Name : 維里雅 / Liadira Kusuma Widya

Student ID : P660087047

Homework 1

1. Read the data from the example.

Z(X1)=3, Z(X2)=4, Z(X3)=4, Z(X4)=5, Z(X5)=7, Z(X6)=9, Z(X7)=7, Z(X8)=8, Z(X9)=7,
Z(X10)=7

(1). Could you calculate a variogram from the data by hand?

(2). Could you use the Gaussian model to fit the variogram? Please plot the
variogram and Gaussian model. Tell us the parameters e.g. range and sill are in the
model.

where C: partial sill; C0: nugget; C+ C0: sill; a: range

2. Please find the environmental variables (air quality or water level…) including
locations(x,y) and attributes(z) information. Try to use the variogram to analyze
spatial pattern of the variable.
(1) Plot the spatial map of data and the histogram of z-values
(2) Calculate a variogram from the data

Here, we are using the Matlab program variogram.m created by Wolfgang

Schwanghart, see
https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/20355-experimental--semi---
variogram/content/variogram.m

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Answer :
1.1. Yes, I could calculate a variogram from the data by hand. The variogram is a
step to calculate the spatial correlation of phenomenon between one point
with another point. So that, the distribution is obtained in the form grid by
grid. Variogram analysis consist of the experimental variogram calculated from
the data and variogram model fitted to the data. Using Variogram’s formula,
we could calculate manually.

𝟏 𝟐
𝜸(𝒉) = 𝜮𝑵(𝒉)
ⅈ=𝟏 [(𝒛(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒛(𝒙)) ]
𝟐𝑵(𝒉)

1
𝛾(1) = [(3 − 4)2 + (4 − 4)2 + (4 − 5)2 +(5 − 7)2 + (7 − 9)2 + (9 − 7)2
2×9
+ (7 − 8)2 + (8 − 7)2 + (7 − 7)2 ]
= 0.8889
1
𝛾(2) = [(3 − 4)2 + (4 − 5)2 + (4 − 7)2 + (5 − 9)2 + (7 − 7)2 + (9 − 8)2
2×8
+ (7 − 7)2 + (8 − 7)2 ]
= 1.8125
1
𝛾(3) = [(3 − 5)2 + (4 − 7)2 + (4 − 9)2 + (5 − 7)2 + (7 − 8)2 + (9 − 7)2
2×7
+ (7 − 7)2 ]
= 3.3571
1
𝛾(4) = [(3 − 7)2 + (4 − 9)2 + (4 − 7)2 + (5 − 8)2 + (7 − 7)2 + (9 − 7)2 ]
2×6
= 5.25
1
𝛾(5) = [(3 − 9)2 + (4 − 7)2 + (4 − 8)2 + (5 − 7)2 + (7 − 7)2 ]
2×5
= 6.5
1
𝛾(6) = [(3 − 7)2 + (4 − 8)2 + (4 − 7)2 + (5 − 7)2 ]
2×4
= 5.625
1
𝛾(7) = [(3 − 8)2 + (4 − 7)2 + (4 − 7)2 ]
2×3
= 7.1667
1
𝛾(8) = [(3 − 7)2 + (4 − 7)2 ]
2×2
= 6.25

2
 1
𝛾(9) = [(3 − 7)2 ]
2×1
=8
❖ The range of variogram values from manual calculation is from 0.8889 to 8.0000.

1.2. Plot Variogram and Gaussian Model

𝒉 𝟐
𝜸(𝒉) = 𝑪𝟎 + 𝑪 (𝟏 − 𝒆𝒙𝒑 (−𝟑 ( ) ))
𝒖

Range = 9 Range = 14
Sill = 14 Sill =9
Which, C0 =0 Which, C0 =0

Range = 5.4
Sill = 6.8
Which, C0 =0

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2. Data air pollution NO in South Taiwan year 2013
Lon Lat Station NO Lon Lat Station NO
169807.6 2549868 Chaozhou 10.715 192872.8 2595675 Chaiyi 17.59417
169807.6 2549868 Daliao 21.02333 203602.2 2623221 Douliu 22.52
169807.6 2549868 Fengshan 25.72333 183612.7 2628359 Lunbei 18.42
169807.6 2549868 Fuxing 31.155 173730.5 2627960 Mailiao 16.56
169807.6 2549868 Hengchun 2.35 173106.4 2596045 Puzi 12.55
169807.6 2549868 Linyuan 17.86583 178005.4 2557235 Shanhua 15.62167
169807.6 2549868 Meinong 10 180164.3 2578326 Sinying 16.01417
169807.6 2549868 Nanzi 22.34667 168243.9 2542831 Tainan 17.51333
169807.6 2549868 Pingtung 16.71167 168714.7 2624003 Taishi 12.28667
169807.6 2549868 Qianjin 21.34833 183182.5 2605911 Xingang 13.94
169807.6 2549868 Qianzhen 27.49333 181426.8 2510039 Renwu 25.87
169807.6 2549868 Qiaotou 19.11083 181890.7 2496391 Xiaogang 31.4625
169807.6 2549868 Annan 16.805 177338.5 2508486 Zuoying 21.06

2.1. Plot the spatial map of data and the histogram of z value

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2.2. Calculate variogram from the data to analyze spatial pattern of the variable