Transformation of sentence

PART -A
 Affirmative to Negative:
Rule 1:
 Only বব alone বব বববববববব ববববব ববববববব বববববব None but
বববব বব ববব বববববববব ববববব
Affirmative: Only he can play good cricket.
Negative: None but he can play good cricket.
Affirmative: Only the science students can apply for the post.
Negative: None but the science students can apply for the post.
Affirmative: Only they can do the work.
Negative: None but they can do the work.
 Note: বববববব বববববববব only বব বববববববব nothing but বববব ববব
ববববব বববববববব বব ববববববব বববববববব only বব বববববববব
not more than বববব
Affirmative: He is only four.
Negative: He is not more than four.
Affirmative: They have only two cars.
Negative: They have not more than two cars.
Rule 2:
 Affirmative sentence ব must ববববব negative বববব ববব must বব
বববববববব can not but/ can not help বববব ববব can not help বব ববব বব
verb বববব ববব বববব ing ববববব বববব ববব
Affirmative: You must yield to your fate.
Negative: You can not but yield to your fate.
Affirmative: We must obey our parents.
Negative: We can not but obey our parents.
Affirmative: You must care them.
Negative: You can not help caring them.
Rule 3:
 Every বব Negative বববব ববব Every বব বববববববব There is no ববব + every
বব বববব বববববব ববব + but + ববববববব sentence বব বববব বববব
Affirmative: Everyone hates a terrorist.
Negative: There is no one but hates a terrorist.
Affirmative: Everybody fears a lion.
Negative: There is no body but hates a liar.
Rule 4:
 As soon as ববববব sentence বব Negative বববব ববব-
As soon as বব বববববব no sooner had বববব + ববববববব Sentence বব ববববব
ববব + বব Sentence বব ববব verb বব past participle form ববব + বব sentence বববব
ববব ববব + than + ববববববব ববববব বববব
Affirmative: As soon as he he saw the tiger, he ran away.
Negative: No sooner had he seen the Tiger than he ran away.
Affirmative: No sooner had the boy saw the police, he ran away.
Negative: As soon as the boy seen the police than he ran away.
Rule 5:
 Affirmative sentence বব Negative বববব ববব বববব sentence বব Affirmative
ববববববব Negative ববব ববববব ববব ববব বববব Negative বব বববববব
not ববববব ববব বববব বব ববব ববববব
Affirmative: He is a good man.
Negative: He is not a bad man.
Affirmative: Rakib is an honest boy.
Negative: Rakib is not a dishonest boy.
Affirmative: This was an extra-ordinary ship.
Negative: This was not an ordinary ship.
Rule 6:
 Always ববববব Affirmative sentence বব Negative বববব ববব Always বব
বববববববব never বববব Affirmative ববববববব Negative ববব ববববব ববব
Affirmative: He was always punctual.
Negative: He was never late.
Affirmative: I always tell truth.
Negative: I never tell lie.
Rule 7:
 Superlative degree ববববব Affirmative sentence বব Negative বববব ববব –
No other + superlative বব বববব ববব + verb + as + superlative degree বব positive
form + as + ববববববব sentence বব subject.
Affirmative: He is the best batsman in the team.
Negative: No other batsman in the team is as good as him.
Affirmative: You are the best boy in the class.
Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as you.
Rule 8:
Than any other/than all other ববববব comparative degree বব Negative বববব ববব –
No other + any other/all other বব বববব ববব ববব + ববববববব verb + so/as ববব +
comparative degree বব positive form + as + ববববববব sentence বব subject.
Affirmative: He is better than any other boy in the class.
Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as him.
Affirmative: Dhaka is bigger than all other cities in Bangladesh.
Negative: No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.
Rule 9:
 Than ববববব comparative degree বব Negative বববব ববব –
Than বব ববববব ববব বববববব ববব + verb (tense ব person ববববববব) + not +
so/as + comparative degree বব positive form + as + ববববববব sentence বব subject.
Affirmative: He is stronger than you.
Negative: You are not as/so strong as him.
Affirmative: I am taller than you.
Negative: You are not as tall as me.
Rule 10:
 As....as ববববব positive degree বব Negative বববব ববব –
ববববব as বব বববববববব not less ববব as বব বববববববব than বববব
Affirmative: Robi and Rahat were as strong as Rakib.
Negative: Robi and Rahat were not less strong than Rakib.
Affirmative: He is as good as you.
Negative: He is not less good than you.
Rule 11:
 Less...than যযযযয sentence যয Negative যযযয যযয –
Less যয যযযযযয not as যযযয যযয than যয যযযযযয as যযযযয
Affirmative: He is less ugly than you said.
Negative: He is not as ugly as you said.
Affirmative: You are less good than he said.
Negative: You are not as good as he said.
Rule 12:
 Too.....to ববববব sentence বব Negative বববব ববব –
Too বব বববববব so ববব + Too বব বববব adjective/adverb ববব + that ববব +
বববববব subject বববব + tense ববববববব can not/could not + ববববববব to বব
বববব ববব বববব
Affirmative: He is too weak to walk.
Negative: He is so weak that he can not walk.
Affirmative: The sum was too difficult for me to work out.
Negative: The sum was so difficult for me that I could not work out.

