ELECTRICAL AND INSTALLATION MAINTENANCE

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

ELECTRIC CHARGE (1.60 x 10^-19)

ACCORDING TO ELECTRON THEORY  “The total positive charge of the nucleus is

balanced by the total negative charge of the
 “All matter is composed of electricity” electrons”

FREE ELECTRONS

 “An electron that has somehow been ripped ATOMIC NUMBER

from an atom or molecule”
 “The total numbers of protons or electrons
MATTER required in an atom”

 “Anything that occupies space and has ORBITAL RINGS

mass”
 “The successive shells in which the planetary
MOLECULE electrons revolved and located”

 “Smallest unit into which matter can be BOUND ELECTRON

subdivided
 “Atoms are bound together by powerful
COMPOUND forces of attractions between the nucleus
and its electrons”
 “Consists of two or more elements”

ELEMENTS
KINDS OF ELECTRICITY
 “Substance that cannot be decomposed”
1. Static Electricity
ATOMS  “Electricity at rest”
 “Negative charge: Excess in electrons”
 “Smallest particles”
 “Positive charge: Lack of electrons”
2. Dynamic Electricity
 “Electricity in motion”
SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES  “Study of energy transfer”

 “A particle smaller than an atom”

A. Nucleus SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY

 “The core of atom”
1. Friction
B. Protons
 “Heavy positively charged particles in  “Static Electricity”
nucleus”
C. Neutrons 2. Pressure Action (PLEZO-ELECTRICITY)
 “Particle in the nucleus that is the electrically
neutral”  “Produced from the pressure exerted on
D. Electrons crystals”
 “Very small negatively charged particles”
Examples: Quartz, and Rachelle salts
3. Heat (cold) Action (Thermo-Electricity)  Constant loud noise
 Electrical Hazards
 “Produced when two different metals are tied
together” EXAMPLES OF BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS:
 “Heat or cold is applied to the junction”
 Blood
4. Light-Action (PHOTO-ELECTRICITY)  Human waste
 Fungi/molds
 “Producing by using light as a source of  Bacteria and viruses
energy to release electrons from certain
materials” EXAMPLES OF ERGONOMIC HAZARDS:

Example: Potassium, Sodium, Germanium,  Poor posture

Selenium, Silicon  Poor lightning
 Improper adjusted workstations
 Frequent lifting

HAZARDS AND RISKS EXAMPLES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS:

HAZARDS
 Poor leadership
 Worker phobias
 “An object or a situation that may cause
 Word pace
harm”
 Violence in the workplace
RISKS (HAZARD + EXPOSURE)  Working alone

 “The chance that harm will actually occur”

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE (TLV)

5 BASIC WORKPLACE HAZARDS  “Most critical among the hazards that one
may encounter is the chemical hazard”
1. Chemical Hazards
 Chemical preparation RISK ASSESSMENT
2. Physical Hazards
 Uncontrolled source of energy  Simply a careful examination of what in your
3. Biological Hazards work could cause harm to people
 Organisms or substances
RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS:
4. Ergonomic Hazards
 Body position and working conditions put 1. Identify hazards
strain on your body 2. Analyze or Evaluate the risk
5. Psychological Hazards 3. Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or
 Mental distress or distraction control the hazard

HOW CAN HAZARDS BE IDENTIFIED:

EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS: 1. Incident report forms

2. Observation/consultation
 Chemical reactions 3. Self-inspection checklists
 Production of chemicals 4. Regular maintenance checks
 Chemical storage
 Flammable substances COMMON TYPES OF HEALTH HAZARDS:

EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL HAZARDS: 1. Psychological

2. Ergonomics or repetitive strain injuries
 High exposure to sunlight 3. Physical
 4. Biological  the length of time the body remains
5. Chemical in the circuit

HOW HEALTH HAZARDS ENTER YOUR BODY: WHAT KIND OF BURNS CAN A SHOCK CAUSE?

