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1. CE Board May 2013

A decorative concrete beam with a tubular section is simply supported on a span of
4.5 m. Concrete weighs 24 kN/m.

Compute the cracking moment of the tubular section if it has an outside diameter of 600
mm and an inside diameter of 300 mm if its allowable cracking stress is 3.22 MPa.
 In addition to its own weight, what concentrated load at midspan can the beam safely carry
before it cracks.
 If the 300 mm diam hollow core were replaced by a 300 mm. hollow square section,
calculate the cracking moment.

Solution:

Cracking moment if allowable cracking stress is 3.22 MPa.

π
Icr = ⎡(600)4 - (300)4 ⎤
64 ⎣ ⎦
Icr = 5964.12 x 10 6 mm4 300 600

M cr Yt
fcr =
Icr
M cr (300) x 106
3.22 =
5964.12 x 106
M cr = 64.01 kN.m.
 



 


 

$



 Concentrated load P at the midspan in addition to its own weight
π
w= ⎡(0.6)2 - (0.3)2 ⎤ 24 P
4⎣ ⎦
w = 5.09 kN/m w kN/m

wL2 PL
M cr = +
8 4
5.09(4.5)2 P(4.5) 4.5 m
64.01 = +
8 4 P P
P = 45.4 kN

 Cracking moment if the 300 mm ø hollow core were replaced by a 300 mm. hollow square
section

π 4 300(300)3
Icr = (600) -
64 12
Icr = 5686.73 x 106 mm4 300 600

M cr Yt
fcr = 300
Icr

M cr (300)(10)6
3.22 =
5686.73 x 106
M cr = 61.04 kN.m.




,
"!($
λ fc'



,











λ = 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete
 λ = 0.75 for all lightweight concrete
 λ = 1 for normal weight concrete


 



 


 

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2. Problem
From the figure shown, given the following data:
Diameter of stirrups = 12 mm.
Clear cover = 40 mm
Bottom layer of bars = 28 mmø
Upper layer of bars = 25 mmø
Size of coarse aggregate = 20 mm
Diameter of vibrator = 50 mm.
fc = 20.7 MPa fy = 415 MPa 600

Compute the value of “a” 4 - 25 mm ø
 Compute the value of “b”
 Compute the maximum center to center
spacing between bars in the layer closest to a
the tension face of the member to limit the
widths of flexural cracks in the beam. 4 - 28 mm ø

b

Value of “a”
1) a = 1 1/3 max. size of coarse aggregate
2) a = 25 mm
Use the largest value:
a = 1 1/3 (20) = 26.67
a = 25 mm
Use a = 26.67 mm.
40 CC= 52 mm
 Value of “b”
Value of x (larger value of) 40 28 x 28 x 28 x 28 40

x = db = 28 mm 12 12
 x = 25 mm b
 x = 1 1/3 max size of coarse aggregate = 1 1/3(20) = 26.67
 x = diameter of vibrator = 50 mm.
use x = 50 mm
b = 40 + 12 + 3(x) + 4(28) + 12 + 40
b = 366 mm
 



 


 

&



 Max center to center spacing of the bars in the layer closest to the tension face of the
beam to limit the widths of flexural cracks in the beam.
380(280) 300(280)
S= - 2.5 Cc but not greater than
fs fs
2
fs = fy
3
2
fs = (415) = 276.67 MPa
3
380(280)
S= - 2.5(52) = 254.57 mm
276.67
300(280) S S S
S= = 303.61 mm
276.67
Use S = 254.57
say 250 mm.












































 



 


 

'



BEAM REINFORCED
FOR TENSION

C = 0.85 fc' ab
(compressive force of concrete)
T = As fy
(tensile force of steel reinforcement)

¡c=0.003 0.85f’c
∑Fh = 0
a/2
T=C a a
c C
As fy = 0.85 fc' ab
N.A. N.A.
As fy d
a = 0.85 fc' b (d-a/2)

As
Mu = ø C (d - a/2)
¡s T=As fs
Mu = ø 0.85 fc' ab (d - a/2)

b


0.85f’c
ø 0.85 fc' As fy b b
Mu = 0.85 fc' b
(d - a/2) a/2
ca
d C=0.85f’c ab
As = ρ bd
fy N.A. Mn d-a/2
ω=ρ
fc'
(tension reinforcement index) As
T=As fy
 



 


 

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fc' ρ bd fy
Mu = ø(0.85)
0.85 fc'
As fy
[d - 0.85 fc' b(2) ]
ρ bd fy
Mu = ø fc' ω bd [d -
2 fc' (0.85) b ]
2
ρ b2d2 fy
Mu = ø fc' ω [bd - 2 fc' (0.85) b ]
ω bd2
Mu = ø fc' ω [bd2 - 2 (0.85) ]
ω
Mu = ø fc' ω bd2 (1 - 1.7 )