 Transformation of Sentences :
 Assertive to interrogative
Rule 1:
যযযযযয যযযযযযযয যয যযয যযযযযযযযযযয verb যযযযয Assertive sentence
যয interrogative য যযযযযযযয যযযয যযয sentence যয যযয affirmative যয
যযযযয – Auxiliary verb + n’t + subject + যযযয + ?
Note- assertive ব will, can, shall, am ববববব interrogative ব বববববববব বববব ববব
won’t, can’t, shan’t, ain’t বব.
Assertive – He is in the school.
Interrogative – Isn’t he in the school?
Assertive – You can do the work.
Interrogative – Can’t you do the work?
Rule 2:
Auxiliary verb যযযযয negative যযযযযযযয Assertive sentence যয interrogative য
যযযযযযযয যযযয যযয negative যযয যযযয যযয যযযযযযযযযযয verb
যযযযযয যযযয যযযয যযযযযযযযযয যযযযয যযযয
Assertive – He is not in the school.
Interrogative – Is he in the school?
Assertive – I shall not go to Dhaka tomorrow.
Interrogative – Shall I go to Dhaka tomorrow?
Rule 3:
Auxiliary verb যযযযয Assertive sentence interrogative য যযযযযযযয যযযয যযয –
Subject and tense যযযযযযয don’t/ didn’t/ doesn’t যযয + subject + verb যয base form
+ verb যয যযযয যযয +?
Assertive – He played good football.
Interrogative – Didn’t he play good football?
Assertive – She likes ice-cream.
Interrogative – Doesn’t she like ice-cream?
Rule 4:
Assertive sentence য never যযযযয ever যয যযয nothing যযযযয anything যযয
auxiliary verb যয যযযযয Subject and tense যযযযযযয যযযযযয যযযয যযয
যযযয যযযযযযযযযয যযযযয যযযয
Assertive – You never play football.
Interrogative - Do you ever play football?
Assertive – I have nothing to do?
Interrogative – Have I anything to do?
Note – Assertive sentence বব subject ব ববব nothing বববব ববববব nothing বব
বববববব what বববব
Assertive – Nothing can ruin him.
Interrogative – What can ruin him?
Rule 5:
Everybody/ everyone/all যযযযয Assertive sentence যয interrogative য যযযযযযযয
যযযয যযয Everybody/ everyone/all যয যযযযযযযয who যযয + Subject and tense
যযযযযযয don’t/ didn’t/ doesn’t যযয + verb যয base form + verb যয যযযয যযয +?
Assertive – Everybody wants to be win.
Interrogative – Who doesn’t want to be win?
Assertive – Everybody/All loves flowers.
Interrogative – Who doesn’t love flower?
Rule 6:
Nobody/none/no one interrogative য যযযযযযযয যযযয যযয –
Nobody/none/no one যয যযযযযযযয who যযয + যযযয যযয + ?
Assertive – Nobody could ever count my love for you.
Interrogative – Who could ever count my love for you?
Assertive – No one can beat him.
Interrogative – Who can beat him?

 Transformation of Sentences

 Exclamatory to assertive:

Rule 1:
Exclamatory যয Assertive য যযযয যযয -
যযযযযয subject যযয + verb + a/an + very/great + adjective + যযযয যযযয [ How /
What replace by- very (before adjective) and great (before
noun).
Exclamatory – What a nice flower it is!
Assertive – It is a very nice flower.
Exclamatory – What a genius student he is!
Assertive – He is a very genius student.
Exclamatory-What a fool you are !
Assertive – You are a great fool.
Exclamatory- What a pity !
Assertive – It is a great pity.
Rule 2:
Hurrah যযযযয Exclamatory যয Assertive য যযযয যযয –
Hurrah যয যযযযযযযয it is a matter of joy or I/We rejoice that + Hurrah যয যযযয
যযযয
Exclamatory – Hurrah! We have won the game.
Assertive – It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.
Exclamatory – hurrah! I got the first prize.
Assertive – It is a matter of joy that I have got the first prize.
Rule 3:
If যযযযযয exclamatory sentence যযযয যযয যযযয sentence যয Assertive যযযয
যযযয –
Exclamatory – If I were a player!
Assertive – I wish I were a player.
Exclamatory – If I could fly!
Assertive – I wish I could fly
.

