused aerodrome an aerodrome which is no longer in use for
the purpose of taking off and landing aeroplanes.
4
Aerodyne: An aircraft that is heavier than air and whose lift in flight
results from forces caused by its motion through the air, e.g. a plane
or helicopter.
5
Aeronautical: Referring to aeronautics.
Afterburner: A system that injects fuel into the hot exhaust gases of a
jet engine in order to increase thrust.
6
Ailerons: An aircraft control surface hinged to the rear, outer section
of the wing for banking (“tilting”) the aircraft. A bank causes an
aircraft to turn. Controlled by right or left movement of the control
yoke or stick.
Air bridge: A link provided by aircraft that carry people and supplies
between two places, especially in situations where travel by land is
not possible.
Air pollution: Pollution of the air by gas, smoke, ash, etc. Solid
particles in the air include dust, sand, volcanic ash and atmospheric
pollution. Also called atmospheric pollution.
Air Traffic controller: A person who works in air traffic control and
whose main task is to ensure correct separation of aircraft in all phases
of flight; The air traffic controller approved the emegency landing.
Air traffic movements: The number of aircraft taking off and landing
an increase in air traffic movements.
8
Air Transportation: Interstate, overseas, or foreign air transportation
orthe transportation of mail by aircraft.
Aircraft: A craft that flies in the air; either has fixed or rotary wings. A
device that is used or intended to be used for flight in the air.
Airline Transport Pilot’s Licence: The licence that a person must have
to be the pilot-in-command or co-pilot of a public transport aircraft.
Airport: A civil aerodrome designed for the take off and landing of
passenger-carrying aircraft for the general public and/or cargo
aircraft.
10
Airway: An area of the sky, usually rectangular in cross-section, along
which civil aircraft fly from place to place. Airways provide a high
degree of safety by ensuring adequate separation between aircraft.
Aircraft inside an airway are controlled by ATC. Airways are usually
10 nm wide with a centre line joining navigational beacons.
Alert: Fully awake, watchful and ready to deal with any situation. The
crew must be alert at all times to the possibility of hijacking, bombs
and stow aways. A signal, warning everyone to be alert to be on the
alert to be watchful and ready for anything that may happen. To
warn. It is the cabin staff‟s responsibility to alert the flight crew if they
see smoke coming from an engine.
12
Altitude: Height, usually with respect to the terrain below (radar
altitude, feet above closest dirt) or fixed earth reference (barometric
altitude, feet above mean sea level).
13
Anticlockwise: Referring to a circular movement in the opposite
direction to the hands of a clock. Turn the nut anticlockwise to loosen
it. Opposite clockwise.
Appeal: A request to the higher court for review of the lower court‟s
decision and to request a reversal of the judgment.
APPR: Approach.
14
Approach (Departure) Control: Radar-based air traffic control,
associated with the control tower at larger airports. Provides traffic
separation services from outside the immediate airport area to a
distance of about 40 miles.
Approach to land: The final stage of the flight when the aircraft is
manoeuvred into position, relative to the landing area, in preparation
for landing.
15
Assumption of Risk: A doctrine that states if the plaintiff has
knowingly accepted the danger of doing something, recovery from
the defendant in an action brought for negligence will be barred.
Attitude: The primary aircraft angles in the state vector; pitch, roll,
andyaw.
16
Automated Surface Observation System: The primary surface
weather observing system in the U.S., supporting aviation operations
and weather forecasting. Automated sensors record wind direction
and speed, visibility, cloud ceiling, precipitation, etc. Data sent
automatically to the National Weather Service. At many locations, a
computer generated voice broadcasts the minute-by-minute weather
reports to pilots on a discrete radio frequency.
17
stabilises an aircraft about its three axes, restores the original flight
path following an upset and, in some systems, causes the aircraft to
follow a preselected airspeed, altitude or heading.
18
B
Backlash: Term describing the amount of play between gears, or gear
mesh. If too loose, the gear can slip, or strip the teeth.
Baggage: Luggage, cases and bags which you take with you when
travelling. One passenger had a huge amount of baggage. The word
luggage is also used in British English. Baggage hall an area where
arriving passengers pick up their baggage. Carry on baggage small
bags of limited size and weight that passengers are allowed to take
with them into the cabin of an aircraft.
Balloon: A large bag inflatable with hot air or gas to provide lift, but
without power.
19
BALT SEL: Barometric altitude select.
Band-Pass Filter: A filter that allows frequencies between two cut off
frequencies to pass while attenuating frequencies outside the cut off
frequencies; a band-pass filter can be constructed as the composition
of alow-pass filter and a high-pass filter.
