1.1 Definitions.

(1) Angle : The motion of any revolving line in a plane from its initial position (initial side) to the final position
(terminal side) is called angle. The end point O about which the line rotates is called the
B
vertex of the angle.
Terminal side
(2) Measure of an angle : The measure of an angle is the amount of rotation from
the initial side to the terminal side. O A
Initial side
(3) Sense of an angle : The sense of an angle is determined by the direction of
rotation of the initial side into the terminal side. The sense of an angle is said to be
positive or negative according as the initial side rotates in anticlockwise or clockwise direction to get the terminal
side.
B O
 A


O A
Positive angle B Negative angle

(4) Right angle : If the revolving ray starting from its initial position to final position describes one quarter of a
circle. Then we say that the measure of the angle formed is a right angle.
(5) Quadrants : Let X' OX and YOY ' be two lines at right angles in the plane of the paper. These lines divide
the plane of paper into four equal parts. Which are known as quadrants. The lines
Y
X' OX and YOY ' are known as x-axis and y-axis. These two lines taken together
are known as the co-ordinate axes. II quadrant I quadrant
(6) Angle in standard position : An angle is said to be in standard position if
X X
its vertex concides with the origin O and the initial side concides with OX i.e., the O
positive direction of x-axis. III quadrant IV quadrant

(7) Angle in a quadrant : An angle is said to be in a particular quadrant if the

terminal side of the angle in standard position lies in that quadrant. Y

(8) Quadrant angle : An angle is said to be a quadrant angle if the terminal side concides with one of the axes.
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 2

1.2 System of Measurement of Angles

There are three system for measuring angles
(1) Sexagesimal or English system : Here a right angle is divided into 90 equal parts known as degrees.
Each degree is divided into 60 equal parts called minutes and each minute is further divided into 60 equal parts
called seconds. Therefore, 1 right angle = 90 degree ( 90 o )
1o  60 minutes ( 60' )
1'  60 second ( 60' ' )
(2) Centesimal or French system : It is also known as French system, here a right angle is divided into 100
equal parts called grades and each grade is divided into 100 equal parts, called minutes and each minute is further
divided into 100 seconds. Therefore,
1 right angle = 100 grades ( 100 g )
1 grade = 100 minutes ( 100' )
1 minute = 100 seconds ( 100' ' )

(3) Circular system : In this system the unit of measurement is radian. One radian, written as 1c , is the
measure of an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the circle.

O A

Consider a circle of radius r having centre at O. Let A be a point on the circle. Now cut off an arc AP whose
length is equal to the radius r of the circle. Then by the definition the measure of AOP is 1 radian ( 1c ) .
1.3 Relation between Three Systems of Measurement of an Angle.
Let D be the number of degrees, R be the number of radians and G be the number of grades in an angle .
1
Now, 90o = 1 right angle  1o  right angle
90
D D
 Do  right angles   right angles ……..(i)
90 90
2
Again,  radians = 2 right angles  1 radian  right angles

2R 2R
 R radians  right angles   right angles ……..(ii)
 
1
and 100 grades = 1 right angle  1 grade  right angle
100
G G
 G grades  right angles   right angles ……..(iii)
100 100
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 3

D G 2R
From (i), (ii) and (iii) we get,  
90 100 π
This is the required relation between the three systems of measurement of an angle.
180 o
Note :  One radian    radians  180 o  1 radian = 57o 1744.8  57 o1745 .


1.4 Relation between an Arc and an Angle.

If s is the length of an arc of a circle of radius r, then the angle  (in radians) subtended by this arc at the centre
s
of the circle is given by   or s  r i.e., arc = radius × angle in radians B
r s
C
Sectorial area : Let OAB be a sector having central angle  C and radius r. Then area O
r
A

1 2
of the sector OAB is given by r .
2

Important Tips

 The angle between two consecutive digits in a clock is 30o (= /6 radians). The hour hand rotates through an angle of 30o in one hour.
 The minute hand rotate through an angle of 6o in one minute.

Example: 1 The circular wire of radius 7 cm is cut and bend again into an arc of a circle of radius 12 cm. The angle subtended by an
arc at the centre of the circle is
(a) 50 o (b) 210 o (c) 100 o (d) 60 o
Solution: (b) Given the diameter of circular wire = 14 cm. Therefore length of wire = 14 cm

Arc 4 7 7 180 o

Hence, required angle    radian    210 o .
Radius 12 6 6 
c
 2 
Example: 2 The degree measure corresponding to the given radian  
 15 
(a) 21o (b) 22o (c) 23o (d) 24o
Solution: (d) We have,  radians  180 o
o c o
 180   2   2 180 
 1c    ;      o
  24 .
   15
   15  
Example: 3 The angles of a quadrilateral are in A.P. and the greatest angle is 120 o, the angles in radians are
 4 5 2   2 3 5 8 11 12
(a) , , , (b) , , , (c) , , , (d) None of these
3 9 9 3 3 2 3 3 18 18 18 18
Solution: (a) Let the angles in degrees be   3 ,    ,    ,   3
Sum of the angles  4  360 o    90 o
Also greatest angle    3  120 o , Hence, 3  120 o    120 o  90 o  30 o    10 o
Hence the angles are 90o  30o ,90o  10o ,90o  10o and 90 o  30 o
That is, the angles in degrees are 60 o , 80 o , 100 o and 120 o
     4 5 2
 In terms of radians the angles are 60  , 80  , 100  and 120  that is , , and .
180 180 180 180 3 9 9 3
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 4

Example: 4 The minute hand of a clock is 10 cm long. How far does the tip of the hand move in 20 minutes
10 20 30 40
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
Solution: (b) We know that the tip of the minute hand makes one complete round in one hour i.e. 60 minutes since the length of the
hand is 10 cm. the distance moved by its tip in 60 minutes  2  10 cm  20 cm
20 20
Hence the distance in 20 minutes   20cm  cm .
60 3
Example: 5 The angle subtended at the centre of radius 3 metres by the arc of length 1 metre is equal to [UPSEAT 1973]
o o
(a) 20 (b) 60 (c) 1/3 radian (d) 3 radian
Arc 1
Solution: (c) Required angle =  radian .
radius 3

1.5 Trigonometrical Ratios or Functions.

In the right angled triangle OMP, we have base = OM = x, perpendicular =PM = y and hypotenues = OP =r.
We define the following trigonometric ratio which are also known as trigonometric function.
Perpendicu lar y Base x
sin   cos   Y
Hypotenues r Hypotenues r
A
Perpendicular y Base x
tan    cot    , P(x, y)
Base x Perpendicu lar y
Hypotenues r Hypotenues r r
y
sec    cosec  
Base x Perpendicu lar y

(1) Relation between trigonometric ratio (function) X
O x M
(i) sin  .co sec   1 (ii) tan  . cot   1
sin  cos 
(iii) cos  . sec   1 (iv) tan   (v) cot  
cos  sin 
(2) Fundamental trigonometric identities
(i) sin 2   cos 2   1 (ii) 1  tan 2   sec 2  (iii) 1  cot 2   cosec 2

Important Tips
1
 If x  sec  + tan  , then  sec   tan  .
x
1
 If x  coesc   cot  , then  cosec  cot  .
x

(3) Sign of trigonometrical ratios or functions : Their signs depends on the quadrant in which the terminal
side of the angle lies.
y x y r
(i) In first quadrant : x  0, y  0  sin    0, cos    0, tan    0, cosec    0 ,
r r x y
r x
sec    0 and cot    0 . Thus, in the first quadrant all trigonometric functions are positive.
x y
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 5

y x y r
(ii) In second quadrant : x  0, y  0  sin    0, cos    0, tan    0, cosec    0,
r r x y
r x
sec    0 and cot    0 . Thus, in the second quadrant sin and cosec function are positive and all others
x y
are negative.
y x y r
(iii) In third quadrant : x  0, y  0  sin    0, cos    0, tan    0, cosec    0 ,
r r x y
r x
sec    0 and cot    0 . Thus, in the third quadrant all trigonometric functions are negative except
x y
tangent and cotangent.
Y
y
(iv) In fourth quadrant :
x  0, y  0  sin   0, II quadrant I quadrant
r S A
x y r r x < 0, y > 0 x > 0, y > 0
cos   0, tan    0, cosec    0 , sec    0 and sin and cosec are
r x y x positive All are positive
X’ X
x III quadrant O IV quadrant
cot    0 Thus, in the fourth quadrant all trigonometric functions T C
y x < 0, y < 0 x > 0, y < 0
tan and cot cos and sec
are negative except cos and sec. are positive are positive
In brief : A crude aid to memorise the signs of trigonometrical ratio in Y’
different quadrant. "Add Sugar To Coffee".

