• Analysis of Variance or ANOVA is a comparison test used to determine the significant

difference among normal population means. The comparison in means of three or

more populations, which follow normal distributions, can be taken simultaneously in
just one application of this test. This test is therefore a generalization of the z and t
tests of two normal population means. This test was developed by Sir Ronald A.
Fisher (1890-1962).
• The following assumptions should be met in the use of ANOVA:
1. The various groups are assumed to be with normal populations.
2. The variance of the different groups is assumed to be equal.
3. The random sample in the groups should be independent.

Problem:
Let us consider three groups of seven students, where each group is subjected to one of the
three strategies or methods of teaching. Group A was exposed to Exploratory Approach,
Group B for Cooperative Learning, and Group C for Traditional Method. The grades of the
students are presented below. Test if there is a difference in the three methods or strategies
of teaching at 5% level of significance.

Group A Group B Group C

Student Group A Group B Group C
Exploratory Cooperative Traditional
𝑥𝑎 𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑐 (𝑥𝑎 ) 2 (𝑥𝑏 ) 2 (𝑥𝑐 ) 2
1 85 86 100 7225 7396 10000
2 90 88 89 8100 7744 7921
3 92 89 88 8464 7921 7744
4 88 90 87 7744 8100 7569
5 91 87 83 8281 7569 6889
6 93 88 85 8649 7744 7225
7 89 91 80 7921 8281 6400
∑ 628 619 612 56384 54755 53748

Step 1:
Ho: There is no significant difference among the three methods or strategies of teaching.
Ha: There is a significant difference among the three methods or strategies of teaching.

Step 2:
𝑎 = 5% 𝑜𝑟 𝒐. 𝒐𝟓
Step 3:
Test statistic to be used: ANOVA
Step 4: TTS = Total Sum of Squares
(∑ 𝑥) 2
x = value of each entry
𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑𝑥 2 −
𝑁 N = total number of items or entry
(1859)2
= 164887 −
21
= 164887 − 164565.76 Rosheil M. Ramos
= 𝟑𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟒 BSEd-III
 1 2
(∑𝑥)2
𝑺𝑺𝒃 = ∑(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛) −
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑁
(1859)2
1
= (6282 + 6192 + 6122 ) − SSb = Sum of Squares Between-Column
7 21
= 164584.14 − 164564.76 x = value of each entry
= 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟖 N = total number of items or entry

𝑺𝑺𝒘 = 𝑇𝑆𝑆 − 𝑆𝑆𝑏

= 321.24 − 18.38 SSw = Sum of Squares Within-Column
= 𝟑𝟎𝟐. 𝟖𝟔
𝑆𝑆𝑏
𝑴𝑺𝑺𝒃 = MSSb = Mean Sum of Squares Between-Column
𝑑𝑓𝑏
18.38 𝒅𝒇𝒃 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 − 1
= =3−1
2
= 𝟗. 𝟏𝟗 =𝟐

𝑆𝑆𝑤
𝑴𝑺𝑺𝒘 = MSSw = Mean Sum of Squares Within-Column
𝑑𝑓𝑤
302.86 𝒅𝒇𝒘 = (𝑟𝑜𝑤 × 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛) − 𝑛𝑜. 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
= = (7 × 3) − 3
18
= 𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟐𝟓 = 21 − 3
= 𝟏𝟖

Step 5:
𝑀𝑆𝑆𝑏
𝐹 − 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
𝑀𝑆𝑆𝑤 𝐷𝑓 = 𝟐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝟏𝟖
9.19
= 𝑇𝑉 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟓
16.83
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔

ANOVA TABLE
Source of
Sum of Square 𝒅𝒇 Mean Square 𝑭
Variation
Between 𝑆𝑆𝑏 = 18.38 𝑑𝑓𝑏 = 2 𝑀𝑆𝑆𝑏 = 9.19
𝐹 = 0.546
Within 𝑆𝑆𝑤 = 302.86 𝑑𝑓𝑤 = 18 𝑀𝑆𝑆𝑤 = 16.825

Total 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 321.24 𝑑𝑓𝑡 = 20

Step 6:
Since the computed value of 0.546 at 𝑎 0.05 𝑑𝑓 2 and 18 is less than the tabular value of
3.55, accept Ho.

Step 7:
The three strategies of teaching are not significantly different from each other.

Rosheil M. Ramos
BSEd-III
• The Duncan’s Multiple Range Test or simply Duncan’s test is a post ANOVA
test which is used whenever ANOVA leads to the rejection of Ho.

𝑬𝑴𝑺
𝑹𝒑 = 𝒓𝒑 √
𝒏
• Where
• 𝒓𝒑 can be obtained from Table A.11
• EMS is the 𝑴𝑺𝑺𝑤 in the ANOVA table
• n is the equal sample size or no. of rows

• When the Ho is rejected using the F test, the researcher may want to know where the
difference among the means is. Among the most commonly used tests are the Scheffé
test and the Tukey test
̅̅̅𝒊 − 𝑿
(𝑿 ̅̅̅𝒋 )
𝑭𝒔 =
𝟏 𝟏
𝒔𝟐𝒘 ( + )
𝒊𝒏 𝒏 𝒋
• Where
• ̅̅̅
𝑿𝒊 and ̅̅̅
𝑿𝒋 are the means of the samples being compared
• 𝒏𝒊 and 𝒏𝒋 are the respective sample sizes
• 𝒔𝟐𝒘 is the within-group variance

• The Tukey test can also be used after the analysis of variance has been completed to
make pairwise comparisons between means when the groups have the same sample
size.
𝑋̅𝑖 − 𝑋̅𝑗
𝑞=
2
√𝑠𝑤
𝑛
• Where
• 𝑋̅𝑖 and 𝑋̅𝑗 are the means of the samples being compared
• 𝑛 is the size of the samples
• 𝑠𝑤2 is the within-group variance

Rosheil M. Ramos
BSEd-III