FINGERPRINT SENSORS

PRESENTED BY
 Someprosad Patra (19PH91R06)

 Pritam Das (19PH90J10)

 Pratik Roy (19PH91R03)

 Rajdeep Banerjee (19PH91R04)

INTRODUCTION:

• In AD 600-700,
700, fingerprints are used to seal contracts and legal documents in

ancient China

• In 1684, English plant morphologist, Nehemiah Grew reports systematic study

on fingerprints

• In 1788, a German scientist J.C.A. Mayer gave detailed description of the

anatomical formation of fingerprints and expound on the theory that the

arrangement of the patterns is unique

• In 1975, The FBI funded the development of fingerprint scanners

 WHAT IS FINGER PRINT ?
The impression or reproduction left on any material by the
friction skin of the fingers (mainly bulb of the fingers).

Image credit: https://www.ubergizmo.com/articles/fingerprint-

scanners-how-they-work/ Image credit: Fingerprints : analysis and understanding by
M.R.Hawthorne
FINGERPRINT PATTERNS:
There are three main types of patterns with several subgroups of
patterns.

LOOP WHORL ARCH

Image credit: http://www.forensicsciencesimplified.org/prints/principles.html

://www.forensicsciencesimplified.org/prints/principles.html
LOOP PATTERNS:

 Loop patterns account for 60 to

65 percent of fingerprint patterns
 Recurve back on themselves to
form a loop shape
 Divided into Radial loops
(pointing toward the radius bone,
or thumb) and Ulnar loops
(pointing toward the ulna bone,
or pinky)

Image credit: http://anilaggrawal.com/ij/vol_002_no_001/papers/paper005.html

 WHORL PATTERNS:

 Whorl patterns account for 30 to 35

percent of fingerprint patterns
 Form circular or spiral patterns, like
tiny whirlpools
 There are four groups of whorls:
a) Plain (concentric circles)
b) Central pocket loop (a loop with a whorl
at the end)
c) Double loop (two loops that create an S-
like pattern) and
d) Accidental loop (irregular shaped)

mage credit: http://www.jemome.com/p-types-of-whorl-fingerprints-1377421/

ARCH PATTERNS:

o Arch patterns account for 5 to 15

percent of fingerprint patterns

o Create a wave-like pattern

o Arch include Plain arches and Tented

arches

o Tented arches rise to a sharper point

than plain arches

Image credit: https://www.crime-scene-

investigator.net/fbiscienceoffingerprints.html
UNIQUENESS OF FINGERPRINT PATTERNS

• Friction skin is permanent i.e. does not change under

normal condition from the time of formation until
decomposition after death
• A severely injured skin may be reconstructed to the
same as before
• Every individual’s fingerprint is highly unique
 PROCESS OF FINGERPRINT SCANNING:

Capture Fingerprint Process image and extract Store data for

Image features comparison and
compared with stored
templates
e credit: Image credit:
Image credit: https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-
https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp
://st2.depositphotos.com/4681751/6993/ https://www.tuckerssolicitors.com/wp-
content/uploads/2016/09/
0/ content/uploads/2018/02/
T YPE O F FI NGE RPR I NT SE NS OR S

Capacitive Fingerprint Sensors

 Ultrasonic Fingerprint Sensors
Optical Fingerprint Sensors
Thermal Fingerprint Sensors
Pressure Fingerprint Sensors
 Radio Frequency Fingerprint
Sensors
Image credit: http://360biometrics.com/faq/fingerprint_scanners.php
Optical Fingerprint Scanner:

How to take fingerprint information?

Information of the ridges

and valleys on the
finger is converted into a
spatial intensity distribution
of the reflected ray.

Ref:
https://www.vishnumaiea.in/projects/hardware/interfacing-r307-optical-fingerprint-scanner-
with-arduino
Optical Fingerprint Scanner:

How to photon converted into bounded charges?

Reflected light

CCD
Image sensor
Array of photo-sensitive element

n type(Si)
p type(Si)
Sio2(insulator)
Meta
l
Charge stored in the pixel
MOS devices VG
Ref: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CCD_charge_transfer_animation.gif
Optical Fingerprint Scanner:

How charge is transferred?

Charge transfer process in CCD

Ref:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-principle-of-charge-transfer-in-a-CCD-showing-sche
Optical Fingerprint Scanner:

Charge is
LED takes the image Charge is stored transferred
Of the finger print in each pixel of through array of
CCD pixel

Digital signal is Analogue to

read out by device digital converter

Basic flow chart of optical fingerprint scanning process

 Capacitive Sensor

Ref.-https://www.dhgate.com/product/grow-r311-big-size-sensor-area-capacitive/457894150.html
 Circuit Realisation

Ref.-https://www.gettechsupport.in/2019/01/fingerprint-scanner-working-principle-pros-and-cons.html
 How Capacitor Sensors Sense

Ref.-https://computer.howstuffworks.com/fingerprint-scanner3.htm
 Need to Convert That Analog Voltage to
Digital for Processor Reading : Flash ADC

Ref.-https://www.digikey.co.uk/en/articles/techzone/2018/apr/match-the-right-adc-to-the-application
 Verification of Fingerprint

Ref.-https://www.bayometric.com/minutiae-based-extraction-fingerprint-recognition/
 • The main advantage is that it requires a real fingerprint-type shape,
rather than the pattern of light and dark that makes up the visual
impression of a fingerprint.
• Since they use a semiconductor chip rather than a CCD unit,
capacitive scanners tend to be more compact that optical devices.

