Actividad de aprendizaje 15

Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

Tener los conocimientos necesarios para realizar un proceso de exportación, requiere no solo de
manejar habilidades lectoras para comprender las normas y pasos a seguir, sino que es necesario
saber comprender y extraer los aspectos más importantes de cada texto. Sobre el tema existe un
buen número de materiales en inglés, de los cuales se puede obtener información relevante para
lo cual es necesario fortalecer las competencias en dicha lengua.

Para reforzar lo mencionado, realice las siguientes actividades:

1. Lea el siguiente texto:

Export-Import Theory1
Setting up the business
Whether it is a new or existing export-import business, the legal form, or structure,
will determine how the business is to be conducted, its tax liability, and other
important considerations. Each form of business organization has its own
advantages and disadvantages, and the entrepreneur has to select the one that best
fulfills the goals of the entrepreneur and the business. Selection of an appropriate
business organization is a task that requires accounting and legal expertise and
should be done with the advice of a competent attorney or accountant.
Ownership structure
In this section, we examine different forms of business organizations: sole
proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies.

Sole proprietorships
A sole proprietorship is a firm owned and operated by one individual. No separate
legal entity exists. There is one principal in the business who has total control over
all export-import operations and who can make decisions without consulting anyone.
The major advantages of sole proprietorships are as follows:

1
Belay, S. (2009). Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures. (2a ed.). New York: Routledge.
1. They are easy to organize and simple to control. Establishing an export-import
business as sole proprietorship is simple and inexpensive and requires little or no
government approval. At the state level, registration of the business name is
required, while at the federal level, sole proprietors need to keep accurate
accounting records and attach a profit or loss statement for the business when filing
individual tax returns (Schedule C, Internal Revenue Service Form 1040). They must
operate on a calendar year and can use the cash or accrual method of accounting.

2. They are more flexible to manage than partnerships or corporations. The owner
makes all operational and management decisions concerning the business. The
owner can remove money or other assets of the business without legal or tax
consequences. He or she can also easily transfer or terminate the business.

3. Sole proprietorships are subject to minimal government regulations versus other

business concerns.

4. The owner of a sole proprietorship is taxed as an individual, at a rate lower than

the corporate income tax rate. Losses from the export import business can be
applied by the owner to offset taxable income from other sources. Sole proprietors
are also allowed to establish tax exempt retirement accounts. (Harper, 1991;
Cheeseman, 2006a)
The major disadvantage of running an export-import concern as a sole
proprietorship is the risk of unlimited liability. The owner is personally liable for the
debts and other liabilities of the business. Insurance can be bought to protect against
these liabilities; however, if insurance protection is not sufficient to cover legal
liability for defective products or debts, judgment creditors’ next recourse is the
personal assets of the owner. Another disadvantage is that the proprietor’s access
to capital is limited to personal funds plus any loans that can be obtained. In addition,
very few individuals have all the necessary skills to run an export-import business,
 and the owner may lack certain skills. The business may also terminate upon the
death or disability of the owner.

Establishing an appropriate business organization: pointers

 Does the entrepreneur intend to be the sole owner of the export-import business?
If not, how many people have an ownership interest?
 Does the entrepreneur need additional capital and/or expertise?
 What legal form provides the greatest flexibility for management?
 What legal form affords the most advantageous tax treatment for the business
concern and individual entrepreneurs?
 Which legal structure is easy and less expensive to establish and subject to a low
degree of government regulation?
 Which legal structure is the most appropriate in light of the goals and objectives
of the export-import business? (Belay, 2009).
 How important is it to limit personal liability of owners?