1. Breathing (inhalation)  Burns are the most common shock-related

2. Swallowing (ingestion) injury
3. Skin (absorption) 1. Electrical Burns
4. Cuts (injection)  most severe burns and require immediate
medical attention
TYPES OF HEALTH EFFECTS: (LACS)
 They occur when electric current flows
through tissues or bone, generating heat that
1. Local
causes tissue damage
 Only part of the body that was exposed is
2. Arc or flash Burns
affected
 result from high temperatures
2. Acute
caused by an electric arc or
 The effect shows up right way
explosion near the body
3. Chronic
3. Thermal Contact Burns
 Show up after a long period of exposure
 caused when the skin touches hot
4. Systemic
surfaces of overheated electric
 An agent enter the body and affects other
conductors, conduits, or other
parts of the body
energized equipment

ELECTRICAL SAFETY WHY DO PEOPLE SOMETIMES “FREEZE” WHEN

THEY ARE SHOCKED?

1. Because electrical stimulation causes the

HOW DOES WATER AFFECT THE FLOW OF
ELECTRICITY?
 Pure water is a poor conductor
 Dry wood, for example, generally slows or
stops the flow of electricity
 This means that anyone working with
electricity in a damp or wet environment
needs to exercise extra caution to prevent
electrical hazards
WHAT CAUSES SHOCKS?
1. Shocks occur when a person’s body
completes the current path with:
 both wires of an electric circuit
 one wire of an energized circuit and
the ground
 another “conductor” that is carrying
a current
WHAT EFFECT DO SHOCKS HAVE ON THE
BODY?
1. The severity depends on the following:
 the amount of current flowing
through the body
muscles to contract
2. The longer the exposure, the greater the risk
of serious injury
3. Because the current causes blisters, which
reduce the body’s resistance and increases
the current
WHAT SHOULD YOU DO IF SOMEONE
“FREEZES” TO A LIVE ELECTRICAL CONTACT?
1. Shut off the the current immediately
2. Act quickly, but remember to protect yourself
well from electrocution or shock
3. Safely push or pull the person away from the
contact
HOW CAN YOU TELL IF A SHOCK IS SERIOUS?
1. A victim may suffer interna hemorrhages
2. Renal damage will occur
3. If you or your co-worker receives a shock
WHAT IS THE DANGER OF STATIC
ELECTRICITY?
1. When a person reaches for a door knob or
other metal object on a cold, relatively dry
and receives a shock
WHAT CAUSES THESE ELECTRICAL WHAT PROTECTION DOES PERSONAL
ACCIDENTS? EQUIPMENT OFFER?

1. The most common causes of electrical
accidents is human error, usually caused by
carelessness, resulting in unsafe acts
UNSAFE ACTS:
1. Use the personal protective equipment
required for the jobs they perform
WHAT ARE CIRCUIT PROTECTION DEVICES AND
HOW DO THEY WORK?

1. Operating without authority, failure to secure  Circuit protection devices limit or

or warn
2. Making safety devices inoperable
3. Servicing equipment in motion
REASONS FOR THE ABOVE UNSAFE ACTS:
1. The person does not know the proper thing
to do
2. The person does not want to perform the job
in safe recommended way
3. The person is in a hurry
4. The person does not care about his own
safety
AVOID THE FOLLOWING UNSAFE ACTS:
1. Use of defective and unsafe tools
2. Replacing or using wrong size of fuse
3. Not draining off stored energy in capacitors
UNSAFE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT:
1. All conductors near circuits should be
eliminated or precautions taken avoid
accidental contact
2. All equipment should be effectively and
positively grounded under all conditions
FACTORS IN HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENT:
1. Is the work area wet or dry?
2. Water and electricity are a bad combination
3. If the wire is frayed or damaged, fatal
electrical shock can occur
stop the flow current automatically
in the event of a ground fault,
overload, or short circuit in wiring
system
EXAMPLES: fuses, circuit breaker, ground-fault
circuit interrupters, and arc-fault circuit interrupters
1. Fuses and circuit breakers open or break the
circuit automatically when too much current
flows through them
2. Ground-fault circuit interrupters, or GFCIs,
are used in wet locations, construction sites,
and other high-risk areas
WHAT IS GROUNDING AND WHAT PROTECTION
DOES IT OFFER?
 “Grounding” a tool or electrical
system means intentionally creating
a low-resistance path that connects
to the earth
 This prevents the buildup of
voltages that could cause an
electrical accident
1. A service or system ground is designed
primarily to protect machines, tools, and
insulation against damage
2. Equipment ground helps protect the
equipment operator
WHAT IS GUARDING AND WHAT PROTECTION
DOES IT OFFER?

