Esophageal & Motility Conditions

 Achalasia
 Barrett Esophagus
 GERD
 Hiatal Hernia
 Esophagitis
 Esophageal Spasm
 Gastroparesis

Autoimmune Conditions
 Celiac Disease

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

 Ulcerative Colitis
 crohn’s disease

Liver Disease
 Cholestasis
 Cirrhosis
 Fatty Liver Disease
 Gallstones
 Hepatitis A
 Hepatitis B
 Hepatitis C
 Hemochromatosis
 Polycystic Liver Disease
 Liver Cancer

Other Gastrointestinal Conditions

 Appendicitis
 Diverticular Disease
 Helicobacter Pylori Bacteria
Achalasia

 Achalasia is a disorder that affects esophagus.

 In achalasia, esophagus does not sufficiently push food or liquid
into the stomach.
 the sphincter that circles the lower portion of esophagus does not
relax enough to let food and liquid pass through easily.
 In fact, achalasia means "failure to relax.

Barrett's esophagus

 It is a condition where the normal cells lining esophagus turn into

cells not usually found in esophagus.
 The new cells called specialized columnar cells take over the
lining of the esophagus which has been damaged.
 Main cause of Barrett's esophagus is frequent gastroesophageal
reflux disease or GERD, also called acid reflux disease lasting
for many years.

GERD:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a digestive disorder caused when

gastric acid from the stomach flows back up into esophagus.

Heartburn is the most common symptom of GERD.

Some lifestyle issues that can cause GERD may include:

 Being overweight
 Overeating
 Eating foods such as citrus, chocolate, and fatty or spicy foods
 Having caffeine
 Having alcohol

Esophagitis:

It is an irritation and inflammation of the lining of esophagus .As the

lining of the esophagus is sensitive, many things can cause swelling and
irritation.

These are some possible causes of irritation and inflammation:

 Stomach acid in the food pipe. If you have gastroesophageal reflux

disease (GERD), stomach acid leaks backward into esophagus. If
this happens on a regular basis, it may cause esophagitis.
  Chronic vomiting
 Medicines, such as aspirin or other anti-inflammatory medicines
 Medical procedures, such as radiation therapy
 Infections that weaken immune system
 Allergies, often to foods

Gastroparesis:

 Gastroparesis is a chronic condition which happens when stomach

takes too long to empty out food.
 Gastroparesis is caused when the vagus nerve is damaged or stops
working.
 If food stays in stomach for too long, it can cause problems like
 Too much bacteria may grow.
 The food can also harden into solid masses, called bezoars. These
masses may upset the stomach and cause vomit. They can also
create a blockage in stomach. This can be dangerous if it stops
food from passing into small intestine.

hiatal hernia

In a hiatal hernia, part of stomach pushes up into an opening (the hiatus)

in diaphragm.
The diaphragm is the muscle between stomach and chest.
the top part of your stomach moves up through that opening into the
chest.
The top part of the stomach gets pinched and acid can back up (reflux)
through the opening. This may cause heartburn and other symptoms.

Some causes may include:

 Coughing
 Vomiting
 Straining while having a bowel movement
 Sudden physical effort
 Pregnancy
 Obesity

Celiac disease:

Celiac disease is a digestive problem that hurts small intestine and

stops the body from taking in nutrients from food.

One of the cause is sensitivity to gluten. Gluten is a kind of protein found

in wheat, rye, barley, and sometimes in small amounts in mixed oats.
The immune system starts to hurt small intestine. It attacks the villi
that line the small intestine.

The villi help body take in nutrients from food into the bloodstream.
Without the villi, the small intestine can’t get enough nutrients, no
matter how much food is taken.
Celiac disease is genetic.

Crohn's disease:

Crohn's disease occurs when there is inflammation and sores along your
digestive tract.

It is part of a group of diseases known as inflammatory bowel disease or

IBD.

crohn’s disease is a long-term, chronic illness that may come and go at

different times in life. In most cases, it affects the small intestine, most
often the lower part called the ileum. In some cases it affects both the
small and large intestines.

