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ABSTRACT this paper stiffness coefficients are provided for nozzles away
The analysis of tank nozzles for API Standard 650 [1] tanks from a structural discontinuity. The distance at which a
is a complex problem. Appendix P of API 650 provides a discontinuity has no influence on the spring rate of a nozzle is
method for determining the allowable external loads on tank defined by Welding Research Council (WRC) Bulletin 297
shell openings. The method in Appendix P is based on two [11]. Height factors are used to calculate stiffness coefficients
papers, one by Billimoria and Hagstrom [2] and the other by for nozzles located close to a gross structural discontinuity.
Billimoria and Tam [3]. Although Appendix P is optional, With the height factors provided, the engineer is able to arrive
industry has used it for a number of years for large diameter at stiffness coefficients for nozzles at any location on the tank
tanks. For tanks less than 120 feet (33.6 m) in diameter, shell, which in turn helps to predict more accurately the piping
Appendix P is not applicable. loads at the nozzle.
In previously published papers [4-10], the authors used
finite element analysis (FEA) to verify the experimental results NOMENCLATURE
reported by Billimoria and Tam for shell nozzles. The analysis B = 2(12*Dt) in, height from tank bottom per WRC,
showed the variance between stiffness coefficients and stresses Bulletin 297 where tank bottom has no influence
obtained by FEA and API 650 methods for tanks. on stiffness on nozzles (see Figure 1), in
In this follow-up paper, the authors present stiffness D = nominal diameter of tank, ft
coefficients for tank nozzles located away from a structural Do = outside diameter of reinforcing pad, in
discontinuity. Factors to establish spring rates for nozzles FR = radial load, lbs
varying from 6 to 48 inches and tank diameters from 30 feet to KBc = stiffness coefficient due to circumferential
300 feet and for nozzles at different elevations on the shell are moment at distance B, in-lbs/radian
provided. Mathematical equations are provided together with Kc = stiffness coefficient for circumferential moment,
graphs for the stiffness coefficient factors. in-lbs/radian
KBL = stiffness coefficient due to longitudinal moment
INTRODUCTION at distance B, in-lbs/radian
In Appendix P of API 650 a procedure has been established KL = stiffness coefficient for longitudinal moment, in-
to determine the allowable loads on tank shell openings. This lbs/radian
procedure is a practical solution to a complex problem, KBR = stiffness coefficient due to radial force at
especially since low-type nozzles, as defined in API 650, are distance B, lbs/in
close to the bottom and thus are affected by the bottom-to-shell KR = stiffness coefficient for shell thrust (radial) load,
junction (See Fig. 1). As mentioned by Billimoria and lbs/in
Hagstrom, this procedure is conservative. Users in industry L = vertical distance from nozzle centerline to tank
have questioned the need for such conservatism. Even though bottom (see Figure 1), in
Appendix P is not mandatory, many designers use this method LB = vertical distance of nozzle centerline where tank
for lack of any other guidance. bottom has no influence on nozzle stiffness
In previously published papers, the authors used FEA to = B + ½Do
verify the experimental results reported by Billimoria and Mc = circumferential moment, in-lbs
Tam. In papers by Lengsfeld, et. al [4-7] various degrees of ME = longitudinal moment, in-lbs
conservatism were reported for different nozzle sizes attached a = outside radius of opening connection, in
to tanks. Stress factors and stiffness coefficients for low-type d = outside diameter of nozzle (2a), in
nozzles were published by the authors [8,9]. Stress factors for h = height factorL/LB
varying nozzles heights were published by the authors [10]. In mc = stiffness ratio for circumferential moment
..... ~
l X .
