Science

- System of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific method.
- Primarily interested in the acquisition of knowledge.
- Preoccupied with the “know-why” resulting in new knowledge usually disseminated through
science papers.
- Science is a kind of human cultural activity which is practiced by people known as scientist and
formerly called natural philosophers and savants.
- Science is complex system of people, skills, facilities, knowledge, material or physical resources
and technologies devoted and directed to the inquiry into and understanding of the natural
world.
- Science as a modern science is the dynamic cumulative inquiry into nature using the scientific
method.

 Deals with the natural world.

 Concerned with WHAT IS (exist) in the natural world.

 Focuses on Research

 Discovering natural phenomena (knowledge)

Technology

- Comes from Greek words tekhne meaning “art or craft” and logi meaning a ‘subject or interest”.
- Practical application of knowledge
- Science of industrial arts and manufacture
- is material products or result of human fabrication and making.
- A kind of human cultural activity or endeavor which is practiced by people called technologist
which include engineers, craftsmen and machinists.
- A complex system of knowledge, skills, people, methods, tools, organization, facilities, materials,
physical resources devoted and directed to the research, development, production as well
operation of a new or improved product, process or services in a reproducible way.
- Is concerned with the know-how resulting in a new product or process distributed for
commercial consumption or appropriated through patents.

 Deals with how humans modify, change, alter or control the natural world.

 Concerned with what can be or should be designed, made or developed from natural world and
substances to satisfy human needs and wants.

 Focuses on Development and Innovation

 Inventing new or better tools and materials.

Development -which involves transforming research findings into prototype inventions of new
materials, devices and processes.

Innovation- which involves commercialization of prototype inventions of Research and Development

into marketable products or processes.
 Research- a process of acquiring new knowledge.

The power and promise of technology can be further enhanced through the study of technology to
assure that all people are technologically literate in the future.

Society- people in general thought of as living together in organized communities with shared laws,
traditions and values.

Types of Research

1. Fundamental/Basic Research- gaining new knowledge

2. Applied-practical application
3. Mission-Oriented-accomplishing a particular mission or technological objective

Types of Technology

1.Material technology-extraction, fabrication, processing, combination and synthesis of materials

2.Equipment technology-Design and fabrication of tools, instruments, devices and machines

3.Energy technology-Generation, conversion and distribution of various forms of energy

4.Information technology-Collection, storage, processing, retrieval, transmission and utilization of

information

5.Life technology-Preservation, repair, maintenance, reproduction and improvement of living

systems

6.Management technology-Planning, organization, coordination and control of social activities

Branches of Science

1. Geology
2. Chemistry
3. Physics
4. Biology
5. Astronomy

Scientific Processes

1. Observing
2. Describing
3. Comparing
4. Classifying
5. Measuring
6. Making inference

Science Processes
 1. Identification of an aspect, problem, question or phenomenon of nature of interest to the
scientists or practitioner.
2. Formulation of some sort of intellectual construct- a guess or hypothesis or theory explain the
aspect, problem, question or phenomenon.
3. Application of the construct to the aspect, problem, question or phenomenon.
4. Assessment, evaluation or analysis of the adequacy of fit, compatibility or appropriateness of
the construct to the aspect, problem, question or phenomenon.
5. Acceptance, adoption modification or rejection of the construct base on the application and
assessment, evaluation or analysis.

Technology Processes

1. Identification of a specific need, desire or opportunity to be satisfied of interest to the

practitioner or technologist
2. Conceptualization of design or plan to satisfy the need or opportunity
3. Production or execution of plan or design
4. The use of phase.

Classification of technology based on a country’s level of technological sophistication.

1. First Wave Technology- Agricultural Age- comprising the pre-industrial technologies which are
labor-intensive, small-scale, decentralized and based on empirical rather than scientific
knowledge.
2. Second Wave technology- comprising the industrial technologies which were developed since
the time of industrial revolution until the end of World War II. These are usually capital-
intensive technologies and are essentially based on the classical principles of classical physics,
chemistry and biology.
3. Third-Wave technology- comprising the post-industrial or the high technologies which are called
science-intensive since they are based on the modern scientific knowledge of the structures,
properties and interaction of molecules, atoms and nuclei.

Evolution of Societies
1. Hunter and Gatherer Societies- the most primitive of all societies.
2. Shifting and Farming- slash and burn farming
3. Agricultural and Mining Societies-
4. Manufacturing and Processing Societies-the use of coal marked the start of industrialization.
5. Synthesizing and Recycling Societies- production of synthetic food and other resources and
recycling of nonrenewable resources.

Whoever can measure the heavens, number the stars, and balance the elements "is no more
pleasing to God than one who cannot, scientific knowledge was more likely to encourage pride
than lead people to God. Salvation was the goal, not material progress; science was not only
superfluous to that aim but might even be dangerous.”
(Brown 1986)