Important Tips
 First determine the sign of the trigonometric function.
 If  is measured from X OX i.e., {(  , 2 – )} then retain the original name of the function.
 3 
 If  is measured from Y OY i.e.,    ,    , then change sine to cosine, cosine to sine, tangent to cotangent, cot to tan, sec to
2 2 
cosec and cosec to sec.

(4) Variations in values of trigonometric functions in different quadrants : Let X' OX and YOY ' be the
coordinate axes. Draw a circle with centre at origin O and radius unity. Y
Let M(x, y) be a point on the circle such that AOM   then x  cos 
and y  sin  ;  1  cos   1 and  1  sin   1 for all values of  . B (0,1)
M (x, y)

Xy

X X
(–1, 0) A O x N A (1, 0)

B(0, –1)

Y
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 6

II-Quadrant (S) I-Quadrant (A)

sin   decreases from 1 to 0
cos   decreases from 0 to – 1
tan   increases from –  to 0
cot   decreases from 0 to – 
sec   increases from –  to – 1
cosec  increases from 1 to 
III-Quadrant (T)
sin   decreases from 0 to – 1
cos   increases from – 1 to 0
tan   increases from 0 to 
cot   decreases from  to 0
sec   decreases from – 1 to – 
cosec  increases from –  to – 1
sin   increases from 0 to 1
cos   decreases from 1 to 0
tan   increases from 0 to 
cot   decreases from  to 0
sec   increases from 1 to 
cosec  decreases from  to 1
IV-Quadrant (C)
sin   increases from – 1 to 0
cos   increases from 0 to 1
tan   increases from –  to 0
cot   decreases from 0 to – 
sec   decreases from  to 1
cosec  decreases from – 1 to – 

Note :    and –  are two symbols. These are not real number. When we say that tan increases from 0 to

  
 for as  varies from 0 to it means that tan  increases in the interval  0,  and it attains large positive values
2  2

as  tends to . Similarly for other trigonometric functions.
2
Example: 6 If sin   cosec  2 , then sin 2   cosec 2 
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) None of these
2 2 2
Solution: (c) (sin   cosec  )  (sin   cosec )  2 sin  .cosec  2 2  2  2 .
Example: 7 If sin   cos   m and sec   cosec   n , then n(m  1)(m  1) equal to
(a) m (b) n (c) 2m (d) 2n
Solution: (c) n(m 2  1)  (sec   cosec ).2 sin  . cos  [m 2  1  2 sin  . cos  ]
sin   cos 
 .2 sin  . cos   2m .
sin  . cos 
x sin  y sin 
Example: 8 If tan   and tan   , then x / y equal to
1  x cos  1  y cos 
sin  sin sin sin 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
sin sin  1  cos 1  cos 
Solution: (b) x sin   tan   x cos  . tan 
tan  sin 
x 
sin   cos  tan  sin  cos   cos  sin 
sin  x sin 
Similarly, y ;   .
sin  cos   cos  sin  y sin 
4 xy
Example: 9 The equation sec 2   is only possible when
(x  y)2
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 7

(a) xy (b) xy (c) xy (d) None of these

4 xy
Solution: (a)  cos 2   1  sec 2    1  4 xy  ( x  y)2  ( x  y)2  0
( x  y)2
Which is possible only when x  y ( x, y  R)

1  sin 
Example: 10 equals
1  sin 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) sec   tan  (d) sec  . tan 

(1  sin  ) 2 1  sin 
Solution: (c)   sec   tan  .
(1  sin 2  ) cos 

Example: 11 If tan A  cot A  4, then tan 4 A  cot 4 A is equal to

(a) 110 (b) 191 (c) 80 (d) 194
2 2
Solution: (d) tan A  cot A  4  tan A  cot A  2 tan A cot A  16
 tan 2 A  cot 2 A  14  tan 4 A  cot 4 A  2  196  tan 4 A  cot 4 A  194 .
1
Example: 12 If sin x  cos x  , then tan 2 x is
5
25 7 25 24
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 25 7 7
1 1
Solution: (d) sin x  cos x   sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2 sin x cos x 
5 25
24 7 24
sin 2 x    cos 2 x    tan 2 x  .
25 25 7
24
Example: 13 If sin x   , then the value of tan x is
25
24 24 25
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
25 7 24
2
  24  7 sin x 24
Solution: (b) cos x  1  sin2 x  1      tan x   .
 25  25 cos x 7

Example: 14 If tan   sec   e x , then cos  equals

(e x  e  x ) 2 (e x  e  x ) (e x  e  x )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 (e  e  x )
x
2 (e x  e  x )
Solution: (b) tan   sec   e x ........(i)
x
 sec   tan   e ........(ii)
2
From (i) and (ii),  2 sec   e x  e  x  cos  .
e x  e x
  

Example: 15 For 0   
2
, if x  
n 0
cos 2n , y  
n 0
sin 2n , z   cos
n 0
2n
 sin 2n  ,then

(a) xyz  xz  y (b) xyz  xy  z (c) xyz  x  y  z (d) Both (b) and (c)
a
Solution: (d) From s 
1r
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 8

1 1 1 1 1 1 xy
We get, x =  , y  , z  
2 2
1  cos  sin  2 2
1  sin  cos  2 2
1  cos  sin  1  1 xy 1
xy
 xyz  z  xy  xyz = xy + z ......(i)
1 1
Also,   cos 2   sin 2   1  x  y  xy ; From (i), xyz = x + y + z.
x y
2 sin  cos 
Example: 16 If P  and Q  , then
1  sin   cos  1  sin 
Q
(a) PQ  1 (b) 1 (c) Q  P 1 (d) Q  P  1
P
2 sin  cos 
Solution: (d) PQ 
1  sin   cos  1  sin 
After solving, P  Q  1 .

Example: 17 The value of 6(sin 6   cos 6  )  9(sin 4   cos 4  )  4 equals to

(a) – 3 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
6 6 4 4
Solution: (c) = 6(sin   cos  )  9(sin   cos  )  4

= 6[(sin2   cos 2  )3  3 sin 2  cos 2  (sin2   cos 2  )]  9[(sin2   cos 2  )2  2 sin 2  . cos 2  ]  4

= 6[1  3 sin 2  cos2  ]  9[1  2 sin 2  cos2  ]  4 = 6  9  4  1 .

sin  cos 
Example: 18  equals to
1  cot  1  tan 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) cos   sin  (d) cos   sin 
2 2 2 2
sin  . sin  cos  . cos  sin  cos  cos   sin 
Solution: (d)  =  =  cos   sin  .
sin  (1  cot  ) (1  tan  ) cos  (sin   cos  ) (cos   sin  ) (cos   sin  )

1.6 Trigonometrical Ratios of Allied Angles.

Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or difference is either zero or a multiple of 90 o .
(1) Trigonometric ratios of (–): Let a revolving ray starting from its Y
initial position OX, trace out an angle XOA   . Let P(x, y) be a point on OA A
such that OP = r. Draw PM  from P on x-axis. Angle XOA '   in the P(x, y)
r
clockwise sense. Let P ' be a point on OA' such that OP '  OP . Clearly M and 
M  coincide and OMP is congruent to OMP ' then P ' are (x, – y). O – M
X

y y x y
sin( )     sin  ; cos( )   cos  ; tan( )    tan  r
r r r x P (x, –y)
Taking the reciprocal of these trigonometric ratios; A
cosec(  )   cosec , sec(  )  sec  and cot(  )   cot 
Note :  A function f (x) is said to be an even function if f ( x)  f ( x) for all x in its domain.
 A function f (x) is said to be an odd function if f ( x)   f ( x) for all x in its domain.
 sin  , tan  , cot  , cosec are odd functions and cos  , sec  are even functions.
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 9

