Introduction to Matrix Analysis

of Structures

Prepared by:
Engr. Kenny B. Cantila
 Matrix – is a rectangular array of quantities arranged in rows and
columns. A matrix with m rows and n columns can be expressed as
follows.

A11 A12 A13 … A1n

A21 A22 A23 … A2n
𝐀 = A = A31 A32 A33 … A3n
… … … … …
Am1 Am2 Am3 … Amn

Elements are the quantities forming a matrix.

Order of matrix is the size of a matrix that is measured by the number of its
rows and columns (m x n).
 Types of Matrix

Vectors are a special type of matrix which have only one column or one row.

Column Vector – a matrix with all its elements are arranged in a single
column.

x1
x2
𝐂= C = ⋮ (i = 1,2, … , n)
xn

Row Vector – a matrix with all its elements arranged in a single row.

𝐑 = R = y1 y2 ⋯ yn (j = 1,2, … , n)
 Types of Matrix (cont’d)

Unit vector – it is a special vector which has a magnitude of unity.

𝐢 = 𝐢𝟏 𝟐 + 𝐢𝟐 𝟐 + ⋯ 𝐢𝐧 𝟐 = 1

where the notation 𝐢 denotes the length of vector i. Orthogonal systems of

unit vectors, in which all of the elements of each unit vector except one are
zero, are used to define coordinate systems.

Square Matrix – is a matrix which has the same number of rows and
columns, that is, m = n.

a11 a12 a13

𝐒 = S = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
 Types of Matrix (cont’d)

Diagonal matrix - is a square matrix with all elements equal to zero except
the elements on the major diagonal, which is the left-to-right downward-
sloping line of elements from a11 to a33.

a11 0 0
𝐃= D = 0 a22 0
0 0 a33

Unit/Identity matrix - is a diagonal matrix with unity diagonal elements.

The identity matrix is the matrix equivalent of the scalar number unity.

1 0 0
𝐈= I = 0 1 0
0 0 1
 Types of Matrix (cont’d)

Triangular matrix - is a square matrix in which all of the elements on one

side of the major diagonal are zero.

Upper triangular matrix - has all zero elements below the major diagonal.

a11 a12 a13

𝐔= U = 0 a22 a23
0 0 a33

Lower triangular matrix - has all zero elements above the major diagonal.

a11 0 0
𝐋 = L = a21 a22 0
a31 a32 a33
 Types of Matrix (cont’d)

Null Matrix – all the elements of matrix are zero.

0 0 0
𝐎= O = 0 0 0
0 0 0

Tridiagonal matrix - is a square matrix in which all of the elements not on

the major diagonal and the two diagonals surrounding the major diagonal are
zero. The elements on these three diagonals may or may not be zero.

𝑎11 𝑎12 0 0 0
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 0 0
𝐓= T = 0 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎34 0
0 0 𝑎43 𝑎44 𝑎45
0 0 0 𝑎54 𝑎55
 Types of Matrix (cont’d)

Banded Matrix – has all zero elements except along particular diagonals.

𝑎11 𝑎12 0 𝑎14 0

𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 0 𝑎25
𝐁= B = 0 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎34 0
𝑎41 0 𝑎43 𝑎44 𝑎45
0 𝑎52 0 𝑎54 𝑎55
 Types of Matrix (cont’d)

The transpose of an n x m matrix A is the m x n matrix, AT, which has the

elements ai,j T = aj,i . i. The transpose of a column vector, is a row vector and
vice versa.

Symmetric square matrices have identical corresponding elements on either

side of the major diagonal. That is, ai,j = aj,i . In that case 𝐀 = 𝐀𝐓 .

Sparse matrix is one in which most of the elements are zero. Most large
matrices arising in the solution of ordinary and partial differential equations
are sparse matrices.
Matrix Algebra
 Matrix Algebra

Matrix algebra consists of matrix addition, matrix subtraction, and matrix

multiplication. Matrix division is not defined. An analogous operation is
accomplished using the matrix inverse.

Matrix Addition and Subtraction

Matrix addition and subtraction consist of adding or subtracting the

corresponding elements of two matrices of equal size. Let A and B be two
matrices of equal size. Unequal size matrices cannot be added or subtracted.