Bank Angle: The angle between the horizontal plans and the right
wing in the lateral plane, positive when the right wing is down.
Base leg: The part of the airfield traffic circuit flown at approximately
90° to the direction of landing, followed by the final approach.
20
Basic area navigation: A standard of performance for navigation that
requires an aircraft to remain within 5 nautical miles of the centre line
of its course for 95% of the time.
Bench Trial: A trial without a jury. The judge rules on facts and
evidence presented to him.
Black Out Dates: Not available. Dates on which tickets or certain fares
are not available. Blackout dates usually coincide with holidays and
peak travel seasons.
Boarding gate: The door through which passengers leave the terminal
building to get on to an aircraft.
Body: The main part of an aeroplane, system, text, etc. The body of an
aircraft is also called the „airframe‟; A large mass of liquid or gas body
of air a large quantity of air behaving in a particular way.
Boresight Angle: The angle between the center line of a sensor and
aircraft center line, either by design or by misalignment.
Boring holes in the sky: Having fun flying an airplane without pre-
determined flight pattern.
BRG: Bearing.
22
Burden of Proof: The obligation of one party in a suit to prove all the
requirements necessary to show entitlement to recovery. If the burden
is not met, the party with the burden will lose the issue or the case.
23
C
CAA: Civil Aviation Authority.
Cabincrew: Airline staff who are in direct contact with the passengers
and whose in flight responsibilities include: ensuring correct seating
arrangements, serving food and attending to the general well-being of
passengers, etc.
Cabin pressure: The pressure of air inside the cabin which allows
people to breathe normally at high altitudes.
24
Capture Criterion: A test case used to determine if an armed objective
has been captured. In avionics, an aircraft might have an objective to
fly to a radial of a radio station, then to fly along it. While en route, the
objective is armed, meaning that the crew and software are attempting
to reach the radial. The radial is captured and the objective is met
when the capture criteria is met. An objective can have multiple
criteria. Capture criterion are often used with radio navigation to
determine a transition from armed to active.
25
assumed. “Category II operations”, with respect to the operation of
aircraft, means a straight-in ILS approach to the runway of an airport
under a Category II ILS instrument approach procedure issued by the
Administrator or other appropriate authority. “Category III
operations,” with respect to the operation of aircraft, means an ILS
approach to, and landing on, the runway of an airport using a
Category III ILS instrument approach procedure issued by the
Administrator or other appropriate authority. Category IIIa
operations, an ILS approach and landing with no decision height
(DH), or a DH below 100 feet (30 meters), and controlling runway
visual range not less than 700 feet (200 meters). Category IIIb
operations, an ILS approach and landing with no DH, or with a DH
below 50 feet (15 meters), and controlling runway visual range less
than 700 feet (200 meters), but not less than 150 feet (50 meters).
Category IIIc operations, an ILS approach and landing with no DH
and no runway visual range limitation.”
Ceiling: The height above the earth‟s surface of the lowest layer of
clouds or obscuring phenomena that is reported as broken, overcast,
or obscuration.
26
Chandelle: A very steep climbing turn where the airplane makes a
180 degree change of direction.
Civil Law: That part of the law which governs relationships between
people where there is no criminal activity involved.
Clarke 1866 and Clarke 1880: Standard models for computing earth
data.
Climatic zone: One of the eight areas of the Earth which have distinct
climates.
Close: To shut.
28
Collective Cue: A vertical flight director cue for rotary-wing aircraft,
primarily to control altitude, by changing power.
Common Law: Body of law that has grown based on the decisions of
courts long ago. It originated in England and has since passed to the
29
United States. It is always changing to reflect the current needs
society.
Continuous Time: Time which can have any point expressed as a real
quantity without regard for any specific interval or processing rate.
Control column: The main hand control used by the pilot to control
the aircraft in roll and pitch.
31
Controlled Altitude: A guidance control law parameter, generated by
the vertical guidance modes; altitude that is being controlled.
33
CTA: Control Area.
34
D
D or DA: Danger Area.
dB: Decibel.
35
Dead Reckoning: A method of navigation based on basic information
(barometric altitude, magnetic heading, airspeed, wind conditions)
from best available source; sometimes short for air data dead
reckoning.
Delay: A period after the expected time that you have to wait before
something happens, the length of time by which something is late; To
make late, to cause to be late.