Rule 4:
যযযযযয had যযযযয Exclamatory যয Assertive য যযযয যযয –
Subject + wish + বববববব subject ববব + had + বববব বববব
Exclamatory – Had I the pairs of birds!
Assertive – I wish I had the pairs of birds.
Exclamatory – Had I been a king!
Assertive – I wish I had been a king.
Rule 6:
যযযযযয Alas যযযযয Exclamatory যয Assertive য যযযয যযয –
Alas যয যযযযযযযয it is a matter of sorrow that or I/We mourn that + alas যয যযযয
যযযয
Exclamatory – Alas! We lost the game!
Assertive – It is a matter of sorrow that we lost the game.
Exclamatory – Alas! He failed in the examination!
Assertive – It is a matter of sorrow that he failed in the examination.
Rule 7:
যযযযযয Fie যযযযয Exclamatory যয Assertive য যযযয যযয –
Fie যয যযযযযযযয it is shameful that + fie যয যযযয যযযয
Exclamatory - Fie! He can not tolerate the poor.
Assertive – It is shameful that he can not tolerate the poor.
Exclamatory - Fie! He don’t respect seniors.
Assertive – It is shameful that he don’t respect seniors.
Rule 8:
বববববব Would that ববববব Exclamatory বব Assertive ব বববব ববব –
ববববববব subject + wish + Would that বব বববব বববব
Exclamatory - Would that I could be a player!
Assertive – I wish I could be a player.
Exclamatory - Would that I could be a child again!
Assertive – I wish I could be a child again.
Rule 9:
যযযযযয o that যযযযয Exclamatory যয Assertive য যযযয যযয –
Subject + wish + o that যয যযযয যযযয
Exclamatory – O that you were a cricketer!
Assertive – I wish you were a cricketer.
Exclamatory – O that i were a poet.
Assertive – I wish I were a poet.

 Transformation of Sentences :

 Assertive to Exclamatory

Rule 1:
যযযযযয what যয how যযয + adjective যযয + subject + verb + যযযয যযয( যযয
যযযয) + !
Note – adjective যয যযযযযয a যযযযয what a যযয যযয a যয যযযযয how যযয.
Assertive - It is a very beautiful place.
Exclamatory – What a beautiful place it is!
Assertive – The man is very honest.
Exclamatory – How honest the man is!
Rule 2:
Assertive sentence য wish যযযযয Exclamatory যযযয যযয যযযযযয if/had যযযয
Assertive – I wish I had the wings of a bird.
Exclamatory – Had I the wings of bird!
Or, If I had the wings of a bird!
Assertive – I wish I were a king.
Exclamatory – If I were a king!
Rule 3:
Assertive sentence য wish/desire Exclamatory sentence যযযয যযয যয যযযযযয If,
had, o that, oh that, যযযযযযয যযযয
Assertive – I wish I were a player.
Exclamatory – If I were a player!
Assertive – I desire I were young again.
Exclamatory – Oh that I were young again.