𝐀 + 𝐁 = aij + bij = aij + bij = cij = 𝐂

𝐀 − 𝐁 = aij − bij = aij − bij = cij = 𝐂
Matrices of the same size are associative on addition.

𝐀 + 𝐁 + 𝐂 = (𝐀 + 𝐁) + 𝐂

Matrices of the same size are commutative on addition.

𝐀+𝐁=𝐁+𝐀
 Example: Add the following matrices.

1 2 3 3 2 1
𝐀= 2 1 4 𝐁 = −4 1 2
1 4 3 2 3 −1

(1 + 3) (2 + 2) (3 + 1) 4 4 4
𝐀 + 𝐁 = (2 − 4) (1 + 1) (4 + 2) = −2 2 6
(1 + 2) (4 + 3) (3 − 1) 3 7 2
Matrix multiplication consists of row-element to column-element
multiplication and summation of the resulting products.

𝐀𝐁 = aij bij = ai,k bkj (i = 1,2, … , n j = 1,2, … , r)

k=1

Multiplication of the two matrices A and B is defined only when the number
of columns of matrix A is the same as the number of rows of matrix B.
Matrices that satisfy this condition are called conformable in the order AB.
Thus, if the size of matrix A is n x m and the size of matrix B is m x r, then
the size of matrix C is n x r. Matrices that are not conformable cannot be
multiplied.

Matrix multiplication is generally not commutative; that is,

𝐀𝐁 ≠ 𝐁𝐀
 Matrix Multiplication Example

Find the product of Matrix A and B.

1 2 3 2 1
𝐀= 2 1 4 𝐁= 1 2
1 4 3 2 1

1 2 + 2(1) + 3(2 1 1 + 2(2) + 3(1) 10 8

𝐀𝐁 = 2(2) + 1(1) + 4(2) 2(1) + 1(2) + 4(1) = 13 8
1(2) + 4(1) + 3(2) 1(1) + 4 2 + 3(1) 12 12
Multiplication by a Scalar The product of a scalar c and a matrix A is
obtained by multiplying each element of the matrix A by the scalar c.

Calculate the matrix B = cA if c = -6

3 7 −2
𝐀= 0 8 1
12 −4 10

3 7 −2
𝐁 = c𝐀 = −𝟔 0 8 1
12 −4 10

−6 (3) −6 (7) −6(−2) −18 −42 12

= −6 (0) −6 (8) −6 (1) = 0 −48 −6
−6(12) −6(−4) −6(10) −72 24 −60
 Transpose of a Matrix

The transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging its corresponding

rows and columns. The transposed matrix is commonly identified by placing
a superscript T on the symbol of the original matrix.

2 −4
𝐁 = −5 8
1 3

2 −5 1
𝐁𝐓 =
−4 8 3
 Properties of a Matrix

Notation Transposition Rules Inverse Rules

A, B, C are matrices A′ ′
=A AI = IA = A
′
A' is the transpose of matrix A A+B = A′ + B′ AA−1 = A−1 A = I
-1 ′ = B ′ A′
A is the inverse of matrix A AB A−1 −1 = A
′
𝐈 is the identity matrix ABC = C′B ′ A′ AB −1 = B −1 A−1
x is a real number ABC −1 = C −1 B −1 A−1
A−1 −1 = A−1 −1

Commutative Law of Addition ∶ A+B=B+A

Associative Law of Addition ∶ A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C

Associative Law of Multiplication ∶ A(BC) = AB C

Distributive Law of Matrix Algebra ∶ x A + B = xA + xB

 Properties of a Matrix (cont’d)

Example: Show that 𝐀𝐁 ′ = 𝐁 ′ 𝐀′

9 −5
6 −1 10
𝐀 = 2 1 𝐁=
−2 7 5
−3 4

6 −2
9 2 −3
𝐀′ = 𝐁 ′ = −1 7
−5 1 4
10 5

9 −5
6 −1 10
𝐀𝐁 = 2 1
−2 7 5
−3 4

9 6 + (−5)(−2) 9 −1 + (−5)(7) 9 10 + (−5)(5)

= 2 6 + 1 −2 2 −1 + 1(7 2 10 + (1(5)
−3 6 + 4(−2) −3 −1 + 4(7) −3 10 + 4(5)
Properties of a Matrix (cont’d)