36
Denied-Boarding Compensation: Payment given passengers who
have been bumped from a flight, cruise, or land-tour. Compensation
may be in the form of a free trip, money, or accommodations.
Direct Flight: Any flight between two places that carries a single
flight number. Unlike a non stop, a direct flight will make one or more
stops between two places. The passenger may have to change planes
or even change airlines. This is a change in meaning. In the past, direct
flights made stops but required no change of plane.
38
Disembarkation: The act of leaving the aircraft after landing.
Domestic Airline: An air carrier that provides service within its own
country. Also called a domestic carrier.
Downwind: The standard traffic pattern leg where traffic flies parallel
to the landing runway in the direction opposite that of landing.
Airplanes usually land into the wind. In this leg of the pattern, the
aircraft has the wind behind it, thus the plane is flying “downwind”.
39
using a rotating shaft as a means of transmitting power from one part
to another, e.g. from a turbine engine to a helicopter rotor; To control
Drop: A small amount of liquid that falls a drop of water a few drops
of rain; A sudden lowering; To become lower or to decrease suddenly.
40
E
Earth Coordinates: Coordinates referenced to the earth.
Elevator: An aircraft control surface hinged to the rear of the left and
right horizontal stabilizer of the aircraft tail. Changes the aircraft pitch
attitude nose-up or nose-down, as during climb or descent. Controlled
by pushing or pulling on control yoke or stick.
Endurance: The length of time an aircraft can stay in the air without
refuelling.
42
environment and it strives to abate and control pollution
systematically by integrating a variety of research, monitoring,
standard-setting, and enforcement activities.
Excess Baggage: Luggage that exceeds the allowed limits for weight,
size, or number of pieces. Carriers usually charge extra for excess
baggage, and insome cases, may have to ship it later rather than with
the passenger.
44
F
FAA: The Federal Aviation Administration.
Fatal injury: Any injury that results in death within 30 days of the
accident.
FDR: Flight Data Recorder. Also called black box, although it is not
black.
Feeder Airline: An air carrier that services a local market and “feeds”
traffic to the national and international carriers.
45
means the capacity to perform the intended functions under the heat
and other conditions likely to occur whenthere is a fire at the place
concerned.
Fireproof: (1) With respect to materials and parts used to confine fire
in a designated fire zone, means the capacity to with stand at least as
well as steel in dimensions appropriate for the purpose for which they
are used, the heat produced when there is a severe fire of extended
duration in that zone; and (2) With respect to other materials and
parts, means the capacity to with stand the heat associated with fire at
least as well as steel in dimensions appropriate for the purpose for
which they are used.
Five-M (5-M) Model, the: The man, machine, medium, mission, and
management factors represent another valuable model for examining
the nature of accidents. That is, when one seeks causal factors or
preventive or remedial action, the diagram of the intertwined circles
becomes a meaningful checklist for fact-finding and analysis to ensure
that all factors are considered. The five factors are closely interrelated,
although management plays the overall predominent role. Mission is
located as the central target or objective to emphasize that effective
mission accomplishment is implicit in professional system (aviation)
safety work.
46
Flight Data Recorder: An electronic device located in the tail section
of an aircraft that picks up and stores data about a flight.
Flight deck: A place where the flight crew of an airliner sit while
flying the aircraft.
Flight plan: A written statement that gives details of the flight that a
pilot intends to make.
Flight Time: (1) Pilot time that commences when an aircraft moves
under its own power for the purpose of flight and ends when the
aircraft comes to rest after landing; or (2) For a glider without self-
launch capability, pilot time that commences when the glider is towed
for the purpose of flight and ends when the glider comes to rest after
landing.
Fly Over: A position that a pilot takes when he is flying directly over a
known point.
50
G
G/S, GS: Ground Speed.
gal: Gallon.
51
Gravitational Acceleration: Acceleration caused by the force of
gravity.
52
Ground Speed: The speed of the aircraft in relation to the ground
over which it is flying.
53
H
Hardware factors: The fifth categories which becomes one of the
variables that affect human performance, include the design of
equipment, displays, controls, software, and the interface with
humans in the system.
Helistop: A place where helicopters can take off and land, but usually
one that does not have the support facilities found at a heliport.
54
Helo: A rotary-winged aircraft; same as heliport.
High Season: The season of the year when travel to an area peaks and
rates are at their highest.
Holding fuel: Extra fuel carried by an aircraft to allow for time spent
in the hold waiting for air traffic control clearance.
Home: The home airfield home airfield the airfield which one returns
to after a two-leg flight.