(2) Trigonometric function of (90 –  ) : Let the revolving line, starting from P
OA, trace out any acute angle AOP, equal to . From any point P, draw PM  to OA.
90o–
Three angles of a triangle are together equal to two right angles, and since OMP is a
right angle, the sum of the two angles MOP and OPM is right angle. OPM  90o  
 90o
[When the angle OPM is consider, the line PM is the ‘base’ and MO is the O M
A
‘perpendicular’]
MO PM
sin(90 o   )  sin MPO   cos AOP  cos  , cos(90 o   )  cos MPO   sin AOP  sin 
PO PO
MO PM
tan(90 o   )  tan MPO   cot AOP  cot  , cot(90 o   )  cot MPO   tan AOP  tan 
PM MO
PO PO
cosec (90 o   )  cosec MPO   sec AOP  sec  , sec(90 o   )  sec MPO   cosec AOP  cosec
MO PM
(3) Trigonometric function of (90+ ) : Let a revolving ray OA starting from its initial poisiton OX, trace out
an angle XOA   and let another revolving ray OA starting from
Y
the same initial position OX, first trace out an angle . So as to A A
coincide with OA and then it revolves through an angle of 90o in
(–y, x) P P(x, y)
anticlockwise direction to form an angle XOA'  90o   .  
Let P and P ' be points on OA and OA' respectively such that 
X X
M O M
OP  OP '  r .
Draw perpendicular PM and PM ' from P and P ' respectively Y
on OX . Let the coordinates of P be (x, y). Then OM  x and
PM  y clearly, OM '  PM  y and P ' M '  OM  x .
So the coordinates of P ' are –y, x
M ' P' x OM '  y
sin(90   )    cos  , cos(90   )     sin 
OP ' r OP ' r
M ' P' x x
tan(90   )      cot  , cot(90   )   tan , sec(90   )  cosec , cosec(90   )  sec
OM ' y y

Allied angles ( ) (90 – ) ( 90  ) (180  ) (180  ) (270  ) (270  θ ) ( 360  )

or or or or or or or
(π  ) (π  )  3π   3π  (2π  )
Trigo. Ratio π  π       
       2 
2  2   2 

sin – sin cos cos  sin – sin – cos – cos  – sin

cos cos sin – sin – cos – cos – sin sin cos

tan  – tan cot – cot – tan tan cot – cot – tan

Important Tips
n
 sin n  0, cos n  (1)
 sin(n   )  (1)n sin , cos( n   )  (1)n cos
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 10

n1
 n  2
 sin     (1) cos  , if n is odd
 2 
= (1)n / 2 sin  , if n is even
n 1
 n 
cos     (1) 2 sin  , if n is odd
  2 
 (–1)n / 2 cos  , if n is even

1.7 Trigonometrical Ratios for Various Angles.

 0 /6 /4 /3 /2  3/2 2

sin 0 1/2 1/ 2 3/2 1 0 –1 0
cos 1 3/2 1/ 2 1/2 0 –1 0 1
tan 0 1/ 3 1 3  0  0

1.8 Trigonometrical Ratios in terms of Each other

sin cos tan cot sec cosec
sin tan  1 2
sec   1 1
sin 1  cos2  2 2 cosec
1  tan  1  cot  sec 

cos 1 cot  1
cos cosec 2  1
1  sin 2  2 2 sec 
1  tan  1  cot  cosec
tan sin  1  cos 2  1 1
tan sec 2   1
1  sin 2  cos  cot  cosec 2  1
cot  1  sin 2  cos  1 1 cosec 2  1
tan  cot
sin  1  cos 2  sec 2   1

sec 1 1 1  cot 2  cosec

1  tan2  sec
1  sin  2 cos  cot  cosec 2  1
cosec 1 1 1  tan 2  sec  cosec
sin  1  cot 2 
1  cos  2
tan  sec 2   1

Important Tips
 Values for some standard angles

3 1 3 1
sin 15 o  cos 75 o  ; cos 15 o  sin 75 o  ; tan 15o  cot 75o  2  3 ;
2 2 2 2

5 1 5 1
sin 18 o  cos 72o  ; cos 36o  sin 54 o  ; tan 75o  cot 15o  2  3
4 4

1o 1o 2 2 1o 1o 2 2 1o 1o
sin 22  cos 67  , cos 22  sin 67  ; cot 22  tan 67  2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1o 1o
tan 22  cot 67  2 1
2 2
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 11

Example: 19 sin 75 o =

2 3 3 1 3 1 3 1
(a) (b) (c)  (d)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 3 1 1 3 1
Solution: (b) sin 75o  sin(45o  30o )  sin 45o cos 30o  sin 30o cos 45o      .
2 2 2 2 2 2
5
Example: 20 The value of cos A  sin A , when A  is
4
1
(a) 2 (b) (c) 0 (d) 1
2
5 5   1 1
Solution: (c) cos  sin   cos  sin    0.
4 4 4 4 2 2
Example: 21 tan A  cot(180o  A)  cot(90o  A)  cot(360o  A) equal to
(a) 0 (b) 2 tan A (c) 2 cot A (d) 2(tan A  cot A)
Solution: (a) tan A  cot A  ( tan A)  ( cot A)  0 .

Example: 22 The value of cos 15 o  sin 15 o equal to

1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) Zero
2 2 2

3 1 3 1 1
Solution: (a)  = .
2 2 2 2 2
  3      
Example: 23 3  sin 4      sin 4 3     2 sin 6      sin 6 5   
  2     2  
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) sin 4  sin 6
4 4 6 6
Solution: (b) = 3[( cos  )  ( sin  ) ]  2[ cos   sin  ]

= 3[(cos 2   sin 2  ) 2  2 sin 2  cos 2  ]  2[(cos 2   sin 2  )3  3 cos 2  sin 2  (cos 2   sin 2  )]
= 3  6 sin 2  cos 2   2  6 sin 2  cos 2  = 1.

Trick : Put   0, ; then the value of expression remains constant i.e., it is independent of .
2
Example: 24 Which of the following number is rational
(a) sin 15 o (b) cos 15o (c) sin 15 o . cos 15 o (d) sin 15 o . cos 75 o

3 1 3 1
Solution: (c) sin 15 o = sin(45 o  30 o ) = = irrational  cos 15 o  cos(45 o  30 o )  = irrational
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
sin 15 o . cos 15 o  (2 sin 15 o cos 15 o )  sin 30 o  = rational
2 2 4
2
 3  1
sin 15 . cos 75  sin 15 . sin 15  sin 15 = 
o o o o   4  2 3  irrational.
2 o
 2 2  8
 
Example: 25 If sin x  sin 2 x  1 , then the value of cos 12 x  3 cos 10 x  3 cos 8 x  cos 6 x  2 is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 2
2 2 2
Solution: (c) Since sin x  sin x  1  sin x  1  sin x  cos x ........(i)
From given expression, cos 6 x(cos 6 x  3 cos 4 x  3 cos 2 x  1) – 2 = cos 6 x(cos 2 x  1) 3  2
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 12

From (i) sin x  cos 2 x

 sin 3 x(sin x  1) 3  2 = (sin 2 x  sin x) 3  2  1  2  1 .

sec 2 
Example: 26 If 4 sin   3 cos  then equals to
4[1  tan 2  ]
25 25 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
16 28 4
3
Solution: (b) Given 4 sin   3 cos   tan  
4
9
1
sec 2  1  tan 2  16  25 .
The given expression is  =
4[1  tan 2  ] 4(1  tan 2  )  9  28
41  
 16 

1.9 Formulae for the Trigonometric Ratios of Sum and Differences of Two Angles.
(1) sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B (2) sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
(3) cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B (4) cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A  tan B tan A  tan B
(5) tan( A  B)  (6) tan( A  B) 
1  tan A tan B 1  tan A tan B
cot A cot B  1 cot A cot B  1
(7) cot( A  B)  (8) cot( A  B) 
cot A  cot B cot B  cot A
(9) sin( A  B). sin( A  B)  sin 2 A  sin 2 B  cos 2 B  cos 2 A
(10) cos( A  B). cos( A  B)  cos 2 A  sin 2 B  cos 2 B  sin 2 A
sin A sin B sin A cos B  cos A sin B sin( A  B)   
(11) tan A  tan B      A  n  , B  m 
cos A cos B cos A cos B cos A. cos B  2 
sin( B  A)  
(12) cot A  cot B   A  n , B  m  
sin A. sin B  2

1.10 Formulae for the Trigonometric Ratios of Sum and Differences of Three Angles.
(1) sin( A  B  C)  sin A cos B cos C  cos A sin B cos C  cos A cos B sin C  sin A sin B sin C
or sin ( A  B  C)  cos A cos B cos C(tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A. tan B. tan C)
(2) cos( A  B  C)  cos A cos B cos C  sin A sin B cos C  sin A cos B sin C  cos A sin B sin C
cos( A  B  C)  cos A cos B cos C(1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A)
tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C
(3) tan( A  B  C) 
1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A
cot A cot B cot C  cot A  cot B  cot C
(4) cot( A  B  C) 
cot A cot B  cot B cot C  cotC. cot A  1
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 13

In general;
(5) sin( A1  A 2  ......  An ) = cos A1 cos A 2 ..... cos An (S1  S 3  S5  S7  ...)