( PART-B) Transformation: Simple to Complex

 i. Simple to Complex:
 Simple, Complex, ববব Compound sentence - transformation বব বববববববব
ববববব ববববব clause ববব phrase বববববববব ববববব বববব
ববববববববববববব
Clause ববব phrase বব ববববব বববববব বববববববব ববববব - বববব
clause ব বববব verb বববব বব বববব phrase ব ববব verb বববব বব. phrase ব
participle, gerund, infinitive, ববববববব বববববব ববব verb বববব বব. simple
sentence ব ববববববব বববব clause ববব বববব phrase ববববব
বববববব complex ববব compound sentence বব বববববববব ববববববব
ববববব clause বববব বববববববব ববববব verb ববববব বববববববববব
simple sentence ব ববববববববব বববব verb ববববব
 Complex - If you study well, you will pass. (Two clauses, two verbs)
 Simple – By studying well, you will pass. (One phrase, one clause, and one verb.
ববববব study বব present participle বববববব বববব ববববব বববব ববববব
clause বব বববববব বববব phrase বববববব ববব, বববব simple sentence ব
বববব clause ববব ববববব verb ববববব বববববব)
Complex sentences have some particular connectors which connect the two clauses.
The connectors for complex sentences are: -
Before, after, till, until, when, where, which, who, whom, why, what, that, since, as,
because, if, unless, as if, as though, although, even though, as soon as, so that, on
condition that, and provided that.
Note: Complex to simple ববব simple to complex বববব ববববব complex sentence
বব connectors ববববব functions বববববববব ববববববববব ববববব বববব
বববববববব
Simple sentence বব complex sentence ব বববববববববব ববববব simple
sentence বব বববব clause বব বববব বববব বববব বববব ববব ববব
ববববব clause বববব বববব বববব ববব ববববব clause বব ববব বববব
ববব ববববববব connectors বববব ববববববব বববব বব ববববব
ববববববববব ববববববববব বববববব বববববববব simple sentence বব
complex sentence ব বববববববব ববব ববব ববব বববববব ববববববব
ববববববববব বববব বববব
যযযযযযযযয যযযযযযযয যয যযযযযযযযয যযযযযযয যযয যযযয :
Rule 1:
If there is an extra phrase in the simple sentence, expand that phrase to make a clause.
Then choose a suitable connectors to connect the clauses.
Phrase বববব clause ব বববববববব বববব ববববব বববব verb বববব ববব
ববব ববব subject বব বববব ববববব বববব subject ব বববব বববব
Example:
Simple: Seeing the teacher, the student stopped making noise.
বব sentence বববব phrase ববববব ‘Seeing the teacher’ব বব phrase ব seeing বব
ববববব verb বববববব বববব বব বববববব বব sentence বব subject ববববব
 বববববব বববব ববব subject ববববববব ববববব
So, the two clauses we can get from this sentence are:
*The students saw the teacher ---- *The students stopped making noise.
Transformation ব tense ববববববববব বব ববব ববব বববব seeing বব saw
ববববববববব বববব clause ব subject বববববব ববব, ববব বববববব
pronoun ববববববব বববব বববব ববববব ববববববব বববব connector
ববববব বববব বববব ব ববববব sentence বব বববববববব বববব বববব
connector ব ববববব বববব ববব বব ববববব ববববব
The complex sentence could be:
 As the student saw the teacher, they stopped making noise.
 Since the student saw the teacher, they stopped making noise.
 The students stopped making noises when they saw the teacher.
ববব clause ববব phrase বব subject ববববব ববববব বব, ববববব ববব clause
বব ববববব ববব subject বববববব
Example:
Simple: Alex could not go to school due to his mother’s illness.
Complex: Alex could not go to school because his mother was ill.
Or, Alex could not go to school since his mother was ill.
Rule 2:
If there is no extra phrase in the simple sentence, you have to find a word which you can
expand into a clause. The word can be an adjective, noun, or adverb.
Example:
Simple: He pleaded for his innocence.
Complex: He pleaded that he was innocence.
ববববব বববব innocence বববববববব ববববববব ববব বববব verb ববব
বববববব clause বববব বববববব innocence বববব noun, ববব বব clause বব
বববব noun clause .
More Examples of noun clauses in complex sentences:
Simple: Murphy knows Mr. Rashid.
Complex: Murphy knows who Mr. Rashid is.
Simple: I prayed for your job.
Complex: I prayed so that you could get the job. (Connector – ‘so that’ requires the
modal – ‘can/could’ in the following clause.)
(Note: Complex বববব বববববববব extra বববব verb ববব ববববব)
Simple: He admitted his guilt.
Complex: He admitted that he was guilty.
For words that are adjectives, you have to make an adjective clause.
Example:
Simple: He was an outstanding actor.
Complex: He was an actor who was outstanding.
ববববব outstanding বববববব বববব adjective ববব বব বববব বব
ববববববব বববব বববব clause বববব ববব বববববব
More Examples of adjective clauses in complex sentences:
Simple: I lost the most beautiful pen yesterday.
Complex: I lost the pen which was most beautiful.
Simple: He was a remarkable man.
Complex: He was a man who was remarkable.
Simple: I want an extensive encyclopedia.
Complex: I want an encyclopedia which is extensive.