55
Human factors: is a multidisciplinary science that attempts to
optimize the interaction between people, machines, methods, and
procedures that interface with one another within an environment in a
defined system to achieve a set of systems goals. Human factors
encompass fields of study that include, but are not limited to,
engineering, psychology, physiology, anthropometry, biomechanics,
biology, and certain fields of medicine. It also concentrates on
studying the capabilities and limitations of the human in a system
with the intent of using this knowledge to design systems that reduce
mismatch between what is required of the human and what the
human is capable of doing.
56
I
IATA: International Air Transport Association.
57
Injunction: A court order requiring a person to do, or to refrain from
doing, a particular thing.
Injury: A non fatal accident with at least one serious injury without
substantial damage to a Part 121 aircraft.
58
Interference: The prevention of reception of a clear radio signal. Some
equipment, such as generators and ignition systems, will cause
unwanted radio frequency interference.
60
J
Jet fighter: A fighter plane that is powered by a jet engine or engines.
Jet lag: The temporary disturbance of body rhythms such as sleep and
eating habits, caused by high speed travel across several time zones.
Jump jet: A jet aircraft with fixed wings that can take off and lands
vertically.
61
K
kHz: Kilohertz.
kW: Kilowatt.
kW-hr: Kilowatt-hour.
62
L
LAAS: Local Area Augmentation System.
Landing field:A place where aircraft can land and take off.
Landing run: The distance on the runway from the touchdown point
to the stopping point or taxiing speed.
63
lb: Pound.
Leg basic: Referring to the most important but often simplest part of
something, from which everything else is derived. This chapter
provides a basic understanding from which the study of meteorology
can develop.
Light aircraft: A small, single engine aircraft generally for private not
commercial use.
64
to poor interfaces, they can easily cause safety hazards if not well
designed.
Local time: The time in the country you are talking about.
65
Location: A place where something can be found; Finding where
something is rapid location of survivors is important.
Luggage: Baggage, i.e. cases and bags that somebody takes when
travelling.
66
M
Mach: The ratio of the speed of an object to the speed of sound in the
same atmospheric conditions. Mach 2 equals twice the speed of
sound. Named after E. Mach, the Austrian physicist who died in 1916.
Mean Sea Level: The average level of the sea taking tidal variations
into account.
Minimum flying speed: The lowest true air speed at which an aircraft
can maintain height.
Missed approach point: The point at which a pilot must carry out a
missed approach procedure if a particular visual reference has not
been made.
69
Mean Time To Repair: The average period of time required to repair
a faulty piece of equipment.
70
N
Nautical Mile: 1.852 kilometres. One knot is equal to one nautical
mile per hour. A nautical mile is precisely defined as the length of an
arc on the Earth‟s surface subtended by an angle of one minute at the
centre of the Earth.
71
Noise: Part of received data that is undesired, consisting of randoms
inusoidal terms added to a signal.
72
O
OAT: Operational air traffic; Outside air temperature.
Ocean: The body of salt water which covers the earth (British English
prefers the word sea); Any of the major sea areas of the world the
Atlantic Ocean. The five oceans are: the Atlantic, the Pacific, the
Indian, the Arctic and the Antarctic (or Southern).
73
Open-skies: Referring to a policy of allowing aircraft belonging to any
country to fly over an area, without restrictions on surveillance of
military installations.
Overflew: Overfly.
Overshoot: To fly past a target, the pilot tried to land but the aircraft
overshot the runway.
74
Overspeeding: The act of going too fast.
75
P
Pacific Standard Time: The time zone of the west coast area of the
USA and Canada, 8 hours behind Greenwich Mean Time.
Passenger: A person who travels in an aircraft, car, train, etc., and has
no part in the operation of it.
Pilot In Command: The pilot who has responsibility for the operation
and safety of the aircraft during flight time.
Point of No Return: A place on the route where the aircraft does not
have enough fuel to return to the starting place. The Point of No
Return is calculated before departure to cover the chance that both the
terminal airfield and its alternate become unavailable during flight.
78
Position: Location, usually in fixed earth coordinates such latitude
and longitude; location, either scalar or vector, often with subscripts
such as ENUor XYZ to denote source or coordinate frame.
79
Primary Flight Control System: The most basic part of the flight
controls operated by a pilot, including wheel (fixed wing), yoke (fixed
wing), cyclic (rotary wing), pedals (fixed wing and rotary wing),
throttle (fixed wing), and collective (rotary wing).