(6) cos( A1  A 2  ....  An )  cos A1 cos A 2 ... cos An (1  S 2  S 4  S6 ....)

S1  S 3  S5  S7  ....
(7) tan( A1  A 2  .....  An ) 
1  S 2  S 4  S6  ....

Where; S1  tan A1  tan A 2  ....  tan An = The sum of the tangents of the separate angles.

S 2  tan A1 tan A 2  tan A1 tan A3  .... = The sum of the tangents taken two at a time.
S3  tan A1 tan A2 tan A3  tan A2 tan A3 tan A4  ... = Sum of tangents three at a time, and so on.

If A1  A 2  ....  An  A, then S1  n tan A , S2  n C 2 tan 2 A , S3  n C3 tan 3 A,....

(8) sin nA  cosn A(n C1 tan A  n C3 tan 3 A  n C5 tan5 A  ....)

(9) cos nA  cos n A(1  n C 2 tan 2 A  n C4 tan 4 A  ...)

n
C1 tan A  n C3 tan 3 A  n C5 tan 5 A  ....
(10) tan nA 
1  n C 2 tan 2 A  n C4 tan 4 A  n C6 tan 6 A  ...

(11) sin nA  cos nA  cosn A(1 nC1 tan A nC2 tan2 A nC3 tan3 A nC4 tan4 A nC5 tan5 A nC6 tan6 A  .....)

(12) sin nA  cos nA  cos n A(1  n C1 tan A  n C 2 tan 2 A  n C 3 tan 3 A  n C 4 tan 4 A  n C5 tan 5 A  n C6 tan 6 A...)
sin{  (n  1) ( / 2)}. sin(n / 2)
(13) sin( )  sin(   )  sin(  2 )  .....  sin(  (n  1) ) =
sin( / 2)

       
cos   (n  1) . sin n 
  2    2 
(14) cos( )  cos(   )  cos(  2 )  ....  cos(  (n  1) ) =

sin 
 2

1.11 Formulae to Transform the Product into Sum or Difference.

(1) 2 sin A cos B  sin( A  B)  sin( A  B) (2) 2 cos A sin B  sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)
(3) 2 cos A cos B  cos( A  B)  cos( A  B) (4) 2 sin A sin B  cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)
Let A  B  C and A  B  D
CD CD
Then, A  and B 
2 2
Therefore, we find out the formulae to transform the sum or difference into product.
CD CD CD CD
(5) sin C  sin D  2 sin cos (6) sin C  sin D  2 cos sin
2 2 2 2
CD CD CD DC CD CD
(7) cos C  cos D  2 cos cos (8) cos C  cos D  2 sin sin  2 sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 14

Important Tips
1 1
 sin(60 o   ). sin  sin(60 o   )  sin 3  cos(60   ). cos  cos(60 o   )  cos 3
4 4
o o
 tan(60  ). tan  tan(60  )  tan 3

sin 2n A
 cos A. cos 2 A. cos 2 2 A. cos 2 3 A....... cos 2n1 A  n , if A  n
2 sin A
= 1, if A  2n
= 1, if A  (2n  1)

cos 12 o  sin 12 o sin 147 o

Example: 27 o o
 
cos 12  sin 12 cos 147 o

(a) 2 tan 33o (b) 1 (c) – 1 (d) 0

o
1  tan 12
Solution: (d) =  tan 147 o = tan(45 o  12)  tan(180 o  33 o )  tan 33 o  ( tan 33 o )  0 .
1  tan 12 o
Example: 28 If sin  1  sin  2  sin  3  3 , then cos  1  cos  2  cos  3 
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
Solution: (d) We know | sin  | 1 ; So, each 1, 2 and  3 must be equal to  / 2

 cos  1  cos  2  cos  3  0 .

Example: 29 cos A  cos(240 o  A)  cos(240 o  A) 

(a) cos A (b) 0 (c) 3 sin A (d) 3 cos A

Solution: (b) cos A  [2 cos 240 o cos A] = cos A  2( cos 60 o ) cos A

  1 
= cos A 1  2   0 .
  2 

sin 2 A  sin 2 B
Example: 30 
sin A cos A  sin B cos B
(a) tan( A  B) (b) tan( A  B) (c) cot( A  B) (d) cot( A  B)

2(sin 2 A  sin 2 B) 2 sin( A  B). sin( A  B) 2 sin( A  B) sin( A  B)

Solution: (b) =   tan( A  B) .
2 sin A cos A  2 sin B cos B sin 2 A  sin 2B 2 sin( A  B) cos( A  B)

Example: 31 The expression cos 2 ( A  B)  cos 2 B  2 cos(A  B) cos A cos B is

(a) Dependent on B (b) Dependent on A and B
(c) Dependent on A (d) Independent of A and B
2 2
Solution: (c) cos ( A  B)  cos B  cos(A  B)[cos(A  B)  cos(A  B)]

 cos 2 B  cos( A  B) cos( A  B)  cos 2 B  (cos 2 A  sin 2 B)  1  cos 2 A

Trick : Put A  90o and 0o the value is sin 2 B  cos 2 B  1 and 0 again put B  0 o , 90o and the value is sin 2 A and
sin 2 A means expression depends on A.
m 1
Example: 32 If tan   and tan   then    
m1 2m  1
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 15

  
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
3 4 6
m 1
Solution: (b) We have tan   and tan  
m1 2m  1
m 1

m  1 2 m 1  2m2  m  m  1  tan   tan  
tan(   ) 
m 1  tan(   )  
1 . 2m2  m  2m  1  m  1  tan  tan  
(m  1) (2m  1)

2m 2  2m  1 
  1  tan(   )  tan
2m 2  2m  1 4

Hence    
4
1 1
Trick : As    is independent of m, therefore put m  1, then tan   and tan   .
2 3
1 1


Therefore, tan(   )  2 3  1 , Hence     (Also check for other values of m)
1 4
1
6
Example: 33 If tan   cot   a and sin   cos   b , then (b 2  1) 2 (a 2  4) 
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) 4

Solution: (d) Given that tan   cot   a …….(i) and sin   cos   b …….(ii)

Now, (b 2  1) 2 (a 2  4)  {(sin   cos  ) 2  1} 2 {tan   cot  ) 2  4}

 1 1 
 [1  sin 2  1]2 [tan 2   cot 2   2  4]  sin 2 2 (cosec 2  sec 2  )  4 sin 2  cos 2   2  2 
4
 sin  cos  

Trick : Obviously the value of expression (b 2  1) 2 (a 2  4) is independent of  , therefore put any suitable value of .

Let   45 o , we get a  0 , b  2 so that [( 2 )2  1]2 (0 2  4)  4 .

