CL 333 Chemical Engineering Lab-2 [2019]

Experiment No HT-302

Title Forced and Free Convection

Sub-Group Code B5b

Date of the Experiment 19-08-2019

Date of Report Submission 22-08-2019

Roll Number Name Responsibility Owned

170020004 Mohit Ghanghaniya Hypothesis

170110078 Shreeya Singh Theory

170020044 Shailja Rakesh Kuthar Calculations

170040026 Pururaj Singh Solanki Data Table

Criterion TA assigned Grade Faculty Assigned Grade

Calculations

Graphical Plots

Hypothesis Testing

Report Quality

Initials with date

R&P TA initials with the date

 HT- 302 Experimental Report

Contents
1 Objectives
2 Apparatus Required
3 Notes on Procedure
4 Set-up
5 Raw Data
6 Sample Calculations
7 Derived Data
8 Error Analysis
9 Plots
10 Observation
11 Questions
12 Hypothesis
13 Conclusion

Objectives
1) Explain the increase in heat transfer due to fins or cylindrical pins.
2) Explain the influence of convective flow rate on the heat transfer.
3) Calculate the tip efficiency and interpret its dependence on fins and flow rate
Apparatus Required
1) Pump
2) Armfield apparatus
3) Heater
4) Stopwatch (least count=0.1 sec)
5) Air blower
Notes on Procedure
1) The Armsoft software interface was started in the PC and the cylindrical pin heater setup
was selected.
2) The heater power voltage was set to 50% and the heater was started.
3) Once the base(T3) attained a steady temperature, we can start recording the observations.

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 4) The air velocity was set to zero(not possible) using an anemometer as the velocity sensor
was defective and the temperature from each sensor was recorded at a time interval of two
minutes until the temperature of sensor 3(T3) attained a steady value.[Free Convection]
5) Then the air velocity was increased and the same process was repeated until T3 attained a
steady value. [ Forced Convection]
6) The above step was repeated for air velocity of 1.6 m/s, 2,.2 m/s and 2.8 m/s.
Set-Up

Raw Data
1) Least count in power Power = 0.1 W
2) Area = π D Lp N = 0.0435 m2
3) Percentage Power = 50%
4) Least count of temperature sensor = 0.1 °C
5) Least count of anemometer = 0.001 m/s

Air Velocity = 0.0052 m/s

Time T1(℃) T2(℃) T3(℃) T4(℃) T5(℃) T6(℃)

(min)

0 32.2 44.5 85.9 85.7 84.1 84.5

2 32.3 44.0 84.1 83.8 82.9 82.6

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 4 32.3 45.3 82.6 82.2 81.3 81.0

6 32.4 45.1 81.2 80.9 80.1 79.8

8 32.5 44.5 80.1 79.7 78.9 78.6

10 32.6 45.0 79.1 78.7 77.9 77.6

12 32.6 44.0 78.2 77.8 77.0 76.7

14 32.6 43.5 77.3 77.0 76.2 75.9

16 32.7 42.5 76.6 76.3 75.5 75.2

18 32.6 43.0 75.8 75.5 74.6 74.4

20 32.5 43.3 75.2 74.8 73.9 73.7

22 32.4 42.8 74.6 74.2 73.4 73.1

24 32.5 42.5 74.0 73.7 72.8 72.6

26 32.4 42.1 73.6 73.3 72.5 72.2

28 32.3 42.3 73.2 72.9 72.1 71.8

30 32.3 42.8 72.8 72.5 71.7 71.4

32 32.2 43.1 72.4 72.1 71.3 71.1

34 32.2 42.3 72.1 71.8 71.0 70.8

36 32.2 40.8 71.9 71.6 70.8 70.6

Air velocity = 1 m/s

Time T1(℃) T2(℃) T3(℃) T4(℃) T5(℃) T6(℃)

(min)