64 −44 65
𝐀𝐁 = 10 5 25
−26 31 −10

64 10 −26
(𝐀𝐁)′ = −44 5 31
65 25 −10

6 −2
9 2 −3
𝐁 ′ 𝐀′ = −1 7
−5 1 4
10 5
 Properties of a Matrix (cont’d)

6 −2
9 2 −3
𝐁 ′ 𝐀′ = −1 7
−5 1 4
10 5

6 9 + (−2)(−5) 6 2 + (−2)(1) 6 −3 + (−2)(4)

𝐁 ′ 𝐀′ = −1 9 + 7 −5 −1 2 + 7(1 −1 −3 + (7(4)
10 9 + 5(−5) 10 2 + 5(1) 10 −3 + 5(4)

64 10 −26
𝐁 ′ 𝐀′ = −44 5 31
65 25 −10
 Determinants

Determinants are mathematical objects that are very useful in the analysis
and solution of systems of linear equations. It is a quantity obtained by the
addition of products of the elements of a square matrix according to a given
rule.

Methods in Calculating the Determinants

Diagonal Method Co-factor Method

 Determinants by Diagonal Method

The determinant of 2 x 2 matrix is the product of the elements on the major

diagonal minus the product of the elements on the minor diagonal.
a11 a12
A= a a22
21

det(A) = 𝐴 = a11 a22 − a12 a21

The determinant of 3 x 3 matrix is the sum of the first three triple products
minus the sum of the last three triple products.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12
A = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32

𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝐀 = A = 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 + 𝑎12 𝑎23 𝑎31 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32 −
*𝑎13 𝑎22 𝑎31 + 𝑎11 𝑎23 𝑎32 + 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎33 +

Determinant by diagonal method is not applicable to 4 x 4 matrix and larger.

 Determinants by Co-factor Method

Co-factor Method- the determinant of matrix A is the sum of the products of

the elements of any row or column, multiplied by their corresponding
cofactors. The minor Mij is the determinant of the n − 1 x(n − 1) sub-
matrix of the n x n matrix A obtained by deleting the ith row and the jth
column. The cofactor Aij associated with the minor Mij is defined as
Aij = −1 i+j Mij . Thus, expanding across any fixed row i yields:

𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝐀 = A = −1 i+j a
i,j Mij
i=1
 Determinants by Co-factor Method

For 3 x 3 matrix, the determinant can be calculated as follows:

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

A = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22

𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝐀 = A = 𝑎11 𝑎 𝑎33 − 𝑎12 𝑎 𝑎33 + 𝑎13 𝑎 𝑎32
32 31 31
 Determinants by Co-factor Method

For 4 x 4 matrix, the determinant can be calculated as follows:

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎14

𝑎 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎24
A = 𝑎21 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎34
31
𝑎41 𝑎42 𝑎43 𝑎44

𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎24 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎24

𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝐀 = A = 𝑎11 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎34 − 𝑎12 𝑎31 𝑎33 𝑎34 +
𝑎42 𝑎43 𝑎44 𝑎41 𝑎43 𝑎44

𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎24 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23

𝑎13 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎34 − 𝑎14 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎41 𝑎42 𝑎44 𝑎41 𝑎42 𝑎43
 Determinant by Diagonal Method (3x3 Matrix)

Determine the determinant of the given 3 x 3 matrix using Diagonal Method.

80 −20 −20
A = −20 40 −20
−20 −20 130

80 −20 −20 80 −20

A = −20 40 −20 −20 40
−20 −20 130 −20 −20

det A = A

= , 80 40 130 + −20 −20 −20 + −20 −20 −20 - −

, −20 40 −20 + 80 −20 −20 + −20 −20 130 -

= 400,000 − 100,000

= 300,000
 Determinant by Co-factor Method (3x3 Matrix)

Determine the determinant of the given 3 x 3 matrix using Co-factor Method.

80 −20 −20
A = −20 40 −20
−20 −20 130

40 −20 −20 −20 −20 40

𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝐀 = A = 80 − (−20) + (−20)
−20 130 −20 130 −20 −20

𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝐀 = A

= 80 40 130 − −20 −20 −

−20 −20 130 − −20 −20 +
(−20),(−20 −20 − 40 −20 -

= 384,000 − 60,000 + (−24,000)

= 300,000
 Determinant by Co-factor Method (4x4 Matrix)

Determine the determinant of the given 4 x 4 matrix using Co-factor Method.