1 tan( A  B)
Example: 34 If sin B = sin(2 A  B) , then 
5 tan A
5 2 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 2 5
sin(2 A  B) 5 sin(2 A  B)  sin B 5  1
Solution: (c)  by componendo and Dividendo. 
sin B 1 sin(2 A  B)  sin B 5  1
2 sin( A  B). cos A 6 tan( A  B) 3
   .
2 cos( A  B). sin A 4 tan A 2

sin 70 o  cos 40 o
Example: 35 
cos 70 o  sin 40 o
1 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) 3 (d)
3 2

sin 70 o  cos 40 o sin 70 o  sin 50 o 2 sin 60 o cos 10 o sin 60o 3 2

Solution: (c) o o
= o o
 o o
= o
 .  3.
cos 70  sin 40 sin 20  sin 40 2 sin 30 cos(10 ) sin 30 2 1

Example: 36 sin 47 o  sin 61o  sin 11o  sin 25 o 

(a) sin 36 o (b) sin 7 o (c) cos 36 o (d) cos 7 o
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 16

Solution: (d) sin 47o  sin 61o  (sin 11o  sin 25o ) = 2 sin 54 o. cos 7 o  2 sin 18 o cos 7 o

5 1 5 1
= 2 cos 7o (sin 54o  sin 18o ) = 2 cos 7 o.2 cos 36 o. sin 18 o = 4. cos 7o. .  cos 7o .
4 4
cos 10 o  sin 10 o
Example: 37 
cos 10 o  sin 10 o
(a) tan 55o (b) cot 55 o (c)  tan 35o (d)  cot 35 o
cos 10 o  sin 10 o 1  tan 10 o
Solution: (b)   tan 35 o  tan(90 o  35 o ) = cot 55o .
cos 10 o  sin 10 o 1  tan 10 o
Example: 38 If tan( A  B)  p and tan( A  B)  q then the value of tan 2 A  [MP PET 2002]

pq pq 1  pq pq

(a) (b) (c) (d)
pq 1  pq 1 p 1  pq
tan( A  B)  tan( A  B) pq
Solution: (d) 2 A  {( A  B)  ( A  B)}  tan 2 A   tan 2 A 
1  tan( A  B). tan( A  B) 1  pq
Example: 39 sin 163 o cos 347 o  sin 73o sin 167 o 
1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d) None of these
2
Solution: (b) sin(90o  73o ). cos(360o  13o )  sin 73o. sin(180o  13o ) = cos 73o. cos 13o  sin 73o. sin 13o  cos(73 o  13 o )  cos 60 o  1 .
2
o o
Example: 40 The value of cot 70  4 cos 70 is
1 1
(a) (b) 3 (c) 2 3 (d)
3 2

cos 70 o  4 sin 70 o. cos 70 o cos 70 o  2 sin 140 o

Solution: (b) cot 70 o  4 cos 70 o  
sin 70 o sin 70 o
cos 70 o  2 sin(180  40 o ) sin 20 o  sin 40 o  sin 40 o
 
sin 70 o sin 70 o
2 sin 30 o cos 10 o  sin 40 o sin 80 o  sin 40 o 2 sin 60 o cos 20 o
 o
   3.
sin 70 sin 70 o sin 70 o
Example: 41 If tan   (1  2 x )1, tan   (1  2 x 1 )1, then    equals
   
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 3 2
11

1 x 1
1 x 1 2
tan   tan  2
Solution: (b) tan(   )   tan(   ) 
1  tan  tan  1 1
1 .
1 1  2 x 1
1 x
2
2 x  2. 2 x  x  2 x  1  
 tan(   )   tan(   )  1  tan  .
1  2 x  2. 2 x  2. 2 x  x  2 x 4 4
tan 70o  tan 20o
Example: 42 The value of 
tan 50o
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 17

sin 70o sin 20o sin 70o cos 20o  cos 70o sin 20o

cos 70 o o
cos 20  cos 70o. cos 20o 2 sin(70 o  20 o ) cos 50 o 2 sin 50 o . cos 50 o
Solution: (b) o o
=  o o o

sin 50 sin 50 2 cos 70 . cos 20 . sin 50 2 cos 70 o cos 20 o . sin 50 o
o o
cos 50 cos 50
2 cos 50o 2 cos 50o
=  2.
cos 90o  cos 50o 0  cos 50o

1.12 Trigonometric Ratio of Multiple of an Angle.

2 tan A
(1) sin 2 A  2 sin A cos A 
1  tan 2 A
1  tan 2 A 
(2) cos 2 A  2 cos2 A  1  1  2 sin 2 A  cos2 A  sin2 A  2
; where A  (2n  1) .
1  tan A 4
2 tan A
(3) tan 2 A  (4) sin 3 A  3 sin A  4 sin 3 A  4 sin(60 o  A). sin A. sin(60 o  A)
1  tan 2 A
(5) cos 3 A  4 cos 3 A  3 cos A  4 cos(60 o  A). cos A. cos(60 o  A)
3 tan A  tan 3 A
(6) tan 3 A   tan(60 o  A). tan A. tan(60 o  A) , where A  n   / 6
1  3 tan 2 A
(7) sin 4  4 sin  . cos 3   4 cos  sin 3  (8) cos 4  8 cos 4   8 cos 2   1
4 tan   4 tan 3 
(9) tan 4  (10) sin 5 A  16 sin5 A  20 sin3 A  5 sin A
1  6 tan 2   tan 4 
(11) cos 5 A  16 cos5 A  20 cos3 A  5 cos A

1.13 Trigonometric Ratio of Sub-multiple of an Angle.

A A  3
A A 
(1) sin  cos  1  sin A or sin  cos   1  sin A i.e., , If 2n   / 4  A / 2  2n  4
2 2 2 2  , otherwise

A A  5
A A 
(2) sin  cos  1  sin A or (sin  cos )   1  sin A i.e., , If 2n   / 4  A / 2  2n  4
2 2 2 2  , otherwise

A  tan 2 A  1  1 1  cos A 1  cos A

(3) (i) tan    , where A  (2n  1)
2 tan A 1  cos A sin A
A 1  cos A 1  cos A
(ii) cot   , where A  2n
2 1  cos A sin A
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 18

A
The ambiguities of signs are removed by locating the quadrants in which lies or you can follow the following
2
figure, 
2
A A
3 sin + cos is +ve 
2 2
4 4
A A is+ve
sin – cos
2 2

A A
A A sin + cos is +ve
sin + cos 2 is –ve 2 2
2

A A A
sin – cos A is +ve sin – cos is –ve
2 2 2 2

A A
sin + cos 2 is –ve
2
5 A A 7
4 sin – cos is –ve
2 2 4
3
2

A 1  cos A A 1  cos A
(4) tan 2  ; where A  (2n  1) (5) cot 2  ; where A  2n
2 1  cos A 2 1  cos A
Important Tips
A n  (1)n A
 Any formula that gives the value of sin in terms of sin A shall also give the value of sine of .
2 2
A 2n  A
 Any formula that gives the value of cos in terms of cos A shall also give the value of cos of .
2 2
A n  A
 Any formula that gives the value of tan in terms of tan A shall also give the value of tan of .
2 2

3 3 
Example: 43 If sin   where     , then cos equal to
5 2 2
1 1 3 3
(a) (b)  (c) (d)
10 10 10 10
4
3   3  4 1
 1  cos  5   9  3 .
Solution: (d)        cos  ve   cos    cos  
2 2 2 4 2 5 2 2 2 10 10
Example: 44 2 sin 2   4 cos(   ) sin  sin   cos 2(   ) equal to
(a) sin 2 (b) cos 2  (c) cos 2 (d) sin 2 
2 2
Solution: (c) Since 2 cos(   )  2 cos (   )  1, 2 sin   1  cos 2   cos 2   2 cos(   )[2 sin  sin   cos(   )]
  cos 2  2 cos(   ). cos(   )   cos 2   cos 2  cos 2   cos 2 .

cot 2 15 o  1
Example: 45 =
cot 2 15 o  1
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 19

1 3 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
2 2 4
2
 1 
1   2
3 
1  3  1
1  1  1  
 3  1  [ 3  1]2  [ 3  1]2
Solution: (b) 1  tan 2 15 1  [tan(45 o  30 o )]2  3  =   
4 3

3
  2
1  tan 2 15 1  [tan(45 o  30 o )]2  1 
2  3  1 [ 3  1]2  [ 3  1]2 8 2
1   1  
1  3  3  1 
1  1 
 3 


1  tan 2  1  tan 2 15o 3

Trick : cos 2  2
  cos 30o  .
1  tan  1  tan 2 15o 2

Example: 46 If sin 6  32 cos5  . sin  32 cos3  sin  3 x, then x =

(a) cos (b) cos 2 (c) sin (d) sin 2
3 3
Solution: (d) sin 6  2 sin 3 . cos 3 = 2[3 sin   4 sin  ][4 cos   3 cos  ]

= 24 sin . cos (sin 2   cos 2  )  18 sin cos  32 sin 3  cos 3  = 32 cos 5  . sin   32 cos 3  . sin   3 sin 2
On comparing, x  sin 2

Trick : Put   0 o , then x  0 . So, option (c) and (d) are correct.