0 32.3 42.0 69.5 68.3 66.7 66.0

2 32.5 41.6 64.6 63.5 62.0 61.4

4 33.1 41.0 60.7 59.7 58.4 57.9

6 34.0 40.6 57.9 57.0 55.8 55.3

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 8 34.9 40.5 55.9 55.1 53.9 53.5

10 35.8 40.4 54.5 53.8 52.7 52.4

12 36.6 40.5 53.6 53.0 52.0 51.7

14 37.3 40.7 53.1 52.4 51.5 51.2

16 37.9 40.8 52.8 52.2 51.3 51.0

18 38.3 41.0 52.6 52.1 51.1 50.9

Air velocity = 1.6 m/s

Time T1(℃) T2(℃) T3(℃) T4(℃) T5(℃) T6(℃)

(min)

0 38.7 41.2 52.7 51.7 50.7 50.5

2 38.5 40.9 51.7 50.8 49.8 49.5

4 38.6 40.8 51.0 50.1 49.1 48.8

6 38.6 40.7 50.6 49.7 48.7 48.4

8 38.8 40.7 50.0 49.4 48.4 48.1

10 38.9 40.7 49.9 49.2 48.3 48.0

Air velocity = 2.2 m/s

Time T1(℃) T2(℃) T3(℃) T4(℃) T5(℃) T6(℃)

(min)

0 39.0 40.7 49.7 49.1 48.2 47.9

2 39.3 40.8 49.3 48.6 47.6 47.4

4 39.2 40.7 49.0 48.3 47.3 47.1

6 39.2 40.7 48.8 48.1 47.1 46.9

8 38.9 40.4 48.5 47.9 46.9 46.7

10 39.1 40.4 48.4 47.9 46.8 46.5

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Air velocity = 2.8 m/s

Time T1(℃) T2(℃) T3(℃) T4(℃) T5(℃) T6(℃)

(min)

0 39.0 40.4 48.2 47.5 46.5 46.2

2 38.7 40.0 47.6 46.9 45.8 45.1

4 38.7 39.9 47.2 46.5 45.5 45.2

6 38.6 39.8 47.0 46.3 45.2 44.9

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Sample Calculations

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7
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Derived Data
Table 1
T1(℃) T2(℃) T3(℃) T4(℃) T5(℃) T6(℃) Air
Velocity
V0[m/s]

32.2 41.5 72.0 71.7 70.9 70.7 0.0052

38.1 40.9 52.7 52.1 51.2 51.0 1.0

38.9 40.7 49.9 49.3 48.3 48.0 1.6

39.0 40.4 48.4 47.9 46.8 46.6 2.2

38.6 39.8 47.1 46.4 45.3 44.1 2.8

Table 2
V 0 [m/s] Tavg(℃) Ts(℃) ρ(T avg) μ(T avg) Vmax Re
[kg/m3] [10-7 m2 -s] [m/s]

0.0052 36.8 71.3 1.1932 189.23 0.0091 6.88

1 39.5 51.7 1.1997 189.89 1.75 1326.75

1.6 39.8 48.9 1.1998 189.92 2.8 2122.64

2.2 39.7 47.4 1.1999 189.94 3.85 2918.57

2.8 39.2 45.7 1.1989 189.96 4.9 3711.06

Table 3
Ua μ at μ at Ts Cp at Cp at Ts k*10^3 k*10^3 Pr Prs NuD
(m/s) Tavg (10e-7 Tavg (J/kgK) at Tavg at Ts
(10e-7 m2 /s) (J/kg K) (W/mK) (W/mK)
m2 /s)

0.052 188.82 206.80 1007.32 1008.88 26.93 29.78 0.706 0.700 1.09

1 189.98 196.70 1007.42 1008.02 27.15 28.19 0.706 0.703 25.68

1.6 189.92 195.20 1007.38 1007.92 27.17 27.81 0.706 0.704 33.89

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 2.2 189.74 194.23 1007.36 1007.82 27.14 27.66 0.706 0.704 41.20