Mu = ø fc' ω bd2 (1 - 0.59 ω)

Rn = fc' ω (1 - 0.59 ω)
Rn = coefficient of resistance

Mu = ø bd2 Rn
Mu
Rn =
ø bd2

0.85 fc' 2 Rn
ρ= fy [ 1 - 0.85 fc' ]

(steel ratio)

Mu = ø As fy (d - a/2)

(ultimate moment capacity)

Mn = As fy (d - a/2)

(nominal moment capacity)

 



 


 

)



Balanced Steel Ratio for
Beams
Reinforced for Tension only

0.85 fc' ß 600

ρ b = fy (600 + fy)

2010 NSCP
ß = 0.85 for fc' ≤ 28 MPa

0.05(fc ' - 28)

ß = 0.85 - 7

Compute the maximum steel ratio.

ρ max = 0.75 ρ b

Assume
0.5ρmax + 0.50ρb
ρ=
2

Compute the tension

reinforcement index:
fy
ω=ρ
fc'

Compute for bd2:

Mu = ø fc' ω bd2 (1 - 0.59 ω)
Mu
bd2 =
ø fc' ω (1 - 0.59 ω)

Try values of b roughly assuming

d = 2b
 



 


 

*



Solve for As: (steel area)
As = ρ bd

Try bar diameter (Db).

Solve for number of bars N
π
2
4 Db N = As
As (4)
N=
π Db2

Check for actual ρ:

As
ρ = bd
ρmin < ρ < ρmax

f 'c
ρmin =
4fy but not less than

1.4
ρ min = fy

ρ max = 0.75 ρ b
(0.85 fc' ß 600)
ρmax = fy (600 + fy) (0.75)

Check for its Ultimate moment capacity

T=C
As fy = 0.85 fc' a b
As fy
a = 0.85 fc' b

Mu = ø As fy (d - a/2)
 



 


 

+




Case (1) fs = fy if steel in tension will yield(UNDER REINFORCED)
(ρmin < ρ < ρmax)

T=C
0.85 fc' ab = As fy b ¡c=0.003 0.85 fc
a/2
As fy a
a = 0.85 fc' b c C=0.85 fc ab
a=ßc
d d-a/2
d-c
As
0.003 εs
c = ¡s T=As Fy
d-c
0.003 (d - c)
εs =
c

when εs > εy (steel yields)

fy
εy =
εs

Safe resisting ultimate moment:

Nominal Moment Capacity:
a
Mn = As fy (d - 2 )

Ultimate Moment Capacity:

Mu = ø Mn
As
Actual ρ = bd > ρmin < ρmax

1.4
Check: ρmin =
fy
ρmax = 0.75 ρb
0.85 fc' ß (600)
ρb = fy (600 + fy)
 



 


 

#"


 fs ≠ fy if steel in tension does not yield (OVER REINFORCED)
(ρmin. < ρmax < ρ)

Assume first fs = fy to determine the values of "a" so we could draw the

strain diagram and check for the actual values of εs if less or greater
fy
than εy =
Es b εc=0.003 0.85 fc’
a/2
T=C a
c C=0.85 fc’ ab
As fy = 0.85 fc' ab
As fy d d-a/2
a = 0.85 fc' b
d-c
a=ßc As
0.003 εs εs T=As fy
c = -
d-c
0.003 (d - c)
εs =
c
εy = E
fy ¡c=0.003
s
εs < εy (steel does not yield)
T = As fs c
fs = εs Es (Hookes Law)
600 (d - c)
fs =
c d-c




T=C ¡s
As fs = 0.85 fc' ab

Express a in terms of c:
600 (d - c)
(As) c = 0.85fc' (ßc)b
 



 


 

##


Solve for c, which is the only unknown value: The equation form will be
a quadratic equation.

a=ßc
a
Mn = As fs (d - 2 )
Mu = ø Mn
(ultimate moment capacity)

Check:
ρmin. < ρmax < ρ
As
ρ = bd

Take note the ρmax, is less than the actual ρ in this particular case.

2010 NSCP Specs. for minimum reinforcement of flexural

members.

fc 'b w d
A min. =
4 fy and not less

1.4b w d
than fy
 



 


 

#&


4. CE Board May 2016

Beam section is b = 300 mm, h = 450 mm. Effective depth d = 380 mm. Compressive
strength of concrete fc’ = 30 MPa, steel strengh fy = 415 MPa. The beam is simply
supported on a span of 5 m. and carries the following loads:
Super imposed dead load = 16 kN/m
Live load = 14 kN/m

What is the max. moment at ultimate condition.