:-----~LONGrlIlJDINAL
1 MOMENTM~,
+M~
Figure 1: Dimensions for nozzles per API 650
mL = stiffness ratio for longitudinal moment three-dimensional models of the tanks and the nozzles. Larger
mR - stiffness ratio for radial force tanks (D>30 feet) were modeled with 4 node shell elements.
t = shell thickness of tank, in Smaller tanks were modeled using 8 node solid elements.
t. = thickness of nozzle wall, in Each variation of tank and nozzle diameter had different
tp = thickness of reinforcing pad, in numbers of elements. The analyses were performed on a
DESCRIPTION
Figure 2 shows a detail of the nozzle area. Each tank was
Silicon Graphics Workstation and PC's.
Figure 3a represents stiffness coefficients due to a radial
force for tanks from 30 feet to 300 feet in diameter with a wall
assumed to be at ambient temperature of 70 ° Fahrenheit. The thickness of 3/4". Figure 3b gives the stiffness ratio due to a
bottom of the shell course for each model had the nodes fixed radial force to be used for nozzles located closer to a structural
in all displacements while rotations were not fixed. This discontinuity. Figures 4a and 4b are for circumferential
assumes that the annular ring provides little resistance to shell moments where as Figures 5a and 5b for longitudinal
rotation due to imposed piping loads. Only an 180 ° section of moments. Actual stiffness ratios mi conform to a relative
each tank was modeled, utilizing symmetry to reduce model narrow scatter band. For simplicity these bands were combined
size. Stiffness coefficients were calculated from the deflection into single lines in Figures 3b, 4b and 5b. Stiffness coefficients
of the nozzle after the loads were applied. for above figures 3a, 4a and 5a are for nozzles 6" to 48" in
For the FEA, COSMOS software developed by Structural diameter located away from a gross structural discontinuity.
Research and Analysis Corporation was used to construct Nozzles were chosen to have reinforcing pads with equivalent
400
350
300
..... [. 30'Dia.xl/2"
250
30'Dia.x3/4"
o ~ 200
KBR = 3.4604X + 70,876
150
1 gO'Dia.xa/4"
KBR = 2.3202x + 47.251
100
300'Dia.x3/4"
5O KBR= 0.4032X + 4.4569
0
10 20 30 40 50
Z
Note 3/4" thicknesses are solid line
Nozzle Size (in)
Figure 3a
0.9
0,8
0.7
0.6
0.5-
I¢ 0.4-
0.3-
0.2
0.1
mR = -0.2504h 2 + 1.2516h - 0.0086
,,, , .... , ,,,,,
0 ,
h=L/L B
Figure 3b
200 -
180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
T 3O'Oia.x3/4"
K ~ = 0.0622x 2 + 0.451 l x + 9.1617
160 -
140 180'Dia.x,3/4"
KBC = 0.0243x = + 0.0707x + 2.2218
8~
o 12o
7, 1oo.
ff,- 3O'Dia,xl/2"
~.~ 80- P
120'Dia.x3/4" KBc = 0.0421 x2 - 0 . 2 7 2 3 x + 9.9571
60 KBC = 0.0364x ~ + 0.106x + 3 3 3 2 7 ~ I =.
40 . . . . .
t 300'Dia.x3/4"
x
Note 3/4" thicknesses are solid line
Nozzle Size (in)
Figure 4a
S T I F F N E S S RATIO DUE TO C I R C U M F E R E N T I A L M O M E N T
0.9
0.8
07
0.6
~ 05
E 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
mc = -0.2947h2 + 1.0205h + 0.2751
0
0.1 0.2 03 0.4 0.5 06 0.7 0.8 0.9
h=L/LB
Figure 4b
:eli ..... _
/ / - ~ K,L = o.2~oo,' - o.o883,+ 2o.,~ /
400 - - - 30'Dia.xl/2"
I-/
- .......
50 1 ~ ~ ~ " - 300'Dia.x3/4"
o| ~,L= o o249x~ + o 2o8,x + , , , ~ 9
0 t0 20 30 40 50
Figure 5a
0.9
0.8
0.7
.j 0.6 . . . . . . . . . .
0.5 ................................................................
E 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
m L = -0.2512h 2 + 0.641h + 0.6034
Figure 5b
SOLUTION