WAYS TO REDUCE HAZARDS:  Guarding involves locating or enclosing

electric equipment to make sure people don’t
1. Personnel protective equipment accidentally come into contact with its live
2. Circuit protection device parts
3. Electrical grounding  Conspicuous signs must be posted at the
4. Lock-out and Tag-out entrances to electrical rooms and similarly
5. Safe guarding guarded locations to alert people to the
6. Good safety attitude electrical hazard and to forbid entry to
unauthorized people
ELECTRICAL EMERGENCY PROCEDURES: GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT
BURNS, SHOCKS AND FLASHES:
1. Removing a person from a live circuit
 If possible, shut-off the current in (BEFORE STARTING A JOB):
the circuit in which the victim
involved at the switch or circuit 1. Perform only those jobs to which you have
breaker assigned
 Never attempt to release a person 2. Do not experiment with electrical equipment
from the current with your bare as “live” unless you are absolutely sure if it is
hands otherwise you may become “dead”.
the next victim 3. Keep your sleeves rolled down as added
2. Electric shock (Neutralized Power) protection against accidental shock. Wear
 De-energize the circuit by means of safety shoes with stitched rather than nailed
switch or circuit breaker or cut the soles.
line by an insulated cutter 4. Thoroughly familiarize yourself with all
3. Call for help conditions of equipment or lines to work on
 Others can call professional before making changes
medical help and/or arrange
ELECTRICAL SAFETY TIPS:
transfer facilities
4. Administer first aid for shock 1. Electrical service cords should be in good
 Keep the victim lying down, warm condition
and comfortable to maintain body 2. All electrical equipment must be grounded,
heat until medical assistance use 3-pronged plugs
arrives 3. Use a single plug for each electrical
 Don't give fluid (drinks) to the victim connection
unless necessary 4. Multiple plugs for additional connections
should be avoided
EMERGENCY PROCEDURE (BURN):
5. Water can turn into an electrical conductor –
don’t stand in water or have water on your
1. Protect the burn area from infection
hands when using electrical equipment
2. Stop burning process and prevent further
injury. If the person's clothing is on fire, roll SAFETY RULES 1: WHERE PLANNING AND
the person on the ground to smother the PERFORMING WORK ON ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
flames AND EQUIPMENT:
WHAT NOT TO DO:
1. Plan every job
2. Think about what could go wrong
1. Do not apply ice or cold water on the burn
3. Use the right tools for the job
area
4. Use procedures, drawings and other
2. Do not clean the third (3rd) degree burn
documents as tools to do the job
3. Do not apply ointment on a third (3rd) degree
5. Isolate the equipment from energy sources
burn
6. Be sure you are properly trained and
EMERGENCY CARE: qualified for the job

1. Apply cold compress SAFETY RULES 2:

2. Cover with clean cloth or dressing
1. Do not guess about whether a circuit is live
3. For severe burn, refer to physician
(energized) or not. Consider every
equipment/line energized until proven
otherwise. Use proper instrument for testing
circuits
2. Use proper instrument for testing circuits
3. Never touch any wire of a circuit unless you
are certain that it is de-energized
GENERAL SAFETY: LADDERS AND SCAFFOLDINGS:

1. Never work on a live circuit. This even 1. Do not stand on the top step of the ladder
includes a wall switch 2. Work three steps below the top step of the
2. When working on a circuit, padlock the ladder
switches in the “OFF” or “OPEN” position. If 3. Open stepladders all the way and lock the
possible, remove fuses and keep them in spreader
your possession. Follow lock-out and tag-out 4. Do not leave objects on the top of
procedures stepladders
3. Work all circuits as though they were 5. Do not over-reach while on a ladder
energized
4. Check your testers frequently ELECTRICAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES
5. Check and re-check good grounds
1. Electrical Wires and Cables
LIFTING AND TRANSPORTING:  These are materials used for the
pathway of current in electrical
1. Always be sure of a firm footing installations
2. Bend the knees, keeping the back straight 2. Protective Devices
and upright as possible  used to protect the electrical system
3. Lift with the legs from unwanted disturbances like
4. Carry objects as close to you as possible over-current, overload, short circuit,
and do not carry bulky objects in such a ground fault
manner that they can block your vision. Be 3. Switches
sure you can see where you are going  used to control the circuit close or
5. Determine the weight and size of the object open
with regards to the type of pathway over 4. Receptacles, outlets or sockets
which you will be transporting the object.  used to plug in portable devices
The more uneven or obstructed the path, the such as lamps, toasters, radios,
smaller the object that should be carried refrigerators
5. Boxes
HAND TOOL SAFETY:
 Used for outlets, switches, ceiling
1. Do not toss or throw tools to a fellow worker fixtures, junction boxes, and for
2. Do not leave tools or materials on top of a keeping wires splices dry
ladder or scaffold or anywhere they can fall 6. Conduits
and injure someone  Useful for routing wires by safely
3. All files should be fitted with handles. The grouping them together
sharp tang can cause painful hand injuries 7. Raceways
 Used to provide mechanical
POWER TOOL SAFETY: protection to conductors while
keeping them accessible for wiring
1. Be familiar with the tool you are using and changes
use it for its intended purpose only 8. Fittings
2. Be sure the tools are properly grounded or  Used in just about every residential
double insulated and commercial establishment,
3. Do not use power tools in damp, wet especially for wiring that is either
locations or in area that has an explosive exposed, or fitted outdoors
atmosphere 9. Plates
4. Secure your work  Used to cover a portion of a wall
5. Keep observers, especially children, away where there is an opening for
from the work area electrical or networking outlets
10. Covers
 Used to cover a portion of a wall
where there is an opening for
electrical or networking outlets
 11. Anchoring and Insulating Materials 6. Current Meter
 Used either for supporting or  used to measure and detect current
stretching wires or to replace 7. Multimeter (ANALOG)
removed insulation of wires while 8. Multimeter (DIGITAL)
making electrical joints or splices 9. Crank Type Megger
 measures large value of resistance
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORMS by introducing into the system a
large amount of voltage produced
1. Purchase Requisition by its dynamo by means of rotating
 a document generated by a user its crank lever
department or store room personnel 1. Neon Lamp Tester
to notify the purchasing department  use to detect the presence of
items it needs to order voltage
2. Inventory of materials form
 represents one of the most SYSTEM MEASUREMENT
important assets that most
businesses possess, because the  a set of units which can be used to
turnover of inventory represents specify anything can be measured
one of the primary sources of
revenue generation and subsequent COMMON UNITS OF MEASUREMENT:
earnings for the company's
shareholders/owners A. Linear Measures
3. Job Order or Work Order  English system provides the
 a written instruction to perform a creative way on how people can
work according to specified measure by themselves
requirements, within specified  Inch
timeframe and cost estimates  Yard
4. Borrower’s Form  Miles
 used to request for tools and  Metric system is a decimalized