Private Pilot: The Private pilot certificate allows flying passengers for
personal transportation and business. Requires the pilot to be at least
17 years old, have a minimum of 40 hours of flight experience and
training (35 hours under Part 141), and pass at least a Third Class
Medical exam, a written exam and flight test. May not “fly for hire or
compensation” but may share expenses equally with passengers.
80
Propeller: A rotating shaft with blades which, together with the
engine, moves an aircraft through the air.
81
Q
Q-code: An international telegraph code which is now used in RTF
operations.
82
R
R/W: Runway.
Ramjet: A type of jet engine in which fuel is burned in a duct with air
compressed by the forward motion of the aircraft.
84
used with the term “reversed.” Reversed means that the appellate
court overturned the trial court‟s decision.
85
RPM: Revolutions Per Minute.
86
S
SA: Safety Asurance.
Safe life: The principle of putting the least load or force on each
component, so that it will last well beyond a plane‟s expected life.
Safety factors: Also referred to as causal factors, are events that are
associated with or influence fatality rates. A safety indicator is a
measureable safety factor. The probability of death (or injury) as a
result of traveling on a given mode, when quantified, is the primary
benchmark of passenger transportation safety.
Safety pilot: A pilot present in the cockpit to ensure the safety of the
flight, e.g. when a student is practising instrument flying.
87
Safety policy: The first component of an SMS that establishes senio
management‟s commitment to continually improve safety; defines the
methods, process, and organizational structure needed to meet safety
goals.
Safety: Freedom from danger, injury or risk safety conscious: the state
of being aware at all times of the importance of safety and the means
by which it is achieved and maintained.
Sea level: The average level of the surface of the sea, used for
measuring barometric pressure.
Seat/sit: A place for sitting pilot‟s seat window seat a seat next to a
window.
89
weather conditions or VFR flights being issued radar advisories are
responsible for visual scanning to see-and-avoid other traffic.
Serious injury: Any injury that requires hospitalization for more than
48 hours, results in a bone fracture, or involves internal organs or
burns.
Service area: Area where maintenance and repairs are carried out.
90
H: Hardware (machines and equipment);
E: Environment (operating conditions);
L: Liveware (human interface to S, H, and E above);
L: Liveware (again, i.e., human to human interface).
Skiplane: An aircraft equipped with skis for taking off from and
landing on snow.
Sky: The atmosphere and outer space as seen from the earth.
Slip: An aircraft control technique with wings banked one way and
rudder deployed for the opposite turn. Aircraft flies slightly sideways,
increasing drag to make it descend faster without increasing forward
speed. Also one of two control configurations used for crosswind
landings when the rudder must counteract the turning effect of
banking into a crosswind to neutralize the wind‟s effect.
Spin: An aerodynamic condition in which the wings have lost lift and
the aircraft follows a descending corkscrew flight pattern in auto
rotation. Aircraft must be stalled for a spin to occur; this is usually the
result of “crossed” flight controls (uncoordinated rudder) causing
residual lift on one wing during the stall.
Spinner: A cap that fits over the hub of the propeller of an aircraft.
Split bus system: An electrical system in which there are two separate
power generation systems.
SR: Sunrise.
SS: Sunset.
Stall warning system: A system to warn the pilot that the aircraft is
about to stall.
Stall: A loss of lift caused by the breakdown of airflow over the wing
when the angle of attack passes a critical point; A situation in which
an engine or machine stops suddenly because an opposing force
93
overcomes its driving power; To lose lift by the breakdown of airflow
over the wing when the angle of attack passes a critical point. A stall
has nothing to do with the engine stopping. An aircraft can stall at any
airspeed and in any attitude.
Stalling angle: The angle relative to the horizontal at which the flow
of air around an aerofoil changes abruptly, resulting in significant
changes in the lift and drag of an aircraft.
Stalling speed: The speed at which the angle of attack is such that lift
over the wing surface breaks down. Traditionally, an aircraft can stall
at any airspeed, providing the angle of attack is great enough. Stalling
speed is often used to refer to the speed below which the aircraft
cannot remain airborne.
Standard parallels: The parallels of latitude where the cone cuts the
surface (in a conical projection).
Standby ticket: A cheaper air ticket bought just before departure time.
Sunrise: The time when the upper edge of the sun appears on the
visible horizon.
Sunset: The time when the upper edge of the sun just disappears over
the horizon.
96
Swiss Cheese Model: One of accident causation models which
introduced by James Reason in 1990 to illustrate how human factors at
various levels of the organization can lead to accidents. He traces the
root cause of accidents to human errors that occur in the management
levels of an organization. This model is a good representation of the
complex relationship between the individual and the organization.
