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PPG Tahap IV BIG Kelas A UMM

TASK 1
Instructions
In the appendix there are 3 descriptive text which you will read carefully and
analyze in the Task 1
send your answers and report to your instructor!
The structure of the text: Eiffel Tower
IDENTIFICATION EIFFEL TOWER
General Identification : The Eiffel Tower is a wrought iron lattice
(Where,Who,When,What) tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris,France. It
is named after the engineer Gustave
Eiffel, whose company designed and built the
tower. Constructed from 1887–89 as the
entrance to the 1889 World's Fair, it was
initially criticized by some of France's leading
artists and intellectuals for its design, but it has
become a global cultural icon of France and one
of the most recognisable structures in the world.
The Eiffel Tower is the most-visited paid
monument in the world; 6.91 million people
ascended it in 2015.
DESCRIPTION The tower is 324 metres (1,063 ft) tall,
Important detail : about the same height as an 81-storey
Height. building, and the tallest structure in Paris. Its
base is square, measuring 125 metres (410 ft) on
each side. During its construction, the Eiffel
Tower surpassed the Washington Monument
to become the tallest man-made structure
in the world, a title it held for 41 years until
the Chrysler Building in New York City was
finished in 1930. Due to the addition of a
broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in
 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building
by 5.2 metres (17 ft). Excluding transmitters, the
Eiffel Tower is the second tallest structure in
France after the Millau Viaduct.
DESCRIPTION The tower has three levels for visitors, with
Important detail : restaurants on the first and second levels. The
Parts top level's upper platform is 276 m (906 ft)
above the ground – the highest observation
deck accessible to the public in
the European Union. Tickets can be
purchased to ascend by stairs or lift (elevator) to
the first and second levels. The climb from
ground level to the first level is over 300 steps,
as is the climb from the first level to the second.
Although there is a staircase to the top level, it is
usually accessible only by lift.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower)

The features of a descriptive text Eiffel Tower are :

Feature Evidence
Social function To describe Eiffel Tower in Paris
Focus The text focus on certain object, that is eiffel
tower.
The use of the adjective Wrought, tallest, etc.
The sentence pattern It uses simple present because it tells the fact of
the object described.
Action verb Built, purchase, etc.
The structure of the text: Democracy
IDENTIFICATION DEMOCRACY
General Identification :
Democracy, in modern usage, is a
(Where,Who,When,What)
system of government in which the citizens
exercise power directly or elect representatives
from among themselves to form a governing
body, such as a parliament. Democracy is
sometimes referred to as "rule of the majority".
Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in
which outcomes depend on what participants
do, but no single force controls what occurs and
its outcomes.
DESCRIPTION The uncertainty of outcomes is inherent
Important detail : in democracy, which makes all forces
Characteristics. struggle repeatedly for the realization of their
interests, being the devolution of power from a
group of people to a set of rules. Western
democracy, as distinct from that which existed
in pre-modern societies, is generally considered
to have originated in city states such as
Classical Athens and the Roman Republic,
where various schemes and degrees of
enfranchisement of the free male population
were observed before the form disappeared in
the West at the beginning of late antiquity. The
English word dates to the 16th century, from the
older Middle French and Middle Latin
equivalents.
DESCRIPTION According to political scientist Larry
Important detail : Diamond, democracy consists of four key
Parts elements: a political system for choosing and
replacing the government through free and
 fair elections; the active participation of the
people, as citizens, in politics and civic life;
protection of the human rights of all citizens;
a rule of law, in which the laws and procedures
apply equally to all citizens.
DESCRIPTION The term appeared in the 5th century
Important detail : BC, to denote the political systems then
Characteristics. existing in Greek city-states, notably Athens, to
mean "rule of the people", in contrast
to aristocracy (ἀριστοκρατία, aristokratía),
meaning "rule of an elite". While theoretically
these definitions are in opposition, in
practice the distinction has been blurred
historically. The political system of Classical
Athens, for example, granted democratic
citizenship to free men and excluded slaves and
women from political participation. In virtually
all democratic governments throughout ancient
and modern history, democratic citizenship
consisted of an elite class until full
enfranchisement was won for all adult citizens in
most modern democracies through the suffrage
movements of the 19th and
DESCRIPTION 20th centuries.
Important detail : Democracy contrasts with forms of
Characteristics. government where power is either held by an
individual, as in an absolute monarchy,
or where power is held by a small number of
individuals, as in an oligarchy. Nevertheless,
these oppositions, inherited from Greek
philosophy, are now ambiguous because
contemporary governments have mixed
 democratic, oligarchic, and monarchic
elements. Karl Popper defined democracy in
contrast to dictatorship or tyranny, thus
focusing on opportunities for the people to
control their leaders and to oust them without
the need for a revolution.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy)