For words that are adverbs, you have to make an adverb clause.
Example:
Simple: He is too weak to carry this heavy bag.
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot carry that heavy bag.
Simple: He is working relentlessly to finish the work.
Complex: He is relentlessly working so that he can finish the work.
Simple: He was born in the year of liberation war.
Complex: He was born when it was the year of liberation war.
Rule 3:
বববব বববব phrase বব clause ব বববববববব ববব complex sentence বববব
বববব ববববব বববব ববববববববব বববব বববববব বববববব বব –
Because of = clause + because/as/since + clause.
Example:
Simple: I could not do it because of my illness.
Complex: I could not do it because I was ill.
Or, I could not do it as I was ill.
Or, I could not do it since I was ill.
At the time of (indication of time)= when + clause + clause / clause + When + clause.
Example:
Simple: At the time of my birth, my father was abroad.
Complex: When I was born, my father was abroad.
In spite of/ despite = though/although + clause + clause.
Example:
Simple: In spite of being a good student, he could not do well on the exam.
Complex: Although he is a good student, he could not do well on the exam.
Simple: Despite being sick, Robin went to school.
Complex: Though Robin was sick, he went to school.
 Without + v1(ing) = if + clause + clause. / clause + unless + clause.
Example:
Simple: Without playing well, we cannot win this match.
Complex: If we do not play well, we cannot win this match.
Or, We cannot win this match unless we play well.
Simple: Without being there myself, I cannot do it.
Complex: If I am not there myself, I cannot do it.
Or, I cannot do it unless I’m there myself.
Too . . (an adjective) . . too = clause + so . .(the adjective). . that + clause.
Example:
Simple: He is too weak to continue walking.
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Simple: They are too strong to lose.
Complex: They are so strong that they cannot lose.
Note: (Connector – ‘so that’ requires the modal – ‘can/could’ in the following clause.)

ii. Complex to Simple:

A sentence characterized by one independent clause and at least one dependent clause is
called a Complex sentence.
বববব Complex sentence ব বববব independent clause ববব ববববববব বববব
dependent clause বববব ব
Such as, Although I was ill, I attended the meeting.
On the other hand, a sentence characterized by only one independent clause and no
dependent clause is called a Simple sentence.
বববববববববব বববব Simple sentence ব বববব ববববব independent clause ববব
বববব dependent clause বববব ববব
Such as, In spite of my illness I attended the meeting.
The rules for transforming complex sentence to simple sentence are discussed below.
Complex sentence যয simple
sentence য যযযযযযযযযয যযযয যযযয যযযয যযযযযয যযয য
Rule 1:
When the subject of two clauses of a complex sentence including since/as/when is same and
both clauses have the main verb, the simple sentence will follow this formula: Verb+ing of
1st clause + the rest of the verb + comma + subject of 1st clause + the rest.
ববব since/as/when বব complex sentence বব বববব clause বব subject ববব বব ববব
ববব clause বব main verb বববব, ববব simple sentence বব formula follow বববব: 1st
clause বব Verb+ ing + verb বব বববব ববব + comma + 1st clause বব subject + বববব
ববব ব
Example:
Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Simple: Being ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Complex: As I performed very well, I got the first prize.
Simple: Performing very well, I got the first prize.
Complex: When the criminal saw the police, he ran away.
Simple: Seeing the police, the criminal ran away.
Exception:
Complex: When the chicken curry arrived, we started having lunch.
Simple: On the arrival of the chicken curry, we started having lunch.
Rule 2:
When the subjects of two clauses of a complex sentence are different and have
am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had, the simple sentence will follow this rule: Eliminate the
since/as/when + replacing am/is/are/was/were use being or in place of has/have/had use
having + 2nd clause.
ববব complex sentence বব বববব clause বব subject ববববব বব ববব
am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had বববব, ববব simple sentence বব বববব follow
বববব:
since/as/when ববববব বববব + am/is/are/was/were বব বববববববব being বববব
has/have/had বব বববববববব having ববববববব বববব + বব clause ব
Example:
Complex: Since the weather was very bad, we did not start the journey.
Simple: The weather being very bad, we did not start the journey.
Complex: When the show was over, we came back home.
Simple: The show being over, we came back home.
Rule 3:
When the subject of the two clauses is same, and the subordinate clause has be verb (am/ is/
are/ was/ were/ have/ has/ had), the simple sentence will follow this rule: Because of in the
place of since/as + the possessive form of subject of 1st clause + being in the place of
(am/is/are/was/were) or having in the place of (has/have/had) + the rest + comma + 2nd
clause.
ববব বববব clause বব subject ববব বব ববব subordinate clause বব be verb
(am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had) বববব, ববব simple sentence বব বববব follow
বববব:
since/as বব বববববববব because of+ বব clause বব subject বব possessive form +
(am/is/are/was/were) বব বববববববব being বববব (has/have/had) বব বববববববব
having ববববববব বববব + comma+ বব clause ব
Example:
Complex: Since he was ill, he could not come.
Simple: Because being ill, he could not come.
Complex: He was loved by all, as he had honesty.
Simple: He was loved by all, because of his having honesty.

