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TIMELINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOM
YEAR SCIENTIST/S DISCOVERY
460 – 370 Democritus and They theorized that the world was made
B.C.E. Leucippus up of tiny particles called atoms.

Atom: indivisible (“atomos”)

384 – 332 Aristotle The world was made up of air, water,
B.C.E. fire and earth instead of tiny
particles. These ideas were used by
Catholic Church in the Middle Ages.
1643-1727 C.E. Sir Isaac Newton He formed a theory of light (made up of
particles). He formed 3 laws of motion.
1. Law of Inertia - The First Law of
Motion states, "A body at rest will
remain at rest, and a body in
motion will remain in motion unless
it is acted upon by an external
force."
2. Law of Acceleration -The Second Law
of Motion describes what happens to
a massive body when it is acted
upon by an external force. It
states, "The force acting on an
object is equal to the mass of that
object times its acceleration."
3. Law of Interaction - The Third Law
of Motion states, "For every
action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction."
1766 – 1844 John Dalton He believed in Democritus’ work. His
C.E. theory have a 4 basic ideas:
1. All matter is composed of atoms
that are indivisible
(indestructible: cannot be created
or destroyed).
2. All atoms are identical in
properties (such as size and mass).
3. Atoms are rearranged as a chemical
reaction occurs.
4. Compounds are formed by combination
of multiple atoms.
1850 – 1930 Eugen Goldstein He helped to the discovery of proton. He
C.E. observed the changes in a cathode ray
tube, and discovered the anode rays,
positively-charged particles that moved
in the opposite direction from anode to
cathode. His work helped Rutherford.
1856 – 1940 J.J. Thompson He discovered the electron. He proved
C.E. that Dalton’s ideas were wrong. The atom
is not indivisible but made up of
multiple components. He conducted an
experiment with a cathode ray tube when
an electrical current was passed
through, glowing material could be seen.
When he put 2 electrically charged
plated on opposite ends of the tube, the
light was bent on the positive plate. He
thought that the atom looked like raisin
pudding, a ball with negative electrons
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clumped on it.
1858 – 1947 Max Planck He is the “Father of Quantum Physics”,
C.E. invented quantum theory. Quantum physics
is mathematical interaction between
particles in matter (Einstein used it).
1865 – 1950 HantaroNagaoka He disliked Thompson’s model of atom. A
C.E. model that resembled Saturn with its
rings; the rings were the electrons and
the sphere was the positive center.
1868 – 1953 Robert Andrews He is credited for finding the charge
C.E. Millikan and mass of an electron by conducting
oil drop experiment in 1909. He put a
charge on a tiny drop of oil and
measured how strong an electric field
had to be, to stop the oil drop from
falling. The mass was 9.10938291x10-28
grams and the charge was -1.
1871 – 1937 Ernest Rutherford He proved that the Thompson’s atomic
C.E. model is incorrect. He conducted an
experiment (thin gold foil experiment)
which stated the existence of protons.
He shot alpha particles at the gold
foil, and observed where they hit. Most
were undeflected while the rest bounced
off in different direction.
1879 – 1955 Albert Einstein He’s famous for his theory of
C.E. relativity. His equation on mass and
energy equivalence. E = mc2. It splits
into 2 theories:
1. Special relativity
2. General relativity
1885 – 1962 Neil Bohr It consisted of electrons that orbited
C.E. in shells or layers around the nucleus.
He first introduced the idea of quantum
mechanical model, were a cloud of
electrons surrounds the nucleus.
1887 – 1961 Erwin Schrodinger He built upon the quantum mechanical
C.E. model. He used mathematical equation to
describe the odds of finding the
location of an electron (“the layers,
orbitals”).

Orbitals: electron density clouds

1891 – 1974 James Chadwick He proved the existence of neutrons. He
C.E. shot alpha particles at a sheet of
beryllium that filtered out the
electrons. The neutrons hit a sheet of
paraffin wax. The ones that filtered
were the protons. He discovered that
neutrons reduce the repulsion of protons
to stabilize atom’s nucleus.
1894 – 1974 SatyendraNath He discovered the boson, a sub-atomic
C.E. Bose particle. He worked with Einstein. They
both found bose-einstein condensate (a
state of matter where a drop in
temperature occurs to bosons).
1901 – 1954 Enrico Fermi He developed the nuclear reactor, also
C.E. contributed to quantum theory. He worked
on the manhattan project (secret project
to develop the first atomic bomb).
1929 - present Peter Higgs The higgs boson particle (god particle
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in 1964). The higgs field occupies
everything in universe.
1947 - present Alan Gut He had a theory in 1970’s called
inflation.