1 4 2 3
𝐀= 0 1 4 4
−1 0 1 0
2 0 4 1

1 4 4 0 4 4 0 1 4 0 1 4
𝑨=1 0 1 0 − 4 −1 1 0 + 2 −1 0 0 − 3 −1 0 1
0 4 1 2 4 1 2 0 1 2 0 4
 1 4 4 0 4 4 0 1 4 0 1 4
𝐀=1 0 1 0 − 4 −1 1 0 + 2 −1 0 0 − 3 −1 0 1
0 4 1 2 4 1 2 0 1 2 0 4

det A = A

=1 1 1 1 − 0 4 − 4 0 1 − 0 0 + 4 0 4 − 1 0 −
4 0 1 1 − 0 4 − 4 −1 1 − 0 2 + 4 −1 4 − 1 2 +
2 0 0 1 − 0 0 − 1 −1 1 − 0 2 + 4 −1 0 − 0 2 −
3 0 0 4 − 1 0 − 1 −1 4 − 1 2 + 4 −1 0 − 0 2

= 1 − −80 + 2 − 18

= 𝟔𝟓
 Notes on Determinant

The determinants are only applicable to square matrices.

If the determinant is 1, the matrix is said to be unimodular.

If the determinant of a matrix is 0, the matrix is said to be singular.

Techniques in Solving Systems of Equations
Techniques in Solving Systems of Equations

Substitution and Elimination

Cramer’s Rule

Gauss Elimination

Gauss-Jordan Method
 Substitution and Elimination

Solve the system by elimination and substitution.

x + y + z = 0 (Eq. 1)
2x − y + z = −1 (Eq. 2)
− x + 3y − z = −8 (Eq. 3)

Equate (Eq. 1) and (Eq.3). Eliminate x.

x + y + z = 0
+ (−x + 3y − z = −8)
4y = −8

𝐲 = −𝟐
 Substitution and Elimination

Equate (Eq. 1) and (Eq.2). Eliminate z.

x + y + z = 0
− (2x − y + z = −1)
−x + 2y = 1

−x + 2(−2) = 0
𝐱 = −𝟓

Using (Eq. 1) with y = -2 and x = -5

−5 + (−2) + z = 0
𝐳 = 𝟕
 Cramer’s Rule for Systems in two Variables

For the system of two equations:

a1 x + b1 y = L
a2 x + b2 y = M

Solving for determinants

a1 b1
D= = a1 b2 − b1 a2
a2 b2
L b1
Dx = = Lb2 − Mb1
M b2
a1 L
Dy = = a1 M − La2
a2 M

If D ≠ 0, the solution to the system is given by:

Dx Dy
x= y=
D D
 Cramer’s Rule for Systems in Two Variables

Determine the values of x and y using Cramer’s Rule

3x − 2y = 9 3 −2 𝑥 9
=
−x + 3y = 3 −1 3 𝑦 3

3 −2
D= = 3 3 − , −2 −1 - = 𝟕
−1 3
9 −2
Dx = = 9 3 − −2 3 = 𝟑𝟑
3 3

3 9
Dy = = 3 3 − 9 −1 = 𝟏𝟖
−1 3

Dx 𝟑𝟑 Dy 𝟏𝟖
x= = y= =
D 𝟕 D 𝟕
Cramer’s Rule for Systems in Three Variables

For the system of equations:

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = K
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = L
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = M
Let:

a1 b1 c1 K b1 c1
D = a2 b2 c2 Dx = L b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 M b3 c3
a1 K c1 a1 b1 K
Dy = a2 L c2 Dz = a2 b2 L
a3 M c3 a3 b3 M

If D ≠ 0, the solution to the system is given by:

Dx Dy Dz
x= y= z=
D D D
 Cramer’s Rule for Systems in Three Variables

Determine the values of x, y, and z using Cramer’s Rule

x + y + z = 0 1 1 1 𝑥 0
2x − y + z = −1 2 −1 1 𝑦 = −1
−x + 3y − z = −8 −1 3 −1 𝑧 −8