Rule 4:
When a complex sentence has relative pronoun, the simple sentence will follow this rule:
From the beginning up to the relative pronoun will be written + the relative pronoun will be
omitted+ the be verb will be omitted + the main verb + ing + the rest.
যযয complex sentence য relative pronoun যযযয, যযয simple sentence যয
যযযয follow যযযয:
ববববব বববব relative pronoun ববববববব ববববব ববব + relative
pronoun ববব বববব + be verb ববব বববব + the main verb + ing + বববব
ববব ব
Example:
Complex: The doctor lived in a quarter that belonged to the hospital.
Simple: The doctor lived in a quarter belonging to the hospital.
Complex: A cow that is very strong can plow this land.
Simple: A cow being very strong can plow his land.
Complex: The students who study seriously can get good marks.
Simple: The students studying seriously can get good marks.
Rule 5:
If the complex sentence has “when” which indicates estimate while transforming it into
simple, when will be omitted + subject and verb after when will be omitted + little time
at/in+ season (if mentioned) + (if age is mentioned) at the age of+ the rest.
ববব complex sentence ব “when” বববব বব ববববব বববববব ববববব
ববব ববব simple বববব ববব, when ববব বববব+ when বব বববব
subject ব verb ববব বববব + ববব ববব at/in + season (ববব বববববব
বববব) + age ববববব at the age of + বববব বববব
Example:
Complex: When it was midnight, I was awakened by the sound of construction.
Simple: At midnight I was awakened by the sound of construction.
Complex: When it is summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.
 Simple: In summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.
Complex: When he was six, he left the country.
Simple: At the age of six, he left the country.
But if the when doesn’t mean time rather it means that something is going on,
then At the time of + Verb+ ing + the rest.
যযযযযয যযয when যযয যয যযযযযয যযয যযযয যযযয যয যযযযয যযয, At
the time of + Verb+ ing + যযযয যযয, যয যযযয যযযযযযয যযয য
Example:
Complex: When it was raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.
Simple: At the time of raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.
When the personal subject is used in the subordinate clause, the simple sentence will use a
possessive pronoun.
যযয subordinate clause য personal subject যযযযযযয যয, যযয simple sentence,
possessive pronoun যযযযযযয যযয য
Example:
Complex: When they were studying, the teacher came.
Simple: At the time of their studying, the teacher came.
Complex: When I was having tea, she came.
Simple: At the time of my having tea, she came.

Rule 6:
To transform negative conditional complex sentence having if, into a simple form, this rule is
followed: Without+ Verb+ ing + 2ndclause.
Negative conditional complex sentence যযযয if যযযয, যয simple যযযয যয যযযয
যযযযযযয যযয যয: Without+ Verb+ ing + যয clause য
Example:
Complex: If you do not struggle in life, you cannot achieve your goal.
Simple: Without struggling in life, you cannot achieve your goal.
Complex: If you do not study hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.
Simple: Without studying hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.
If the clause is affirmative then by is used replacing without.
ববব clause বব affirmative বব, without বব বববববববব by ববববববব
বব ব
Example:
Complex: If you work hard, you will get promotion quickly.
Simple: By working hard, you will get promotion quickly.

Rule 7:
If the complex sentence has “so that”, the simple sentence will follow this rule:
From beginning up to so will be written + from “so that “up to may/might/can/could will be
eliminated + to + the rest of the sentence.
যযয complex sentence য “so that” যযযয যযয, simple sentence যয যযযয follow
যযযয: যযযয যযযয so যযযযযযয যযযযয যযয + “so that “যযযয
may/might/can/could যযযযযযয যযয যযযয + to + sentence যয যযযয যযয য
Example:
Complex: The student studied hard so that he could get good marks on the exam.
Simple: The student studied hard to get good marks on the exam.
Complex: The singer is trying hard so that she can get the national award.
Simple: The singer is trying hard to get the national award.

Rule 8:
If the complex sentence has “so……that” form, the simple sentence will follow this rule: too
will be used in the place of so + the same thing will be placed up to that + from that up to
not will be eliminated + to + the rest.
যযয complex sentence য “so……that” form যযযয যযয, simple sentence যয যযযয
follow যযযয:
so যয যযযযযয too যযযয + that যয যযয যযযযযযয যযয যযযযয যযযয + that
যযযয not যযযযযযয যযয যযয যযযয + to + যযযয যযযয
Example:
Complex: He is so sick that he cannot come.
Simple: He is too weak to come.