Disadvantages
May be affected by dirt or water on the finger.
 ULTRASONIC SENSORS
 THERMAL SENSORS
 PRESSURE SENSORS
 APPLICATIONS
 ULTRASONIC SENSORS
 It is the latest fingerprint scanning technology that has
entered the Smartphone space.

 Ultrasonic fingerprint sensors emit ultrasonic waves which

get reflected from our finger and back into the sensor.

 The sensor measures how long the sound waves take to

return from various locations

 They'll take longer to return if they bounce off a valley than

a ridge.
Ultrasonic Sensor
LeMax Pro was the first smartphone to use
an ultrasonic sensor
In December 2018, Qualcomm announced its 3D ultrasonic in-
display fingerprint sensor. This technology is enabled in devices
using the company’s Snapdragon 855 platform
Samsung Galaxy S10 with in-display ultrasonic fingerprint
sensor
Advantages of ultrasonic sensors
 Ultrasonic fingerprint readers are more secure
because of the 3D impression that the scanner creates
of our finger.

 The scanner can operate through thin materials, such

as glass, aluminum, or plastic. Therefore, the scanner
can be embedded under the display.
 Presence of sweat, dirt and moisture can't interfere in
the ultrasonic scanning process.

 Because the sensor uses ultrasonic waves, the sensor

can also double up as a health tracker that can record
heart rate and blood flow.
 Demerits
 Soft material can absorb ultrasound, hence sensing
accuracy can be affected in the presence of soft
material like foam, gels etc.

 It takes longer time to acquire an image compared to

other fingerprint sensors.
THERMAL FINGERPRINT SENSORS

 This sensor scans the surface of the finger,

measuring the heat transferred from the sensor to the
finger.

 The ridges touching the sensor draws away more heat

than the valleys.
Thermal Sensing
The first commercial thermal fingerprint sensor was the
FingerChip from Atmel (formerly Thomson-CSF). The
FingerChip sensor comprises an array of 8 rows by 280
columns, giving 2240 temperature-sensitive pixels.
Next Biometrics, The Active Thermal
Principle, And Our Future Smartphone
NEXT Biometrics thermal fingerprint scanners
Features of the sensors developed
by Next Biometrics
 Large active sensor area for reliable operation.

 Well-suited for high security applications.

 Fully flexible, large area sensor for integration into

smart cards.

 The simple design allows Next Biometrics to keep

manufacturing costs quite low.
Next Biometrics places the sensors at the back of the phone
From 2016, Dell devices started featuring thermal-scanning
fingerprint sensors from NEXT Biometrics,
Demerits
 These fingerprint readers have high power
consumption

 Their performance is very dependent on the

environment temperature.

 This technology has many of the same contamination

and wear issues as other sensors.
Pressure Sensors

Pressure from the ridges of the finger generates a

current
 These sensors are almost same in size and resolution
as the capacitive ones.

 Less sensitive to the condition of the finger.

 The material used in this technique is often not

sensitive enough to detect the differences between
ridges and valleys.

 Protective coating of non-conducting dielectric

material over sensor cells blurs the resulting image
Fingerprint technology in mobiles
and laptops
Fingerprint technology in Banks

Biometric ATM gives cash via fingerprint scan

Debit card with built-in fingerprint reader.
Application in Cars

Hyundai develops fingerprint tech to unlock and start

cars
Fingerprint scanner on door lock
Lexar launches new JumpDrive Kaspersky Pen drive
Fingerprint secure USB 3.0 flash with Fingerprint
drives Scanner |
References
 https://www.ifixit.com/News/how-ultrasonic-fingerprint-sensors-
work
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224382169_Review_of_finge
r_print_sensing_technologies
 https://www.maxbotix.com/articles/how-ultrasonic-sensors-work.htm
 https://www.tomshardware.com/news/next-biometrics-active-
thermal-principle,30112.html
 https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/techook/samsunggalaxy
-s10s-ultrasonic-fingerprint-sensor-how-it-works-and-why-is-it-better-
5602026/
 https://www.zdnet.com/article/why-dell-is-picking-thermal-
fingerprint-scanning-for-next-years-notebooks-tablets/
 https://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/biometricsfingerprint-sensors