The features of a descriptive text Democracy are :

Feature Evidence
Social function To describe democracy system for goverment.
The text focus on certain object, that is
Focus
Democracy system.
The use of the adjective Modern, active, etc.
It uses simple present because it tells the fact of
The sentence pattern
the object described.
Action verb depend on, apply, etc

The structure of the text: encyclopedia of language and education.

IDENTIFICATION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LANGUAGE AND
EDUCATION
General Identification :
(Where,Who,When,What) This is one of ten volumes of the
Encyclopedia of Language and Education
published by Springer. The Encyclopedia bears
testimony to the dynamism and evolution of the
language and education field, as it confronts the
ever-burgeoning and irrepressible linguistic
diversity and ongoing pressures and
expectations placed on education around the
world

DESCRIPTION In the selection of topics and contributors,

Important detail : the Encyclopedia seeks to reflect the depth of
 Characteristics. disciplinary knowledge, breadth of
interdisciplinary perspective, and diversity of
sociogeographic experience in our field.
Language socialization and language ecology
have been added to the original eight volume
topics, reflecting these growing emphases in
language education theory, research, and
practice, alongside the enduring emphases on
language policy, literacies, discourse, language
acquisition, bilingual education, knowledge
about language, language testing, and research
methods. Throughout all the volumes, there is
greater inclusion of scholarly contributions from
non-English speaking and non-Western parts of
the world, providing truly global coverage of the
issues in the field. Furthermore, we have sought
to integrate these voices more fully into the
whole, rather than as special cases or
international perspectives in separate sections.
DESCRIPTION This interdisciplinary and internationalizing
Important detail : impetus has been immeasurably enhanced by
Parts the advice and support of the editorial advisory
board members, several of whom served as
volume editors in the Encyclopedia’s first edition
(designated here with*), and all of whom I
acknowledge here with gratitude: Neville
Alexander (South Africa), Colin Baker (Wales),
Marilda Cavalcanti (Brazil), Caroline Clapham*
(Britain), Bronwyn Davies* (Australia), Viv
Edwards* (Britain), Frederick Erickson (USA),
Joseph Lo Bianco (Australia), Luis Enrique
Lopez (Bolivia and Peru), Allan Luke (Singapore
 and Australia), Tove Skutnabb-Kangas
(Denmark), Bernard Spolsky (Israel), G. Richard
Tucker* (USA), Leo van Lier* (USA), Terrence G.
Wiley (USA), Ruth Wodak* (Austria), and Ana
Celia Zentella (USA).
DESCRIPTION In conceptualizing an encyclopedic
Important detail : approach to a field, there is always the challenge
Qualities of the hierarchical structure of themes, topics,
and subjects to be covered. In this Encyclopedia
of Language and Education, the stated topics in
each volume’s table of contents are
complemented by several cross-cutting thematic
strands recurring across the volumes, including
the classroom/pedagogic side of language and
education; issues of identity in language and
education; language ideology and education;
computer technology and language education;
and language rights in relation to education.
DESCRIPTION The volume editors’ disciplinary and
Important detail : interdisciplinary academic interests and their
Characteristics. international areas of expertise also reflect the
depth and breadth of the language and
education field. As principal volume editor for
Volume 1, Stephen May brings academic
interests in the sociology of language and
language education policy, arising from his work
in Britain, North America, and New Zealand. For
Volume 2, Brian Street approaches language
and education as social and cultural
anthropologist and critical literacy theorist,
drawing on his work in Iran, Britain, and around
the world. For Volume3, Marilyn Martin-Jones
and Anne-Marie de Mejía bring combined
perspectives as applied and educational
linguists, working primarily in Britain and Latin
America, respectively. For Volume 4, Nelleke Van
Deusen-Scholl has academic interests in
linguistics and sociolinguistics, and has worked
primarily in the Netherlands and the USA. Jim
Cummins, principal volume editor for Volume 5
of both the first and second editions of the
Encyclopedia, has interests in the psychology of