Rule 9:
When the complex sentence has though/although, to transform it into simple form this rule
will be followed: In spite of will be used in the place of though /although + subject’s
possessive form + being in the place of am/is/are/was/were or having in the place of
has/have/had or verb+ ing + the rest + the 2nd clause.
ববব complex sentence ব though/although বববব, ববব simple form ব
বববব বব বববব follow বববব বব:
Though/although বব বববববব In spite of ববববববব ববব + subject বব
possessive form + am/is/are/was/were বব বববববব being বববব
has/have/had বব বববববব having বববব verb+ ing ববববববব ববব +
বববব ববব + বব clause ব
Example:
Complex: Though she was sick, she worked very hard.
Simple: In spite of her being sick, she worked very hard.
Complex: Although he has a lot of books, he wants to buy more.
Simple: In spite of his having a lot of books, he wants to buy more.
iii. Complex to Compound:
A complex sentence is characterized by one independent clause and at least one dependent
clause.
বববব Complex sentence ব বববব independent clause ববব ববববববব বববব
dependent clause ববববব
Such as, I will wait here until you come.
On the other hand, a compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent
clauses which can be used as separate sentences and are connected with coordinating
conjunctions.
বববববববববব বববব compound sentence ব ববববববব বববব independent clause
বববব বববব বববব sentence বববববব ববববববব ববব বববব ববব coordinating
conjunction বববব ববববব বববব ব
Such as, Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.
The rules for transforming complex sentence to compound sentence are discussed
below.

 Complex sentence যয compound sentence য যযযযযযযযযয যযযয যযযয

যযযয যযযযযয যযয য

Rule 1:
If the complex sentence has “though”/”Although” in the beginning, the compound sentence
will use the conjunction “but”/”yet” to connect the different clauses.
Complex sentence যয যযযযযয “though”/”Although” যযযযয, compound sentence
“but”/”yet” conjunction যযযয যযযয clause যযযযযয যযযযয যযয য
Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.
Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.
Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard.
Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard.
Complex: Though the class was lengthy, the class was enjoyable.
Compound: The class was lengthy, but it was enjoyable.

Rule 2:
If the complex sentence has “lest” in the middle having “should” after the person, the
compound sentence will use the conjunction “or”/”otherwise” to connect the different
clauses, and future tense will be used in the second clause.
Complex sentence বব বববব ববব “lest” বববব ববব person বব ববব “should” বববব
ববব compound sentence ব conjunction “or”/”otherwise” ববববববব ববব বববব clause
বববববব ববববব ববব বব ববব ববববববব clause ব future tense বব ব
Complex: Study hard lest you should fail.
Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.
 Complex: Practice hard lest you should be out of the cricket team.
Compound: Practice hard otherwise you will be out of the cricket team.

Rule 3:
If the complex sentence has “As soon as” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use
the conjunction “and” to join the different clauses.
Complex sentence যয যযযযযয “As soon as” যযযযয, compound sentence “and”
conjunction যযযয যযযয clause যযযযযয যযযযয যযয য
Complex: As soon as the rain stopped, we started the journey.
Compound: The rain stopped, and we started the journey.
Complex: As soon as the crowd saw the hero, they started shouting.
Compound: The crowd saw the hero and started shouting.
Rule 4:
If the complex sentence has “since”/”as”/”when” in the beginning, the compound sentence
will use “and”/”so”/”hence”/”therefore” to connect the different clauses.
Complex sentence বব বববববব “since”/”as”/”when” ববববব, compound sentence
“and”/”so”/”hence”/”therefore” বববব বববব clause বববববব ববববব ববব ব
Complex: Since the weather was bad, the match did not take place.
Compound: The weather was bad, and the match did not take place.
Complex: As she was ill, she did not come.
Compound: She was ill, so she did not come.
Complex: When it is evening, the sun has set to the west.
Compound: The sun has set to the west, and therefore it is evening.

Rule 5:
If the complex sentence has relative pronoun “who”, the compound sentence will use “and”
in that place and object of the first clause will be the subject of the second clause.
Complex sentence ব relative pronoun “who” ববববব, compound sentence বব বববববব
“and” ববববববব ববব ববব ববববব clause বব object ববববববব clause বব subject
ববব ববব ব
Complex: I saw a girl who was singing.
Compound: I saw a girl, and she was singing.
Complex: I have a friend who is a writer.
Compound: I have a friend, and she is a writer.