1 1 1 1 1
D = 2 −1 1 2 −1
−1 3 −1 −1 3

D = * 1 −1 −1 + (1) 1 −1 + 1 2 3 + −
* 1 −1 −1 + (1) 1 3 + 1 2 −1 +

𝐃=𝟒
 Cramer’s Rule for Systems in Three Variables

0 1 1 0 1
Dx = −1 −1 1 −1 −1
−8 3 −1 −8 3

Dx = * 0 −1 −1 + (1) 1 −8 + 1 −1 3 + −
* 1 −1 −8 + (0) 1 3 + 1 −1 −1 +

𝐃𝐱 = −𝟐𝟎

1 0 1 1 0
Dy = 2 −1 1 2 −1
−1 −8 −1 −1 −8

Dy = * 1 −1 −1 + (0) 1 −1 + 1 2 −8 + −
* 1 −1 −1 + (1) 1 −8 + 0 2 −1 +

𝐃𝐲 = −𝟖
 Cramer’s Rule for Systems in Three Variables

1 1 0 1 1
Dz = 2 −1 −1 2 −1
−1 3 −8 −1 3

Dz = * 1 −1 −8 + (1) −1 −1 + 0 2 3 + −
* 0 −1 −1 + (1) −1 3 + 1 2 −8 +

𝐃𝐳 = 𝟐𝟖

Dx −20
x= = = −𝟓
D 4

Dy −8
y= = = −𝟐
D 4

Dz 28
z= = = 𝟕
D 4
Gauss Elimination and Substitution
 Gauss Elimination

Find the values of x, y and z using Gauss Elimination.

x + y + z = 0
2x − y + z = −1
−x + 3y − z = −8

In matrix form:

1 1 1 𝑥 0 → R1
2 −1 1 𝑦 = −1 → R2
−1 3 −1 𝑧 −8 → R3
 Gauss Elimination (cont’d)

Forward Elimination

Step1: Make a2 = 0 and a3 = 0

1 1 1 = 𝑥 = 0 a1 1 1 1 = 𝑥 = 0
− R 2 + R1
a2
2 −1 1 = 𝑦 = −1 0 3/2 1/2 = 𝑦 = 1/2
a1
− R 3 + R1
a3
−1 3 −1 = 𝑧 = −8 0 4 0 = 𝑧 = −8

Step 2: Make b3 = 0

1 1 1 = 𝑥 = 0 1 1 1 = 𝑥 = 0

0 3/2 1/2 = 𝑦 = 1/2 0 3/2 1/2 = 𝑦 = 1/2

b2
− R + R2
= 𝑧 = −8 b3 3 0 0 1/2
0 4 0 = 𝑧 = 7/2
 Gauss Elimination (cont’d)

Backward Substitution

3 1 1
1 7 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =0
𝑧= 2 2 2 𝑥 = −𝑦 − 𝑧
2 2 3 1 1
𝒛=𝟕 𝑦 + 7 = 𝑥 = −(−2) − (7)
2 2 2
𝒚 = −𝟐 𝒙 = −𝟓
Gauss-Jordan Method
 Gauss-Jordan Method

Find the values of x, y and z using Gauss Elimination.

x + y + z = 0
2x − y + z = −1
−x + 3y − z = −8

In matrix form:

1 1 1 𝑥 0 → R1
2 −1 1 𝑦 = −1 → R2
−1 3 −1 𝑧 −8 → R3
 Gauss-Jordan Method (cont’d)

Step1: Make a2 = 0 and a3 = 0

1 1 1 = 𝑥 = 0 a1 1 1 1 = 𝑥 = 0
− R 2 + R1
a2
2 −1 1 = 𝑦 = −1 0 3/2 1/2 = 𝑦 = 1/2
a1
− R 3 + R1
a3
−1 3 −1 = 𝑧 = −8 0 4 0 = 𝑧 = −8

Step 2: Make b3 = 0

1 1 1 = 𝑥 = 0 1 1 1 = 𝑥 = 0

0 3/2 1/2 = 𝑦 = 1/2 0 3/2 1/2 = 𝑦 = 1/2

b2
− R + R2
= 𝑧 = −8 b3 3 0 0 1/2
0 4 0 = 𝑧 = 7/2
 Gauss-Jordan Method (cont’d)