3
Now put   30 o , then x  . Therefore, Only option (d) is correct.
2
1
Example: 47 If x  2 cos  , then x 6  x 6 
x
(a) 2 cos 6 (b) 2 cos 12 (c) 2 cos 3 (d) 2 sin 3
1
Solution: (b) Given, x  2 cos  ........(i)
x
1 1
On squaring both sides we get, x   2  4 cos 2   x   4 cos 2   2
x x
1
x  2(2 cos 2   1)  2 cos 2 ........(ii)
x
Again squaring both sides,
1 1 1
x2   2  4 cos 2 2  x 2  2  4 cos 2 2  2  2(2 cos 2 2  1)  x 2  2  2 cos 4 ......(iii)
x2 x x
3
 1  1 1  1 
Now taking cube of both sides;  x 2  2   (2 cos 4 )3  x 6  6  3 x 2 . 2  x 2  2   8 cos 3 4
 x  x x  x 

1 1
 x6  6
 3(2 cos 4 ) = 8 cos 3 4  x 6  6  8 cos 3 4  6 cos 4
x x
1
 x6   2(4 cos 3 4  3 cos 4 )  2 cos 3(4 )  2 cos 12 .
x6
A
Example: 48 For A = 133o , 2 cos is equal to
2

(a)  1  sin A  1  sin A

 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 20

(b)  1  sin A  1  sin A

(c) 1  sin A  1  sin A

(d) 1  sin A  1  sin A

A A A
Solution: (c) For A  133o ,  66.5o  sin  cos  0
2 2 2

A A A A
Hence, 1  sin A  sin  cos ......(i) and 1  sin A  sin  cos ......(ii)
2 2 2 2

A
Subtract (ii) from (i) we get, 2 cos  1  sin A  1  sin A .
2

sin 2B
Example: 49 If 2 tan A  3 tan B, then is equal to
5  cos 2B
(a) tanA – tanB (b) tan( A  B) (c) tan( A  B) (d) tan( A  2B)

3 3 2t 1 t2
Solution: (b) 2 tan A  3 tan B  tan A  tan B  t (Let tan B  t )  sin 2B  , cos 2B 
2 2 1 t2 1 t2

 2t 
 
sin 2B 1 t2  2t t
     tan( A  B) .
5  cos 2B 1 t2  4  6t 2 2  3t 2
5   2


1 t 

4 A
Example: 50 If 90o  A  180o and sin A  , then tan is equal to
5 2

1 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2
2 5 2

4 4
Solution: (d) sin A   tan A   , (90o  A  180o )
5 3

A
2 tan
2 , A
tan A  Let tan P
2 A 2
1  tan
2
4 2P 1 1
   4 P 2  6 P  4  0  P   , 2  P   (impossible)
3 1 P2 2 2

A
So, P  2 i.e., tan  2.
2

1 1
Example: 51 If tan   and sin   , then tan(  2 ) is equal to
7 10

1 3
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d)
2 4

2
1 1 1 3 3
Solution: (a) tan   , sin    tan    tan 2  = 
7 10 3 1 4
1
9
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 21

1 3

4  21
 tan(  2  )  7 4  1
3 25
1
28

 1  t2
Example: 52 If tan  t, then is equal to [Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
2 1  t2
(a) cos  (b) sin  (c) sec  (d) cos 2

1  tan 2
1 t2 2  
Solution: (a) = ( tan  t) = cos(2. )  cos .
1 t2 2 2 2
1  tan
2
tan x
Example: 53 The value of when ever defined never lie between
tan 3 x
1 1 1
(a) and 3 (b) and 4 (c) and 5 (d) 5 and 6
3 4 5
tan x tan x
Solution: (a) Let, y  
tan 3 x 3 tan x  tan 3 x
1  3 tan 2 x
1
 tan 2 x
1  3 tan 2 x 3
y 
3  tan 2 x 1
1  tan 2 x
3
1
Hence, y should never lie between and 3 whenever defined.
3
Example: 54 If tan   t , then tan 2  sec 2 equal to
1 t 1 t 2t 2t
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 t 1 t 1 t 1 t
2 tan  1  tan 2 
Solution: (a) tan 2  sec 2  
1  tan  1  tan 2 
2

2t 1  t2 2t  1  t 2 (t  1)2 1 t
Given tan   t   tan 2  sec 2  2
 2
 2
 2
= .
1 t 1 t 1 t 1 t 1 t
1 3
Example: 55 If sin 2  sin 2  and cos 2  cos 2  , then cos 2 (   ) equal to
2 2
3 5 3 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 4 4
1 3
Solution: (b) Given, sin 2  sin 2  .......(i) and cos 2  cos 2  .......(ii)
2 2
1 9
Squaring and adding, (sin 2 2  cos 2 2 )  (sin 2 2  cos 2 2 )  2[sin 2 . sin 2  cos 2 . cos 2 ]  
4 4
1 1 5
 cos 2 . cos 2  sin 2 . sin 2   cos(2  2 )   cos 2 (   )  .
4 4 8

b ab ab
Example: 56 If tan x  , then  equal to
a ab ab
2 sin x 2 cos x 2 cos x 2 sin x
(a) (b) (c) (d)
sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 22

b ab ab 1 b/a 1b/a 1  tan x 1  tan x 2

Solution: (b) Given tan x      =  
a ab ab 1b/a 1 b/a 1  tan x 1  tan x 1  tan 2 x
2 2 2 cos x
Now, multiplying by 1  tan 2 x in N'r and D'r =  = .
2
1  tan x 2
2
cos 2 x . sec x cos 2 x
. 1  tan x
1  tan 2 x

1.14 Maximum and Minimum Value of a cos + b sin.

Let a  r cos  ……..(i) and b  r sin  ……..(ii)
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), then a 2  b 2  r 2 or, r  a 2  b 2
 a sin   b cos  = r(sin cos   cos  sin  ) = r sin(   )
But  1  sin   1 So,  1  sin(   )  1 ; Then  r  r sin(   )  r

Hence,  a 2  b 2  a sin   b cos   a 2  b 2

Then the greatest and least values of a sin   b cos  are respectively a 2  b 2 and  a 2  b 2 .
Note :  sin 2 x  cosec 2 x  2, for every real x.

 cos 2 x  sec 2 x  2, for every real x.

 tan 2 x  cot 2 x  2 , for every real x.

Important Tips
Use of  (Sigma) and  (Pie) notation
 sin( A  B  C)   sin A cos B cos C   sin A , cos( A  B  C)   cos A   cos A sin B sin C ,
 tan A   tan A
tan( A  B  C)  . (  denotes summation)
1   tan A tan B
 sin   sin(   )  sin(  2  )  .........n terms (  denotes product)
 n 1  nB
sin A  B  sin
sin[  (n  1) / 2] sin[n / 2] n  2  2
 or  sin( A  r  1B)  .
sin(  / 2) r 1 B
sin
2
 n 1  nB
cos A  B  sin
cos[  (n  1) / 2] sin[n / 2] n  2  2
 cos   cos(   )  cos(  2 )  .........n terms  or  cos( A  r  1B)  .
sin[  / 2] r 1 B
sin
2
 sin A / 2  cos A / 2  2 sin / 4  A  2 cosA   / 4  .
    
 cos   cos   cos   cos(     )  4 cos cos cos .
2 2 2
    
 sin   sin   sin   sin(     )  4 sin sin sin .
2 2 2
 tan   2 tan 2  4 tan 4  8 cot 8  cot  .
2 4
Example: 57 If x  y cos  z cos , then xy  yz  zx 
3 3
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 23

x y z
Solution: (b) We have     (say)
1 2 2

 x   , y  2 , z  2 ;  xy  yz  zx  22  4 2  22  0

sec 8 A  1
Example: 58 equal to
sec 4 A  1
tan 2 A tan 8 A cot 8 A
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
tan 8 A tan 2 A cot 2 A

1  cos 8 A cos 4 A 2 sin 2 4 A cos 4 A 2 sin 4 . A cos 4 A. sin 4 A sin8 A. 2sin2A. cos2A tan8 A
Solution: (b) .  .  =  .
cos 8 A 1  cos 4 A cos 8 A 2 sin 2 2 A cos8 A. 2 sin2 2A cos8 A. 2sin2 2A tan2A

a sin cos
Example: 59 If tan  , then  equal to
b cos 8  sin 8 

(a 2  b 2 )4  a b  (a 2  b 2 )4  a b 
(a)    8 (b)    8
2 2  b8 a  2 2  b8 a 
a b a b

(a 2  b 2 )4  a b  (a 2  b 2 )4  a b 
(c)    8 (d)    8
2 2  b8 a  2 2  b8 a 
a b a b

1  tan 2  b2  a2
Solution: (a) Given , tan   a / b  cos 2  2
 2
1  tan  b  a2
a b
sin    ; cos   
2
a b 2
a  b2
2

 a   b 
   
 2 2   2 2  a(a 2  b 2 )4 b(a 2  b 2 )4 2 2 4
 sin   cos    a  b    a  b  = 8 2  8 2 =  (a  b )  a b .
8 8 8 8 b (a  b 2
)1 / 2
a (a  b 2 1/ 2
)  8  8
cos  sin      a  b2
2 b a 
 b   a 
 2 2   2 2 
 a b   a b 

Example: 60 The minimum value of 3 cos x  4 sin x  5 =

(a) 5 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d) 0

Solution: (d) Minimum value of 3 cos x  4 sin x   3 2  4 2   5

Minimum value of 3 cos x  4 sin x  5  5  5  0 .