Reason explains that before an active human failure occurs, there are
certain latent conditions in the organization which are the result of
management action or in actions. He also states that human error is
the active “end result” rather than the root cause of accidents.
97
T
Tachometer: A device for measuring angular velocity.
Take off: To leave the ground. When flying speed is reached the
aeroplane take off.
Take-off run: The distance from the start of take off to the point
where the wheels leave the ground.
Task factors: The sixth categories which becomes one of the variables
that affect human performance, include the nature of the task being
performed (vigilance and inspection tasks versus assembly
operations), workload (work intensity, multitasking, and/or time
constraints), and level of training.
Taxi: To move an aircraft along the ground under its own power
before take off or after landing. The US English is taxying.
98
Terrain following: A basic guidance mode, providing vertical
guidance to maintain an operator selected radar altitude above the
terrain. Flight such that the aircraft tries to maintain a constant height
above the terrain, usuallyin the range of 100-1,000 ft; uses a g-
command from the Multi Mode Radar to generate a flight director
cue. This controls the aircraft flight path so that the set clearance
altitude is achieved over major high points in the terrain with zero
flight path angle.
Time zone: One of the 24 parts of the Earth in which the same
standard time is used.
100
Transit passenger: A traveller who is changing from one aircraft to
another.
Transition level: The lowest flight level above the transition altitude.
True Air Speed: Airspeed corrected for instrumentation errors and air
density for your website.
101
U
U/V ADF: UHF/VHF Automatic Direction Finding.
102
position may be derived from other sources such as FLIR, MMR, or
radio navigation.
103
V
V/STOL: Vertical and Short Takeoff and Landing.
Vertical guidance: Calculations for the vertical axis, rather than the
longitudinal axis. The control law vertical axis input data are: Desired
Altitude, Altitude Integral, Altitude Integral Gain, Altitude Integral
Limit, Altitude Error Scale Factor, Magnitude limit for delta altitudes.
The major output from Vertical Guidance is the altitude error for the
selected vertical guidance mode.
104
VFR: Visual Flight Rules.
Vicarious Liability: The liability of one person for the torts of another.
105
Volt: The SI unit of electrical potential.
VTOL: A system used by some aircraft that allows them to take off
and land vertically; An aircraft that is able to take off and land
vertically.
106
W
WAAS: Wide Area Augmentation System.
107
Weight on Wheels (WOW): Indication of whether the aircraft has
weight on its wheels, meaning airborne or on the ground; weight on
wheels can bedetected by a sensor on the wheels, computed from
other state data or a combination of all data received.
108
Wind wind2: To move in a curving or twisting manner.
Windblast: The harmful effect of air flow on a pilot who has ejected
from an aircraft travelling at high speed.
Wingman: A pilot who flies in a position behind and to the side of the
leader of a group of flying aircraft.
109
Wingover: A manoeuvre to turn a flying aircraft in which the pilot
puts the aircraft into a steep turning climb until it almost stalls and
then allows the nose to fall.
110
X
X-ray: A ray with a very short wave length, which is invisible, but can
go through soft tissue or material and register as a photograph on a
film; To take an X-ray photograph of luggage.
111
Y
Yard: A unit of length in the US and British Imperial Systems equal to
3 ft or 0.9144 m.
Yaw: Rotation of the aircraft around its vertical axis; To rotate around
the vertical axis. Single-engine, propeller-driven aircraft tend to yaw
on take off.
yd: Yard.
112
Z
Z: Zulu time.
Zonal: Referring to one of the five parts into which the Earth‟s surface
is divided by imaginary lines parallel to the equator.