equipment needed for an particular system of measurement
job  Millimeter
 Centimeter
ELECTRICAL MEASURING AND TESTING TOOLS  Decimeter
 Meter
1. Wire Gauge B. English units and each equivalent
 use to measure the size of electrical  12 inch=foot
wires in AWG  1 foot=3 yard
2. Pull-push rule
 1 yard=36 inches
 used to measure the dimensions of C. Metric units and each equivalent
a plane and distances
 10millimeter (mm) = 1centimeter
3. Steel Rule
(cm)
 use to measure length, width and
 10centimeter = 1decimeter(dm)
thickness of short flat object and in
 10 decimeter = 1meter
sketching straight lines
D. English to metric equivalent
4. Zigzag Rule
 1inch=2.54 cm
 used to be employed to enable size
 1foot=30.48 cm
reductions in drive motor systems
 1yard=91.44 cm
due to the stable wave form they
present
MULTIMETER
5. Volt Meter
 used to measure and detect voltage
 an instrument that can measure current,
voltage and resistance plus other additional
functions
TYPES OF MULTIMETER:
1. Analog Multimeter
 Most effective for reading movement of the
pointer or measuring a change in value
2. Digital Multimeter
 Most effective for precisely reading of value
PARTS OF AN ANALOG:
 Scale
*It contains the pointer and the scales to be
read
 Pointer
 Zero position adjuster
* Before starting measurement, the pointer
Should lie at the 0 position of the scale to
Have an accurate reading
 Adjustment knob (ohms)
* This is always done when a different
Resistance range is chosen
 Ranges
 Range selector knob
* The range of the instrument determines
What component value the instrument is
Measuring
 Test probes
* test leads that you connect to the
component you are trying to measure
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
 small drawings or pictograms used to
represent various electrical devices in a
diagram or plan of an electrical circuit
 used in sketching schematic diagrams and
electrical plans for numerous types of
electrical works
ELECTRICAL SIGNS
 a picture symbol intended to alert you to,
and/or to instruct you how to avoid a
potentially hazardous condition
READING AND INTERPRETING DIAGRAMS
1. Schematic Diagram
 provide details on how to connect the circuit
2. Architectural Diagram
 used for architectural plans
3. Lay-out Diagram
 Dimensions for installing components
 Actual location of components
 Specifications of components used
4. Single-Line Diagram
 provide details on how many wires
to insert on conduits and raceways
5. Wiring Diagram
 shows the actual connection of
conductors and fixtures in
consonance with the layout diagram
TWO LAMPS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL
CONTROLLED:
1. Schematic Diagram
2. Architectural Diagram
3. Single-Line Diagram
4. Wiring Diagram
ELECTRICAL PLAN
 a graphical presentation of electrical
wiring connections to install in a
particular house or building
INTRODUCTION TO MAINTENANCE
 as working on something to keep it
in a functioning and safe state and
preserving it from failure or decline
 The “something” could be a
workplace, work equipment, or
means of transport
PREVENTIVE
 maintenance is carried out to keep
something functional. This type of activity is
usually planned and scheduled
CORRECTIVE
 maintenance is repairing something to get it
working again. This is an unscheduled,
unplanned task, usually associated with
greater hazards and higher risk levels
JOINING TECHNIQUES AND METHODS
1. Twisting
 traditional method which is commonly used
by electrician for joining smaller type of
conductors, especially in connecting wires
inside the junction box
SPLICE

 interlaying of the strands of two conductors

so that the union will be good both
mechanically and electrically

JOINT

 is the tying together of two or more single

wire conductors

TAP

 connection of one or more wire to some

point along the run of another wire
2. Soldering
 the process of uniting the surfaces at the
joint by using an alloy called solder
3. Crimping
 process of joining conductors by using
terminal lugs and a crimping tool
4. Screwing
 technique of joining conductor by means of
inserting the wire end inside the terminal of
the electrical device or by using a screw-on
connector
5. Bolted-Compression
 process of joining wires by applying pressure
on the connector with bolts and nuts for
tightening the joints