Example: 61 The greatest and least value of sin x cos x are
1 1 1 1
(a) 1,  1 (b) , (c) , (d) 2, 2
2 2 4 4
1 1 1 sin 2 x 1
Solution: (b) [2 sin x cos x]  sin 2 x ; 1  sin 2 x  1 ;   .
2 2 2 2 2
Example: 62 The value of sin   cos  will be greatest when

(a)   30 o (b)   45 o (c)   60 o (d)   90 o


Solution: (b) Let f (x)  sin  cos  2 sin(  )
4
 
 1  sin(  )1   2  2 sin(  ) 2
4 4
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 24

If f (x ) is maximum then,

     
sin(  )  1  sin         .
4 2 4 4 2 4

Example: 63 The maximum value of sin 2 x  3 cos 2 x is

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 7

Solution: (b) f (x)  4 sin 2 x  3 cos 2 x  sin 2 x  3 and 0 | sin x | 1

 Maximum value of sin 2 x  3 cos 2 x is 4.

Example: 64 If A  cos 2   sin 4  , then for all values of 

13 3 13 3
(a) 1  A  2 (b)  A1 (c)  A (d)  A1
16 4 16 4

Solution: (d) A  cos 2 x  sin 4 x  cos 2   sin 2  sin 2 

 A  cos 2   sin 2  [  sin 2   1 ]  A1

Again A  cos 2   sin 4   (1  sin 2  )  sin 4 

3
 1 3 3
A   sin 2     
 2 4 4

3
Hence,  A 1.
4

Example: 65 The value of 5 cos   3 cos(  )  3 lies between
3
(a)  4 and 4 (b)  4 and 6 (c)  4 and 8 (d)  4 and 10

  
Solution: (d) 5 cos  3 cos(  )  3 = 5 cos  3[cos cos  sin . sin ]  3
3 3 3

3 3 3  13 3 3 
= [5 cos  cos  sin ]  3 =  cos   sin    3
2 2  2 2 
 

2 2 2 2
 13   3 3   13 3 3   13   3 3 
      
  cos 

sin      

 2  2   2 2   2   2 

 13 3 3 
7   cos   sin    7
 2 2 
 

 13 3 3   13 3 3 
  7  3   cos   sin    3  7  3   4  
  2
cos   sin    3  10

 2 2   2 
So, the value lies between – 4 and 10.
 3 5 7 9 11 13
Example: 66 sin . sin . sin . sin . sin . sin . sin is equal to
14 14 14 14 14 14 14

1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 16 32 64
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 25

 3 sin 5 7 9 11 13

Solution: (d) sin . sin . . sin . sin . sin . sin
14 14 14 14 14 14 14
2
 3 5  5   3       3 5 7  1
= sin . sin . sin  1  sin   . sin    . sin    = sin . sin . sin . sin  .
14 14 14  14   14   14   14 14 14 14  64

 
Example: 67 If sin   sin   a and cos   cos   b then tan equal to
2

a2  b2 4  a2  b2 a2  b2 4  a2  b2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4  a2  b2 a2  b2 4  a2  b2 a2  b2

Soluton: (b) Given that, sin   sin   a ........(i) and cos   cos   b ......(ii)

Squaring, sin 2   sin 2   2 sin sin   a 2 and cos 2   cos 2   2 cos  cos   b 2

Adding, 2  2(sin  sin   cos  . cos  )  a 2  b 2

(   )
1  tan 2
2 2 a2  b2  2 2 2
2  a b 2
 2 cos(   )  a  b  2  cos(   )  
2 (   ) 2
1  tan 2
2

     
 (a 2  b 2 )  (a 2  b 2 ) tan 2  2  2 tan 2  2  2 tan2
2 2 2

4  a2  b2 (   ) (   ) 4  a2  b2
  tan 2  tan 
a2  b2 2 2 a2  b2


Trick : Put   ,   0o , then a  1  b
2

 
 tan  1, which is given by (a) and (b).
2

  
Again putting     , we get tan  0 , which is given by (b).
4 2

Example: 68 The maximum value of 3 cos   4 sin  equal to

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) None of these

Solution: (c) Maximum value of 3 cos   4 sin  is 32  4 2  5 .

1.15 Conditional Trigonometrical Identitites.

We have certain trigonometric identities. Like, sin 2   cos 2   1 and 1  tan 2   sec 2  etc.
Such identities are identities in the sense that they hold for all value of the angles which satisfy the given
condition among them and they are called conditional identities.
If A, B, C denote the anlges of a triangle ABC, then the relation A + B + C =  enables us to establish many
important identities involving trigonometric ratios of these angles.
(1) If A + B + C = , then A + B =  – C, B + C =  – A and C + A =  – B.
(2) If A + B + C = , then sin( A  B)  sin(  C)  sin C
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 26

Similarly, sin(B  C)  sin(  A)  sin A and sin(C  A)  sin(  B)  sin B

(3) If A  B  C   , then cos(A  B)  cos(  C)   cos C

Similarly, cos(B  C)  cos(  A)   cos A and cos(C  A)  cos(  B)   cos B

(4) If A + B + C = , then tan(A  B)  tan(  C)   tan C

Similarly, tan(B  C)  tan(  A)   tan A and tan(C  A)  tan(  B)   tan B

AB  C BC  A C A  B
(5) If A  B  C   , then   and   and  
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 A  B  C  C  A  B  C  C
sin   sin    cos  , cos   cos    sin  ,
 2  2 2  2  2  2 2  2

 A  B  C  C
tan   tan    cot 
 2  2 2  2
All problems on conditional identities are broadly divided into the following three types
1. Identities involving sine and cosine of the multiple or sub-multiple of the angles involved
Working Method
Step (i) : Use C  D formulae.
Step (ii) : Use the given relation (A + B + C = ) in the expression obtained in step-(i) such that a factor can
be taken common after using multiple angles formulae in the remaining term.
Step (iii) : Take the common factor outside.
Step (iv) : Again use the given relation (A + B + C = ) within the bracket in such a manner so that we can
apply C  D formulae.
Step (v) : Find the result according to the given options.
2. Identities involving squares of sine and cosine of multiple or sub-multiples of the angles
involved
Working Method
Step (i) : Arrange the terms of the identity such that either sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin( A  B). sin( A  B) or
cos 2 A  sin 2 B  cos( A  B). cos( A  B) can be used.

Step (ii) : Take the common factor outside.

Step (iii) : Use the given relation ( A  B  C   ) within the bracket in such a manner so that we can apply
C  D formulae.
Step (iv) : Find the result according to the given options.
3. Identities for tangent and cotangent of the angles
Working Method
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 27

Step (i) : Express the sum of the two angles in terms of third angle by using the given relation ( A  B  C   ) .
Step (ii) : Taking tangent or cotangent of the angles of both the sides.
Step (iii) : Use sum and difference formulae in the left hand side.
Step (iv) : Use cross multiplication in the expression obtained in the step (iii).
Step (v) : Arrange the terms as per the result required.