113
ALPHABET – RADIOTELEPHONY GUIDE
A - Alfa N – November
B - Bravo O - Oscar
C - Charlie P - Papa
D - Delta Q - Quebec
E - Echo R - Romeo
F - Foxtrot S - Sierra
G - Golf T - Tango
H - Hotel U - Uniform
I - India V - Victor
J - Juliett W - Whiskey
K - Kilo X - X-ray
L - Lima Y - Yankee
M - Mike Z - Zulu
114
AIRCRAFT REGISTRATION CODES
3A Monaco OH Finland
3B Mauritius OK Czech Republic
3C Equatorial Guinea HV The Vatican
3D Swaziland HZ Saudi Arabia
3X Guinea I Italy
4K Azerbaijan J2 Djibouti
4R Sri Lanka J3 Grenada
4U United Nations Organisation J5 Guinea Bissau
4X Israel J6 St Lucia
5A Libya J7 Dominica
5B Cyprus J8 St Vincent and the Grenadines
5H Tanzania JA Japan
5N Nigeria JU Mongolia
5R Madagascar JY Jordan
5T Mauritania LN Norway
5U Niger LV Argentina
5V Togo LX Luxembourg
5W Samoa LY Lithuania
5X Uganda LZ Bulgaria
5Y Kenya N USA
6O Somalia OO Belgium
6V Senegal OY Denmark
6Y Jamaica P North Korea
7O Yemen P2 Papua New Guinea
7P Lesotho P4 Aruba PH Netherlands
7Q Malawi PJ Netherland Antilles
7T Algeria PK Indonesia
8P Barbados PP Brazil PZ Suriname
8Q Maldives RA Russian Federation
8R Guyana RP Philippines
9A Croatia S2 Bangladesh
9G Ghana S5 Slovenia
9H Malta S7 Seychelles
9J Zambia S9 Sao Tome and Principe
9K Kuwait SE Sweden
9L Sierra Leone SP Poland
115
9M Malaysia ST Sudan
9N Nepal SU Egypt
9Q Democratic Republic of the SX Greece
Congo T2 Tuvalu
9U Burundi T3 Kiribati
9V Singapore T7 San Marino
9XR Rwanda T8A Palau
9Y Trinidad and Tobago T9 Bosnia-Herzegovina
A2 Botswana TC Turkey
A3 Tonga TF Iceland
A40 Oman TG Guatemala
A5 Bhutan TI Costa Rica
A6 United Arab Emirates TJ Cameroon
A7 Qatar TL Central African Republic
A9C Bahrain TN Congo-Brazzaville
AP Pakistan TR Gabon TS Tunisia
B China & Taiwan TT Chad TU Côte d‟Ivoire
B-H Hong Kong TY Benin
B-M Macau TZ Mali
C Canada UK Uzbekistan
C2 Nauru UR Ukraine
C3 Andorra V2 Antigua and Barbuda
C5 Gambia V3 Belize V4 St Kitts and Nevis
C6 Bahamas V5 Namibia
C9 Mozambique V6 Micronesia
CC Chile V7 Marshall Islands
CN Morocco V8 Brunei
CP Bolivia VH Australia
CS Portugal VN Vietnam
CU Cuba VP, VQ British Overseas Territori-
CX Uruguay es
D Germany VP-A Anguilla (UK)
D2 Angola VP-B Bermuda (UK)
D4 Cape Verde VP-C Cayman Islands (UK)
D6 Comoros Islands VP-F Falkland Islands
DQ Fiji EC Spain VP-G Gibraltar (UK)
EI Ireland VP-L British Virgin Islands
EK Armenia VP-M Montserrat
EP Iran VQ-H St Helena (UK)
ER Moldova VQ-T Turks and Caicos Islands
116
ES Estonia (UK)
ET Ethiopia VR-B Bermuda
EW Belarus VR-C Cayman Island
EY Tajikistan VR-G Gibraltar
EZ Turkmenistan VR-H Hong Kong
F France VT India
F New Caledonia (France) XA Mexico
F Guadeloupe (France) XT Burkina Faso
F Martinique (France) XU Cambodia XY Myanmar
F Tahiti (French Polynesia) YA Afghanistan
G United Kingdom YI Iraq
H4 Solomon Islands YJ Vanuatu
HA Hungary YK Syria
HB Switzerland & Liechtenstein YL Latvia
HC Ecuador YN Nicaragua
HH Haiti YR Romania
HI Dominican Republic YS El Salvador
HK Colombia YU Serbia and Montenegro
HL South Korea YV Venezuela
HP Panama Z Zimbabwe
HR Honduras ZA Albania
HS Thailand ZK New Zealand
OB Peru ZP Paraguay
OD Lebanon ZS South Africa
OE Austria
117
AIRLINE CODES
119
KP Kiwi International Airlines VU Air Ivoire
KQ Kenya Airways VX V Bird
KU Kuwait Airways W6 Wizz Air
KV Kavminvodyavia WG Wasaya Airlines
KX Cayman Airways WJ Labrador Airways