Step 3: Make b2 =1 and c3 =1

1 1 1 = 𝑥 = 0 R2 1 1 1 = 𝑥 = 0
b2
0 3/2 1/2 = 𝑦 = 1/2 0 1 1/3 = 𝑦 = 1/3
R3
c3
0 0 1/2 = 𝑧 = 7/2 0 0 1 = 𝑧 = 7

Step 4: Make c1 =0 and c2 =0

c1
− R 3 + R1
c3
1 1 1 = 𝑥 = 0 1 1 0 = 𝑥 = −7

0 1 1/3 = 𝑦 = 1/3 c2 0 1 0 = 𝑦 = −2
− R3 + R2
c3
0 0 1 = 𝑧 = 7 0 0 1 = 𝑧 = 7
 Gauss-Jordan Method (cont’d)

Step 5: Make b1 =0
b1
− R + R1
b2 2
1 1 0 = 𝑥 = −7 1 0 0 = 𝑥 = −𝟓

0 1 0 = 𝑦 = −2 0 1 0 = 𝑦 = −𝟐

0 0 1 = 𝑧 = 7 0 0 1 = 𝑧 = 𝟕
 Inverse of a Matrix

1 2 3
M= 0 1 4
5 6 0

1 0 5
MT = 2 1 6
3 4 0

1 0 5 1 0
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝐌 𝐓 ) = 2 1 6 2 1
3 4 0 3 4

𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝐌 𝐓 ) = * 1 1 0 + (0) 6 3 + 5 2 4 + −
* 5 1 3 + (1) 6 4 + 0 2 0 +

𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝐌 𝐓 ) = 𝟏
 Inverse of a Matrix (cont’d)

1 2 3
M= 0 1 4
5 6 0

1 4 2 3 2 3
M11 = = −24 M21 = = −18 M31 = =5
6 0 6 0 1 4
0 4 1 3 1 3
M12 = = −20 M22 = = −15 M32 = =4
5 0 5 0 0 4
0 1 1 2 1 2
M13 = = −5 M23 = = −4 M33 = =1
5 6 5 6 0 1

−24 −18 5 + − + −24 18 5

𝐓 = 20 −15 −4
𝐚𝐝𝐣(𝐌 ) = −20 −15 4 × − + −
−5 −4 1 + − + −5 4 1

http://www.wikihow.com/Find-the-Inverse-of-a-3x3-Matrix
 Inverse of a Matrix (cont’d)

1
M −1 = ∙ adj(M 𝑇)
det(M 𝑇 )

1 −24 18 5
M −1 = ∙ 20 −15 −4
1
−5 4 1
−24 18 5
M −1 = 20 −15 −4
−5 4 1
 Inverse of a Matrix (cont’d)

Step1: Make a2 = 0 and a3 = 0

1 2 3 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 0 0

0 1 4 0 1 0 0 1 4 0 1 0
a1
− R + R1
5 6 0 0 0 1 a3 3 0 0.8 3 1 0 −0.2

Step 2: Make b3 = 0
1 2 3 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 0 0

0 1 4 0 1 0 0 1 4 0 1 0
b2
− R3 + R2
b3
0 0.8 3 1 0 −0.2 0 0 1/4 −5/4 1 1/4
 Inverse of a Matrix (cont’d)

Step 3: Make c3 = 0
1 2 3 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 0 0

0 1 4 0 1 0 0 1 4 0 1 0
R3
0 0 1/4 −5/4 1 1/4 c3
0 0 1 −5 4 1

Step 4: Make c1 =0 and c2 =0

c1
− R 3 + R1
c3
1 2 3 1 0 0 1 2 0 16 −12 −3

0 1 4 0 1 0 c2 0 1 0 20 −15 −4
− R3 + R2
c3
0 0 1 −5 4 1 0 0 1 −5 4 1
 Inverse of a Matrix (cont’d)

Step 5: Make b1 =0
b1
− R + R1
b2 2
1 2 0 16 −12 −3 1 0 0 −24 18 5

0 1 0 20 −15 −4 0 1 0 20 −15 −4

0 0 1 −5 4 1 0 0 1 −5 4 1
 REFERENCES

http://www.tutor-homework.com/Math_Help/college_algebra/m5l6notes.pdf

http://www.wikihow.com/Find-the-Inverse-of-a-3x3-Matrix