 Find the number of 16 mm ø bars required if the design moment at ultimate loads is 200
kN.m.
 If the beam carries an ultimate concentrated load of 50 kN at mid-span, what is the
number of 16 mm ø bars required?

Solution:


Max. moment at ultimate condition.
Wt. of beam = 2.4(9.81)(0.3)(0.45)
Wt. of beam = 3.18 kN/m
d=380
DL = 3.18 + 16 = 19.18 kN/m
LL = 14 kN/m As
Wu = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
Wu = 1.4(19.18) + 1.7(14)
Wu = 50.65 kN/m
300
Wu L2
Mu =
8
50.65(5)2
Mu =
8
M u = 158.28 kN.m
 



 


 

#'


 Number of 16 mm ø bars required if the design moment at ultimate loads is 200 kN.m.
M u = 0.90 fc ' bd2 ω (1 - 0.59ω)
6 2
200 x 10 = 0.90(30)(300)(380) ω(1 - 0.59ω)
ω(1 - 0.59ω) = 0.171
ω 2 - 1.6949ω + 0.2898 = 0
ω = 0.193
ω fc '
ρ=
fy
0.193(30)
ρ=
415
ρ = 0.01395

As = ρ b d
A s = 0.01395(300)(380)
A s = 1590.3 mm2
π
(16)2 N = 1590.3
4
N = 7.9 say 8 - 16 mm ø bars
 



 


 

#(


 Number of 16 mm ø bars if it carries an ultimate concentrated load of 50 kN at its mid-
span:
2
PL w uL P u=50 kN/m
Mu = +
4 8
50(5) 4.45(5)2 wu=3.18(1.4)=4.45 kN/m
Mu = +
4 8
M u = 76.41 kN.m
5m
2
M u = ø fc ' bd ω (1 - 0.59ω)
6 2
76.41x10 = 0.9(30)(300)(380) ω(1 - 0.59ω)
ω(1 - 0.59ω) = 0.0653
ω - 0.59ω 2 = 0.0653
ω 2 - 1.6949ω + 0.11068 = 0
ω = 0.068

ω fc '
ρ=
fy
0.068(30)
ρ=
415
ρ = 0.0049
As = ρ b d
A s = 0.0049(300)(380)
A s = 558.6 mm2

π
(16)2 N = 558.6
4
N = 2.78 say 3 bars
 CRACKING  MOMENT  OF  RECTANGULAR  SINGLY  
REINFORCED  BEAM  SECTION  
 
PROBLEM:  
Given:
B = 300 mm
d = 435 MM
As = 3 – 32 mmø
fc‘ = 20 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa
Ec = 4700 fc '

➀ Compute the cracking moment of the beam.

➁ Determine the bending stress in the steel reinforcement.

➂ Determine the bending stress in the compression concrete.

➀ Cracking moment of the beam.

b = 300 300

272.30 y
N.A. 250

d = 435 435
500 162.70
227.7 (n-1)As

65 3-32 mmø

 
PROBLEM:  Continuation  
E
n = s (modular ratio)
Et
200000
n=
4700 fc '
n = 9.52
⎛ π⎞
(n - 1)As = (9.52 - 1) ⎜ ⎟ (32)2 (3)
⎝ 4⎠
(n - 1)As = 20556.57

A = A1 + A 2
A1 = 300(500)
A1 = 150000
y1 = 250
A 2 = 20556.57
y 2 = 435
A = 150000 + 20556.57
A = 170556.57 mm2
A y = A1 y 1 + A 2 y 2
170556.57 y = 150000(250) + 20556.57(435)
y = 272.30 mm
PROBLEM:  Continuation  
300(272.3)3 300(227.7)3
I= + + 20556.57(162.70)2
3 3
I = 3743.75 x 10 6 mm4

Cracking moment:
M cr C
fcr =
I
M cr (227.7)
0.62 20 = 6
= 2.77
3743.75 x 10
M cr = 45.59 kN / m

➁ Bending stress in the steel reinforcement:

b = 300
fc

272.3

435
500
162.70
fs/n 227.70

65 (n-1)As

2.77
PROBLEM:  Continuation  

2.77 fs / n
=
227.70 162.70
fs 162.70(2.77)
=
9.52 227.70
fs = 18.84 MPa

➂ Bending stress in the compression concrete:

fc 2.77
=
272.3 227.70
fc = 3.31 MPa