Research problems indicators

Blankspot– generate new hypothesis

- Related ideas are insufficient
Blindspot – Testing the acceptability
and rejectability of the hypothesis
- There are contradicting findings from
different ideas.
Types of Questions
1. Factual – Soliciting reasonably simple, straight forward
answers based on obvious facts or awareness. These are
usually at the lowest level of cognitive (thinking) or affective
(feeling) processes and answers are frequently either right
or wrong.
2. Convergent – Answers to these types of questions are
usually within a very finite range of acceptable accuracy.
These may be at several different levels of cognition —
comprehension, application, analysis, or ones where the
answerer makes inferences or conjectures based on
personal awareness, or on material read, presented or
known.
3. Divergent – These questions allow students to explore
different avenues and create many different variations and
alternative answers or scenarios. Correctness may be
based on logical projections, may be contextual, or arrived
at through basic knowledge, conjecture, inference,
projection, creation, intuition, or imagination.

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4. Evaluative – These types of questions usually require sophisticated
levels of cognitive and/or emotional (affective) judgment. In attempting to
answer these types of questions, students may be combining multiple
cognitive and/or affective processes or levels, frequently in comparative
frameworks.
5. Combinations – These are questions that blend any combination of the
above.
6. Probing questions- are not just about clarifying specific details;
instead, these questions dig much deeper than the surface. An effective
probing question helps to get a person to talk about their personal opinions
and feelings, and promotes critical thinking.
Probing questions are typically open-ended, meaning there is more than
just one response.
7. Clarifying questions are tools used by active listeners to ensure
understanding and obtain essential information. These types of questions
are simple inquiries of fact. They require brief or concise answers that don't
typically provide new information, simply a more concrete understanding of
the matter at hand. Clarifying questions are used in interviews,
interrogations, class discussions, presentations and pretty much anywhere
there is information being given to an audience..

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Significance of the Study
According to Baraceros (2016), this part of explains
how important the study would be to those who are
involved and concerned for the study.
It may include beneficiaries like:
1. Those who are involved in the study
2. The community where the respondent belongs
3. The researchers
4. The future researchers
Writing the Significance of the Study

1. Write from general to specific contribution such as

its importance to society as a whole.
2. Proceed downwards towards its contribution to
individuals who belong in the your area/ field.
3. You may include the relevance of your problem to
the future researchers.
Scope and Delimitation

As stated by Baraceros (2016), this

includes the part which explains on the area
that may and may not be covered in the study.
This part usually considers in its coverage the
following areas:
1. Target respondents
2. Location
3. Reasons for selecting the respondents and the
location
 Review of Related Literature (RRL)
∞Literature is an oral or written record of man’s
significant experiences conveyed in a prosaic
manner.

∞ A review of related literature (RRL) is an analysis of

man’s written or spoken knowledge of the world.

∞You examine representations of man’s thinking about

the world to determine the connection of your
research with what people already know about it.
Steps in Reviewing Literature
•Finding relevant materials
•Actual reading
•Note-taking
 Process of Review of Related Literature (RRL)

• WRITE THE

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LITERATURE
• READ THE SOURCE

02
MATERIAL

• SEARCH FOR THE

01
LITERATURE
҉ There are three basic types of literature sources: general
references that will direct you to the location of other sources;
primary sources that directly report or present a person’s
own experiences; and secondary sources that report or
describe other people’s experiences or worldviews.
1. APA (American Psychological Association)- 2009 6th edition, second
printing
- widely used in social sciences
2. MLA (Modern Language Association)- 8th ed., 2016
- often used in the humanities
3. Chicago (Chicago Manual of Style) (CMS)- 16th edition, 2010
- used in some humanities and social sciences and is often used
outside the university

*Each of these three methods has its own in-text citation style.
*Only one method/style can be used in one paper.
 The Research Process

Conceptualization Phase
1.Topic/Problem Identification
2.Review of Literature
3.Hypotheses/Proposition Development
4.Framework Development
5.Objective Formulation

Dissemination Phase
10. Communicating and Design Phase
Utilizing the Findings 6. Research Plan
Formulation

Analytical Phase Empirical Phase

8. Data Analysis and 7. Data Gathering/
Interpretation Collection
9. Conclusion
WRITING THE INTRODUCTION
(THE TIOC APPROACH)

Highlight the trend/s in the field

Pinpoint the issues underlying the trend/s
State the overall objective/intent of the paper in
the light of the gap identified
Discuss the possible contribution of the research
attempt to advancing/improving disciplinal
theory research, practice and policy
(cross-reference to strengthen claims)
Theoretical/Conceptual
Framework

1. Clear presentation of the

theory which explains
why the study exists.

2. Appropriate development
of conceptual frame with
reference to the problems
of the study.
 Writing the Theoretical Framework
(The SEC Approach)

Rule 1: State the theory

Suggested sentence stems
The theoretical basis of this paper is
This study is theoretically anchored on
This paper is premised on
Rule 2: Explain the theory
Rule 3: Contextualize the theory
Basic concepts
Research Nomenclature CONCERN

Research Approach How data will be treated

Research Method How data will be gathered

Research Technique What data will be gathered