DIFFERENT ATOMIC THEORIES

Ancient Greek Beliefs Leucippus and Democritus were the first
to propose, in the fifth century B.C., that
all matter is made of tiny units called atoms.
The two philosophers held that these were
solid particles without internal structure,
and came in a variety of shapes and sizes.
Intangible qualities such as taste and color,
according to this theory, were made of atoms.
However, Aristotle strongly opposed this idea,
and the scientific community failed to pay
serious attention to it for centuries.
Dalton's Theory In 1808, English chemist John Dalton
further built on the Greek notion of atoms. He
postulated that matter is made of atoms, which
are small indivisible particles. He also
proposed that while all atoms of one element
are identical, they are totally different from
those that make up other elements
J.J. Thomson's Theory English physicist Joseph J. Thomson
proposed the "plum pudding" theory of the
divisible atom in 1904, after discovering
electrons in 1897. His model postulated that
atoms consist of a big positively-charged
sphere studded with negatively charged
electrons (he called them "corpuscles") like
fruit in a plum pudding. He further
hypothesized that the charge of the positive
sphere's charge is equal to the negative
charges of the electrons. Today we call the
positive charged particles protons, and the
negative ones electrons.
Rutherford's Hypothesis British physicist Ernest Rutherford
proposed a nuclear model of the atom, in which
a nucleus exists, in 1911. He also discovered
activity in this part, namely the movement of
protons and electrons within the central part
of the atom. He further postulated that the
number of protons in an atom equals that of
the electrons. He also hypothesized that more
neutral particles exist. These have come to be
known as neutrons.
Bohr's Theory Danish physicist Niels Bohr proposed in
1913 a planetary model, in which electrons
revolve about the nucleus just as the planets
orbit the sun. While the electrons are in
orbit, they have what Bohr termed "constant
energy." When these particles absorb energy
and transition into a higher orbit, Bohr's
theory refers to them as "excited" electrons.
When the electrons return to their original
orbit, they give off this energy as
electromagnetic radiation.
Einstein, Heisenberg and From decades of painstaking research from
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Quantum Mechanics thousands of scientists, the current atomic
theory builds on work done in the 1930s by
Albert Einstein, Werner Heisenberg and others.
As with the earlier theories, the atom
consists of a central, heavy nucleus
surrounded by a number of electrons. Unlike
earlier theories that treated electrons,
protons and other tiny particles as definite
solid "lumps," modern quantum theory treats
them as statistical "clouds;" oddly, you can
measure their speed exactly, or their
locations, but not both at the same time.
Instead of electrons behaving as planets
orbiting in well-behaved elliptical paths,
they whirl around in fuzzy clouds of various
shapes. Atoms, then become less like hard,
precise billiard balls and more like springy,
round sponges. And despite being "solid"
matter, they can exhibit wavelike properties
such as wave length and interference patterns.
Quark Theory As scientists looked at atoms with
increasingly more powerful instruments, they
discovered that the protons and neutrons that
made up the nucleus were in turn made of even
smaller particles. In the 1960s, physicists
Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig called these
particles "quarks," borrowing a word used in a
James Joyce novel. Quarks come in varieties
such as "up," "down," "top" and "bottom."
Protons and neutrons are formed from bundles
of three quarks each: "up," "down" and "up"
and "down," "up" and "down," respectively.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COVALENT, METALLIC, AND IONC BONDS

BASIS FOR
COVALENT BOND METALLIC BOND IONIC BOND
COMPARISON

Meaning When there is a When there is the When there is a

strong strong strong
electrostatic electrostatic electrostatic
force of force of force of
attractions attractions attraction between
between two between the a cation and an
positively cation or atoms anion (two
charged nuclei and the oppositely charged
and the shared delocalized ions) of elements
pair of electrons in the is called the
electrons is geometrical ionic bond. This
called the arrangement of bond is formed
covalent bond. the two metals, between a metal
is called a and a non-metal.
metallic bond.

Existence Exist as solids, Exist in the They also exist in

liquids and the solid state
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BASIS FOR
COVALENT BOND METALLIC BOND IONIC BOND
COMPARISON

gasses. solid state only. only.

Occurs between Between two non- Between two Non-metal and

metals. metals. metal.

Involves Sharing of The attraction Transfer and

electrons in the between the accepting of
valence shell. delocalized electrons from the
electrons present valence shell.
in the lattice of
the metals.

Conductivity Very low High thermal and Low conductivity.

conductivity. electrical
conductivity.

Hardness These are not These are not These are hard,
very hard, hard. because of the
though crystalline
exceptions are nature.
silicon, diamond
and carbon.

Melting and Low. High. Higher.

Boiling Points

Malleability and These are non- Metallic bonds Ionic bonds are
Ductility malleable and are malleable and also non-malleable
non-ductile. ductile. and non-ductile.

Bond They are the The bond is non- Non-directional.

directional directional.
bond.

Bond energy Higher than the Lower than the Higher than the
metallic bond. other two bond. metallic bond.

Electronegativity Polar covalent: Not available. >1.7.

0.5-1.7; Non-
polar<0.5.

Examples Diamond, carbon, Silver, gold, NaCl, BeO, LiF,

silica, hydrogen nickel, copper, etc.
gas, water, iron, etc.
nitrogen gas,
etc.
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