2. Elabore una lista de vocabulario sobre el texto, de por lo menos 15 palabras junto con
su respectivo significado en español.
 vocabulario
Advantages: Circumstance or situation that
gives superiority in something.
Disadvantages: Circumstance of being
worse or being in a worse situation one thing
with respect to others of the same nature with
which it is compared. Less favorable situation
in which a person or thing is with respect to
others with which it is compared.
Attorney: Person legally authorized to advise
and defend the rights and interests of another
person in legal matters and represent it in a
lawsuit.
Without: Indica falta o carencia de alguna
cosa material o inmaterial.
Proprietorships: Property rights
In the right, the domain or property, is the
direct and immediate power over an object or
good, by which is attributed to its owner the
ability to dispose of it, without further
limitations than those imposed by law.
Returns: The return is the act of giving
something back to someone. It is a process
that is based on a right of possession of a
certain person with respect to a certain good
that was delivered with some type of specific
objective.
Applied: That puts effort, interest and
perseverance in the accomplishment of a
work or in the development of an activity,
especially in the study.
Loans: A loan is an operation by which a
financial institution puts at our disposal a
certain amount of money through a contract.
Skills: The ability is the innate aptitude,
talent, skill or ability that a person holds to
carry out and of course with success, certain
activity, work
Losses: Small amount of blood or discharge
from the womb that is abnormally expelled
outside of the menstrual period.
significado
Ventajas: Circunstancia o situación que da
superioridad en alguna cosa.
Desventajas: Circunstancia de ser peor o
estar en peor situación una cosa respecto a
otras de la misma naturaleza con la que se
compara. Situación menos favorable en que se
halla una persona o cosa respecto a otras con
las que se compara.
Abogado: Persona legalmente autorizada para
asesorar y defender los derechos e intereses de
otra persona en materia jurídica y representarla
en un pleito.
Sin: Indicates lack or lack of something material
or immaterial.
Propietarios: Derecho de propiedad, en el
derecho, el dominio o propiedad, es el poder
directo e inmediato sobre un objeto o bien, por
la que se atribuye a su titular la capacidad de
disponer del mismo, sin más limitaciones que
las que imponga la ley.
Devoluciones: La devolución es el acto de
entregar algo nuevamente a alguien. Es un
proceso de se sustenta en un derecho de
posesión de una determinada persona con
respecto a un determinado bien que fue
entregado con algún tipo de objetivo específico.
Aplicado: Que pone esfuerzo, interés y
constancia en la realización de un trabajo o en
el desarrollo de una actividad, en especial en el
estudio.
Prestamos: Un préstamo es una operación por
la cual una entidad financiera pone a nuestra
disposición una cantidad determinada de dinero
mediante un contrato.
Habilidades: La habilidad es la aptitud innata,
talento, destreza o capacidad que ostenta una
persona para llevar a cabo y por supuesto con
éxito, determinada actividad, trabajo
Pérdidas: Cantidad pequeña de sangre o flujo
procedente de la matriz que se expulsa
anormalmente fuera del período menstrual.
Upon: Heritage prefix of Latin origin that
enters the formation of names with the
meaning of 'above', 'besides'.
Judgment: Faculty of understanding, by
virtue of which man can distinguish good
from evil and true from false.
Income: Amount of money earned or
collected.
Little: That has a smaller size than normal.
Sole: It applies to one or several things of
which or of whose species there are no
others.
Sobre: Prefijo patrimonial de origen latino que
entra en la formación de nombres con el
significado de ‘por encima de’, ‘además de’.
Juicio: Facultad del entendimiento, por cuya
virtud el hombre puede distinguir el bien del mal
y lo verdadero de lo falso.
Ingresos: Cantidad de dinero ganada o
recaudada.
Pequeño: Que tiene un tamaño menor de lo
normal.
Único: Se aplica a una o varias cosas de las
cuales o de cuya especie no hay otras.

3. Escriba las ideas principales de cada párrafo, ya sea en presente simple o presente
progresivo, en inglés.

 How to carry out a business

 There are different forms of commercial organizations

 The director controls all export and import operations

 The sole proprietors are simple and low in costs

 The owners are in charge of making all the decisions

 The individual companies are governamental

 The individual owners have a lower rate than the tax rate

The owners are responsible for their business

4. Luego de analizar el material complementario, por favor escriba las ideas principales de
cada párrafo, en presente simple, en inglés. No haga transcripción literal de los párrafos.
A continuación, transforme la oración a presente progresivo, también en inglés.

Simple Present Tense Present Progressive Tense

5. Organice las ideas en un solo resumen, de manera que se conecten coherentemente, en
15 líneas.

How to carry out an export and import business, in different forms of commercial organizations
since the director controls all export and import operations, where the sole proprietors are simple
and low in cost and make all the decisions in front of the business. Individual companies are
governmental and have a lower rate than the tax rate, thus carrying the responsibility of the
business

Knowing well that each legal form in which the company has its legal bases will apply different
processes why you should know what you should apply to have greater knowledge and not have
legal consequences in the environment even with a single administrator or boss immediately co-
author all the legal health and tax aspects for a better export or import in order to provide the
company with better quality and good recognition at the international level and to conquer or reach
large countries for its advertising and industry growth.

Nota: para el desarrollo de esta evidencia se debe tener en cuenta el material de formación
“Using simple present and progressive to export” asociado a esta actividad de aprendizaje.

Desarrolle esta evidencia con la herramienta de su preferencia y envíe el archivo al

instructor a través de la plataforma virtual de aprendizaje.

Pasos para enviar la evidencia:

1. Clic en el título de la evidencia.

2. Clic en Examinar mi equipo y buscar el archivo previamente guardado.
3. Dejar un comentario al instructor (opcional).
4. Clic en Enviar.

Nota: esta evidencia es de carácter individual. Recuerde revisar la guía de aprendizaje con
el fin de verificar que ha realizado todas las actividades propuestas, saber cómo
desarrollarlas y entregarlas correctamente.

Criterios de evaluación
Realiza resúmenes de la información relevante y detallada de un texto técnico en
inglés.