2.8 189.56 193.26 1007.34 1007.73 27.08 27.50 0.706 0 47.57

Table 4
Ua (m/s) NuD NuL h (W/ m2 K) ∆Tln (◦C) Q (W) η (insulated
tip)

0.052 1.09 1.01 2.28 34.16 3.39 0.99

1 25.68 23.88 54.04 12.16 28.58 0.88

1.6 33.89 31.52 71.29 9.02 27.99 0.86

2.2 41.20 38.32 86.66 7.68 28.95 0.84

2.8 47.57 44.24 99.84 6.48 28.17 0.81

h (W/ m2 K) Qmax (W) η (insulated Q insulated η (long fin) Q long

tip) tip(W) fin(W)

71.3 4.09 0.99 4.05 7.81 32.01

51.7 51.01 0.88 44.89 1.60 81.86

48.9 58.61 0.86 50.40 1.40 81.89

47.4 65.59 0.84 55.09 1.27 83.13

45.7 68.18 0.81 55.23 1.18 80.51

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Plots
Fin Efficiency Vs Air Velocity
Scale
X axis : 1 unit = 0.5 m/s
Y axis : 1 unit = 0.02

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 Average Heat Transfer Coefficient Vs. Air Velocity
Scale
X axis : 1 unit = 0.5 m/s
Y axis : 1 unit = 20 W/m2-K

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 (Ts-T2) Vs Air Velocity
Scale
X axis : 1 unit = 0.5 m/s
Y axis : 1 unit = 5 ◦C

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 (Ts-T1) Vs Air Velocity
Scale
X axis : 1 unit = 0.5 m/s
Y axis : 1 unit = 5 ◦C

15
 Nusselt number vs Reynolds number
Scale
X axis : 1 unit = 500
Y axis : 1 unit = 5

16
 Theory Contrast With Experiment
Scale
X-axis 1 unit = 0.5 m/s
Y-axis 1 unit = 0.1

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 Comparison between efficiency of insulated tip and long fin

Scale
X-axis 1 unit = 0.5 m/s
Y-axis 1 unit = 1

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Observations
1) With an increase in velocity, time taken to reach steady-state decreased.
2) As the velocity of air is increased, the steady-state temperature of fins decreases.
3) Fin’s efficiency decreased on increasing velocity whereas the heat transfer coefficient
increased with increasing air velocity.
4) The efficiency is larger in the case of long fin than the insulated tip for all values of air
velocity.
Questions
1. What are the values of average heat transfer coefficients and fin efficiency?
2. Why the temperature of the lower part of the pin is higher than the upper part of the pin?
3. Why we are taking a cylindrical pin rather than another shape like cubical?
Hypothesis
1) In the whole experiment, the process of heat loss majorly depends on the fins. In the
current experimental setup, fins were not properly clean, So the amount of heat loss will be
slightly less than the actual one. This will impact the overall results of experiments as
actual heat loss rate will be faster than the current one, so the amount of time taken by fins
to reach steady-state will be less than the current time in both free convection and forced
convection.
2) The observed readings and the theoretical values differ from each other because the
material properties are also a function of temperature. As a result, the theoretical values
were different. ​Testing​:- The values of viscosity change as a function of temperature. Also,
the correlation is a semi-empirical. Therefore the exact theory plots were not obtained.
3) The value of efficiency of long fin case is close to 7 for free convection. As efficiency
cannot be greater than 1, it proves that the long fin situation is not valid in our setup.
4) The efficiency of the long fin is greater because it is a function of 1/ml whereas for the
insulated tip it is (1/ml)*tanh(ml). As tanh(ml) always varies between -1 and 1 and
efficiency cannot be negative therefore the maximum value for and insulated tip can be
1/ml(when tanh(ml)=1).

Conclusion
● As the velocity of airflow increases, the Reynold number increases which in turn leads to
an increase in the Nusselt number. The leads to a higher heat transfer coefficient in the case
of forced convection/
● Also as the m in the efficiency is directly proportional to the heat transfer coefficient, m
increases which leads to a decrease in efficiency.

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