Sometimes the inflammation may be along the whole digestive tract. This
includes your mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, appendix, and anus.

Ulcerative colitis:

Ulcerative colitis is part of a group of diseases called inflammatory

bowel disease (IBD).

It is when the lining of the large intestine and rectum become red and
swollen or inflamed. In most cases the inflammation begins in rectum and
lower intestine and moves up to the whole colon.

Ulcerative colitis does not normally affect the small intestine. But it
can affect the lower section of small intestine.

The inflammation causes diarrhea, making the colon empty itself often.
As the cells on the lining of the colon die and come off, open sores or
ulcers form. These ulcers may cause pus, mucus, and bleeding.

Cirrhosis:

Cirrhosis is when scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue and stops the
liver from working normally.
Cirrhosis is a long-term (chronic) liver disease. The damage to the liver
builds up over time.

The most common causes of cirrhosis are:

 Hepatitis and other viruses

 Alcohol abuse
 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (this happens from metabolic
syndrome and is caused by conditions such as obesity, high
cholesterol and triglycerides, and high blood pressure)

Hepatitis A:

Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver disease . It is caused by the

hepatitis A virus.

Hepatitis is a redness or swelling (inflammation) of the liver that

sometimes causes lasting damage.

In most cases, hepatitis A does not cause a long-term or chronic

infection. But it can take some time to fully get well. one may be sick
for a few weeks, but it may take up to 6 months to fully recover.

In some cases hepatitis A can cause severe liver damage.

Hepatitis B:

In hepatitis B, the liver is infected with the hepatitis B virus. This

causes inflammation. the liver isn’t able to work the way it should.

In the U.S., hepatitis B is one of the most common diseases that can be
prevented with a vaccine.

Hepatitis B can be short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic). It tends

to become chronic most often in infants and young children, and less
often in people infected as adults.

 Acute hepatitis B. This is a brief infection (6 months or less) that

goes away because the body gets rid of the virus.
 Chronic hepatitis B. This is a long-lasting infection that happens
when the body can’t get rid of the virus. It causes long-term
liver damage.

Hepatitis B is caused by infection with the hepatitis B virus.

People pass the hepatitis B virus to each other:

 Blood
 Semen
 Vaginal secretions
 Saliva

Hepatitis C:

Hepatitis C is a liver disease that is caused by the hepatitis C virus. It

is rare to recover from hepatitis C infection, but some people are
able to clear the virus from their body. Most people with hepatitis C
have the virus for the rest of their life. Most people with hepatitis C
have no or only mild symptoms, so they don't always know they are
infected.

hepatitis C is passed from person to person when one is in contact with

an infected person’s blood.

 Share needles used for illegal drugs

 Share drug-snorting equipment
 Have unprotected sex with someone who has hepatitis C
 Get a tattoo with infected equipment

Babies may also get the disease if their mother has the hepatitis C
virus.

Appendicitis:

Appendicitis is a medical emergency that happens when the appendix

becomes sore, swollen, and diseased.

The appendix is a thin tube that is joined to the large intestine. It sits
in the lower right part of your belly (abdomen). In a young child,
appendix is a working part of your immune system. The immune system
helps the body to fight disease. In adults the appendix does not keep
working , but it can get infected. If not treated it can burst (rupture).
This is serious and can lead to more infection and even death.

Appendicitis happens when the inside of the appendix is blocked by

something that makes it swell up.
Helicobacter Pylori:

H. pylori is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach.

It can damage the tissue in the stomach and the first part of small
intestine. This can cause redness and soreness (inflammation). In some
cases it can also cause painful sores called peptic ulcers in upper
digestive tract.

h. pylori is common. most people who have it won’t get ulcers or show any
symptoms.

H. pylori attacks the lining that protects the stomach. The bacteria
makes an enzyme called urease. This enzyme makes the stomach acids
less acidic (neutralizes them). this weakens the stomach’s lining and is of
greater risk of being hurt by acid and pepsin, strong digestive fluids.
That can lead to sores or ulcers in your stomach or duodenum.