KY Linhas Aereas de Air Sao To- W6 Wizz Air
me and Principe WG Wasaya Airlines
LA Lan-Chile WJ Labrador Airways
LG Luxair WN Southwest Airlines
LH Lufthansa WR Royal Tongan Airlines
LN Jamahiriya Libyan Arab Airli- WY Oman Aviation
nes YK Kibris Turk Hava Yollari
LO LOT Polish Airlines YN Air Creebec
LY El Al Israel Airlines YU Dominair
LX Swiss ZB Monarch Airlines
LZ Balkan-Bulgarian Airlines
120
AIRPORT CODES – COUNTRY
122
DCF Dominica Dominica RIO Rio de Janeiro Brazil
DEL Delhi India RIX Riga Latvia
DEN Denver USA ROM Rome Italy
DFW Dallas/Fort Worth USA RTM Rotterdam Netherlands
DKR Dakar Senegal RUH Riyadh Saudi Arabia
DOM Dominica Oman SAH Sana‟a Yemen
DRW Darwin Australia SAN San Diego USA
DTT Detroit USA SAO Sao Paulo Brazil
DUB Dublin Ireland SCL Santiago Chile
DUR Durban South Africa SEA Seattle USA
DUS Dusseldorf Germany SEL Seoul South Korea
DXB Dubai UAE SFO San Francisco USA
EBB Entebbe Uganda SHA Shanghai China
MOW Moscow Russia SHJ Sharjah UAE
MPM Maputo Mozambique SIN Singapore Singapore
MQS Mustique Grenadines SKG Thessaloniki Greece
MRS Marseilles France SLC Salt Lake City USA
MRU Mauritius Mauritius SLU Saint Lucia Saint Lucia
MSP Minneapolis St Paul USA SNN Shannon Ireland
MSY New Orleans USA SOF Sofia Bulgaria
MUC Munich Germany SOU Southampton UK
MVD Montevideo Uruguay STL Saint Louis USA
MXP Milan Italy NAP Naples Ita- STN London Stansted UK
ly STO Stockholm Sweden
NAS Nassau Bahamas STR Stuttgart Germany
NBO Nairobi Kenya SVG Stavanger Norway
NCE Nice France SVO Moscow Sheremetyevo Rus-
NCL Newcastle UK sia
NGO Nagoya Japan SVQ Seville Spain
NOU Nourrea New Caledonia SXB Strasbourg France
NRT Tokyo Narita Japan SXF Berlin Schoenefeld Germany
NUE Nuremburg Germany SYD Sydney Australia
NYC New York USA SZG Salzburg Austria
ORD Chicago O‟Hare USA TCI Tenerife Spain
ORK Cork Ireland TGU Tegucigalpa Honduras
ORL Orlando USA THF Berlin Tempelhof Germany
ORY Paris Orly France THR Tehran Iran TLL
OSA Osaka Japan Tallinn Estonia
OSL Oslo Norway TLS Toulouse France
OTP Bucharest Otopeni Romania TLV Tel Aviv Israel
123
PAR Paris France TPA Tampa USA
PBM Paramaribo Surinam TPE Taipei Taiwan
PDX Portland USA TRN Turin Italy
PEK Beijing China TUN Tunis Tunisia
PER Perth Australia TYO Tokyo Japan
PHL Philadelphia USA UIO Quito Ecuador
PHX Phoenix USA REK Reykjavik Iceland
PIT Pittsburgh USA VCE Venice Italy
PLH Plymouth UK VIE Vienna Austria
PMI Palma de Mallorca Spain VLC Valencia Spain
POM Port Moresby Papua New VNO Vilnius Lithuania
Guinea WAS Washington DC USA
POS Port of Spain Trinidad and WAW Warsaw Poland
Tobago WDH Windhoek Namibia
PPT Papeete French Polynesia WLG Wellington New Zealand
PRG Prague Czech Republic YEA Edmonton Canada
PSA Florence Pisa Italy YEG Edmonton Intl. Canada
PTY Panama City Panama YMQ Montreal Mirabel Canada
RAR Rarotonga Cook Islands YOW Ottawa Canada
EDI Edinburgh UK YTO Toronto Canada
EMA East Midlands UK YUL Montreal Pierre Elliot Cana-
EWR Newark USA da Trudeau Intl.
FAO Faro Portugal YVR Vancouver Canada
FCO Rome Fiumicino Italy YWG Winnipeg Canada YYC
FIH Kinshasa Congo Calgary Canada
FRA Frankfurt Germany YYZ Toronto Lester Pearson Ca-
FUK Fukuoka Japan nada
GBE Gabarone Botswana ZAG Zagreb Croatia
GCI Guernsey UK ZRH Zurich Switzerland
GCM Grand Cayman Cayman Is-
lands
124
LOCAL TIMES AROUND THE WORLD
126
NOTE
127