Example: 69 If A  B  C   , then cos 2 A  cos 2 B  cos 2 C equal to

(a) 1  2 sin A sin B cos C (b) 1  2 cos A cos B sin C
(c) 1  2 sin A sin B cos C (d) 1  2 cos A cos B sin C
Solution: (a) cos2 A  cos2 B  cos2 C  cos2 A  (1  sin2 B)  cos2 C

 1  [cos 2 A  sin 2 B]  cos 2 C  1  cos(A  B) cos(A  B)  cos 2 C

 1  cos  C) cos(A  B)  cos 2 C  1  cos C[cos( A  B)  cos C]

 1  cos C[cos( A  B)  cos{  ( A  B)}]  1  cos C[cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)]
 1  cos C[2 sin A sin B]  1  2 sin A sin B cos C .
sin 2 A  sin 2B  sin 2C
Example: 70 equal to
sin A  sin B  sin C
cos A cos B sin C sin A sin B cos C cos A cos B sin C sin A sin B cos C
(a) (b) (c)  (d) 
A B C A B C A B C A B C
sin sin cos cos cos sin sin sin cos cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(sin 2 A  sin 2B)  sin 2C 2 sin( A  B) cos( A  B)  sin 2C 2 sin C cos( A  B)  2 sin C cos C
Solution: (a) = =
(sin A  sin B)  sin C  A B  A B   C   A B C C
2 sin  cos   sin C 2 sin  cos   2 sin cos
 2   2   2   2  2 2

 C C 
  sin C  2 sin cos 
2 sin C[cos( A  B)  cos C] 2 2
=  
C   A B  A B  sin C / 2  sin   A  B   cos ( A  B) 
2 cos cos    cos    2 
2   2 2  2 2  2 2 

2 sin C[cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)] 2 sin C[2 cos A cos B] cos A cos B sin C
= = = .
C   A B  A B  C A B A B C
2 cos cos    cos   2 cos  2 sin sin  sin sin cos
2   2 2  2 2  2 2 2 2 2 2

Trick :  sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2C  4 cos A cos B sin C

A B C
and sin A  sin B  sin C  4 sin sin cos  sin 2 A  sin 2B  sin 2C  cos A cos B sin C .
2 2 2 sin A  sin B  sin C A B C
sin sin cos
2 2 2
Example: 71 If       2 , then

           
(a) tan  tan  tan  tan tan tan (b) tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
     
(c) tan  tan  tan   tan tan tan (d) None of these
2 2 2 2 2 2

      
Solution: (a) We have       2       tan     tan   0
2 2 2  2 2 2
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 28

           
 tan  tan  tan  tan . tan . tan  0  tan  tan  tan  tan . tan . tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Example: 72 If A  B  C   , then cos 2 A  cos 2 B  cos 2C equal to
(a) 1  4 cos A cos B sin C (b) 1  4 sin A sin B cos C (c) 1  4 cos A cos B cos C (d) None of these

Solution: (c) cos 2 A  cos 2 B  cos 2C = 2 cos( A  B) . cos( A  B)  (2 cos 2 C  1) =  1  2 cos C. cos( A  B)  2 cos 2 C

= 1  2 cos c[cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)] = 1  4 cos A. cos B. cos C

sin 2 A  sin 2B  sin 2C

Example: 73 If A  B  C  180 o , then equal to
cos A  cos B  cos C  1
A B C A B C A B C A B C
(a) 8 sin sin sin (b) 8 cos cos cos (c) 8 sin cos cos (d) 8 cos sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
sin 2 A  sin 2B  sin 2C 2 sin( A  B) . cos( A  B)  2 sin C cos C 2 sin C cos( A  B)  2 cos C sin C
Solution: (b)  =
cos A  cos B  cos C  1 2 cos A  B cos A  B  1  2 sin 2 C  1 C AB C
2 sin cos  2 sin 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 sin C[cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)] 4 sin A sin B sin C
= =
C ( A  B) ( A  B)  A B C
2 sin cos  cos 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2  2 2 2

A A B B C C
4  2 sin  cos  2 sin cos  2 sin cos
 2 2 2 2 2 2  8 cos A cos B cos C .
A B C 2 2 2
4 sin sin sin
2 2 2

Example: 74 If A  B  C  180 o , then the value of (cot B  cot C)(cot C  cot A)(cot A  cot B) will be

(a) sec A sec B sec C (b) cosec A cosec B cosec C (c) tan A tan B tan C (d) 1

sin C cos B  sin B cos C sin( B  C) sin(180 o  A) sin A

Solutio: (b) cot B  cot C  =  
sin B. sin C sin B. sin C sin B. sin C sin B. sin C
sin B sin C
Similarly, cot C  cot A  and cot A  cot B 
sin C. sin A sin A sin B
Therefore, (cot B  cot C)(cot C  cot A)(cot A  cot B)

sin A sin B sin C

= . .  cosecA.cosecB.cosecC .
sin B . sin C sin C. sin A sin A sin B

A B C
Example: 75 If A  B  C  180 o , then the value of cot  cot  cot will be
2 2 2
A B C A B C A B C A B C
(a) 2 cot cot cot (b) 4 cot cot cot (c) cot cot cot (d) 8 cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
Solution: (c) A  B  C  180 o    90o 
2 2 2
A B
cot . cot  1
 A B  o C 2 2 C 1
 cot    cot 90   or  tan 
 2 2  2 B A 2 C
cot  cot cot
2 2 2
 A B  C B A A B C C B A
or  cot . cot  1 cot  cot  cot ; cot . cot . cot  cot  cot  cot
 2 2  2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 29

Example: 76 If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2C is equal to

(a) 4 sin A cos B cos C (b) 4 cos A (c) 4 sin A cos A (d) 4 cos A cos B sin C
Solution: (d) sin 2 A  sin 2B  sin 2C  2 sin A cos A  2 cos(B  C) sin(B  C)
[ A  B  C   , B  C    A, cos( B  C)  cos(  A), cos( B  C)   cos A, sin( B  C)  sin A]

= 2 cos A[sin A  sin(B  C)] = 2 cos A[sin(B  C)  sin(B  C)] = 2 cos A.2 cos B. sin C  4 cos A. cos B. sin C

Trick: First put A  B  C  60 o , for these values. Options (a) and (b) satisfies the condition.
Now put A  B  45 o and C  90 o , then only (d) satisfies.
Hence (d) is the answer.
A B C
Example: 77 In any triangle ABC sin 2  sin 2  sin 2 is equal to
2 2 2
A B C A B C
(a) 1  2 cos cos cos (b) 1  2 sin cos cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(c) 1  2 sin sin sin (d) 1  2 cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
Solution: (c) Trick: For A  B  C  60 o only option (c) satisfies the condition.

Important Tips
 Method of componendo and dividendo
p a
If  , then by componendo and dividendo
q b

pq ab q p ba pq ab q p ba

We can write  or  or  or  .
pq ab q p ba pq ab q p ba


Example: 78 If tan   cos  . tan  then tan 2 equal to
2
sin(   ) sin(   ) cos(   ) cos(   )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
sin(   ) sin(   ) cos(   ) cos(   )

tan  1
Solution: (a) The given relation is 
tan  cos 

Applying componendo and dividendo rule, then


2 sin 2
tan   tan  1  cos  sin(   ) 2 sin(   ) 
      tan 2 .
tan   tan  1  cos  sin(   ) 2 cos 2  sin(   ) 2
2

Example: 79 If m cos(   )  n cos(   ) , then cot  cot  equal to

mn mn mn nm

(a) (b) (c) (d)
mn mn nm nm

m cos(   )
Solution: (c) 
n cos(   )

m  n cos(   )  cos(   ) mn 2 cos  cos 

By componendo and dividendo rule,   
m  n cos(   )  cos(   ) m  n  2 sin  sin 
 Trigonometrical Ratios, Functions and Identities 30

mn
cot  cos   .
nm

pq   
Example: 80 If cosec  , then cot   
pq  4 2

p q
(a) (b) (c) pq (d) pq
q p

pq 1 pq
Solution: (b) Given, cosec    ,
pq sin  pq
2
  
1  sin  pq pq  cos 2  sin 2  p
Apply componendo and dividendo,    
1  sin  pq pq 
 cos  sin   q
 2 2 
2
 1  tan  / 2  p 2   p 2   q
  1  tan  / 2   q  tan  4  2   q  cot  4  2   p
     

   q   
Note : cot    only if cot    0 .
 4 2 p  4 2

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