language, critical applied linguistics, and
language policy, informed by his work in
Canada, the USA, and internationally. For
Volume 6, Jasone Cenoz has academic interests
in applied linguistics and language acquisition,
drawing from her work in the Basque
Country, Spain, and Europe. Elana Shohamy,
principal volume editor for Volume 7,
approaches language and education as an
applied linguist with interests in critical
language policy, language testing and
measurement, and her own work based
primarily in Israeland the USA. For Volume 8,
Patricia Duff has interests in applied linguistics
and sociolinguistics, and has worked primarily
in North America, East Asia, and Central
Europe. Volume editors for Volume 9, Angela
Creese and Peter Martin, draw on their academic
interests in educational linguistics and linguistic
ethnography, and their research
in Britainand Southeast Asia. And for Volume
10, Kendall A. King has academic interests in
 sociolinguistics and educational linguistics, with
work in Ecuador, Sweden, and the USA. Francis
Hult, editorial assistant for the Encyclopedia,
has academic interests in educational and
applied linguistics and educational language
policy, and has worked in Sweden and the USA.
Finally, as general editor, I have interests in
anthropological linguistics, educational
linguistics, and language policy, with work in
Latin America, the USA, and internationally.
Beyond our specific academic interests, all of us
editors, and the contributors to the
Encyclopedia, share a commitment to the
practice and theory of education, critically
informed by research and strategically directed
toward addressing unsound or unjust language
education policies and practices wherever they
are found.
DESCRIPTION Each of the ten volumes presents core
Important detail : information and is international in scope, as well
Parts as diverse in the populations it covers. Each
volume addresses a single subject area and
provides 23–30 state-of-the-art chapters of the
literature on that subject. Together, the chapters
aim to comprehensively cover the subject. The
volumes, edited by international experts in their
respective topics, were designed and developed
in close collaboration with the general editor of
the Encyclopedia, who is a co-editor of each
volume as well as general editor of the whole
work.
DESCRIPTION Each chapter is written by one or more
Important detail : experts on the topic, consists of about 4,000
Characteristics. words of text, and generally follows a similar
structure. A list of references to keyworks
supplements the authoritative information that
the review contains. Many contributors survey
early developments, major contributions, work
in progress, problems and difficulties, and future
directions. The aim of the chapters, and of the
Encyclopedia as a whole, is to give readers
access to the international literature and
research on the broad diversity of topics that
make up the field. The Encyclopedia is a
necessary reference set for every university and
college library in the world that serves a faculty
or school of education. The encyclopedia aims to
speak to a prospective readership that is
multinational, and to do so as unambiguously
as possible. Because each book-size volume
deals with a discrete and important subject in
language and education, these state-of-the-art
volumes also offer highly authoritative course
textbooks in the areas suggested by their titles.
DESCRIPTION The scholars contributing to the
Important detail : Encyclopedia hail from all continents of our
Parts globe and from 41 countries; they represent a
great diversity of linguistic, cultural, and
disciplinary traditions. For all that, what is most
impressive about the contributions gathered
here is the unity of purpose and outlook they
express with regard to the central role of
language as both vehicle and mediator of
educational processes and to the need for
 continued and deepening research into the
limits and possibilities that implies.

(May and Hornberger, eds., 2008)

The features of a descriptive text encyclopedia of language and education

are :
Feature Evidence

Social function To describe encyclopedia of language and

education.
Focus The text focus on certain object, that is
encyclopedia of language and education.
The use of the adjective Disciplinary, critical, etc
It uses simple present because it tells the fact of
The sentence pattern
the object described.
Action verb Bear, publish, etc.