Rule 6:
If the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it bears a
negative meaning while transforming it to compound this structure will be followed, “Let+
object form of pronoun+ affirmative form of subordinate clause+ or/otherwise+ main
clause”.
Complex sentence বব বববববব “if” ব বব ববব first or third person ববববব ববব বব
ববব negative বববব বববববব ববব ববব compound বববব ববব বব structure
follow ববব বব “Let+ pronoun বব object form + subordinate clause বব affirmative form +
or/otherwise + main clause” ব
Complex: If I do not go there I will be unable to learn it.
Compound: let me go there or/otherwise I will be unable to learn it.
Complex: if I do not study hard I will be unable to get good marks.
Compound: Let me study hard or/otherwise I will be unable to get good marks.

Rule 7:
If the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it is in
affirmative form while transforming it to compound this structure will be followed, “Let+
object form of pronoun+ “and” between two clauses+ main clause”.
Complex sentence বব বববববব “if” ব বব ববব first or third person ববববব ববব বব
ববব affirmative form ব বববব ববব compound বববব ববব বব structure follow ববব
বব, “Let+ pronoun বব object form + ববব clauses বব বববব “and” + main clause” ব
Complex: If I go there, I will be able to learn it.
Compound: let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.
Complex: if I study hard, I will be able to get good marks.
Compound: Let me study hard, and I will be able to get good marks.
Rule 8:
When the complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person after it and expressing
a negative meaning, the compound sentence will omit “If you do not” and use an affirmative
form of verb+ or/otherwise + the main clause.
Complex sentence বব বববববব “if” ব বব ববব second person ববববব ববব বব
ববব negative বববব বববববব ববব ববব compound বববব ববব “If you do not”
ববব বববব verb বব affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause বব ব
Complex: If you do not study hard, you will fail.
Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.
Complex: If you do not practice more, you cannot become a good singer.
Compound: Practice more, or you cannot become a good singer.

Rule 9:
When the complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person after it and it’s in
affirmative form, the compound sentence will omit “If you do not” and use an affirmative
form of verb+ and + main clause.
Complex sentence বব বববববব “if” ব বব ববব second person ববববব ববব বব
ববব affirmative form ব বববব ববব compound বববব ববব “If you do not” ববব
বববব verb বব affirmative form + and + main clause বব ব
Complex: If you study hard, you will get good marks.
 Compound: Study hard, and you will get good marks.
Complex: If you read more, your writing capability will increase.
Compound: Read more, and your writing capability will increase.

Rule 10:
If the complex sentence has “so…that” form, the compound sentence will follow this rule,
“very “ in place of “so”; ”and” in place of “that” +so/hence/therefore+ main clause.
Complex sentence ববব “so…that” form ব বববব ববব compound sentence বব বববব
follow বববব, “so” বব বববববব “very “; “that” বব বববববব ”and”
+so/hence/therefore + main clause ব
Complex: I am so tired that I cannot work.
Compound: I am very tired, and so/hence/therefore I cannot work.
Complex: The place is so crowded that I cannot find a place to stand.
Compound: The place is very crowded, and so/hence/therefore I cannot find a
place to stand.

Rule 11:
If the complex sentence starts with “Unless” following second person(you), the compound
sentence will follow this structure, “Unless and you will be omitted + ”or” between two
clauses+ main clause.”
Complex sentence বব বববববব “Unless” ব বব ববব second person (you) ববববব ,
compound sentence বব structure follow বববব, “Unless ব you ববব বববব + ববব
clause বব বববব ”or” + main clause ব
Complex: Unless you say prayers, you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.
Compound: Say prayers, or you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.
Complex: Unless you practice hard, you cannot become a good singer.
Compound: Practice hard, or you cannot become a good singer.

iv. Compound to Complex:

A compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent clauses which can be
used as separate sentences and are connected with coordinating conjunctions.
বববব compound sentence ব ববববববব বববব independent clause বববব বববব
বববব sentence বববববব ববববববব ববব বববব ববব coordinating conjunction
বববব ববববব বববব ব
Such as, Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.
On the other hand, a complex sentence is characterized by one independent
clause and at least one dependent clause.
বববববববববব Complex sentence ব বববব independent clause ববব
ববববববব বববব dependent clause ববববব
Such as, I will wait here until you come.
The rules for transforming compound sentence to complex sentence are discussed
below.

 Compound sentence বব complex sentence ব বববববববববব বববব বববব

বববব বববববব ববব ব

Rule 1:
If the compound sentence uses the conjunction “but”/”yet” to connect the different clauses,
the complex sentence will use “though”/”Although” in the beginning and “but”/”yet” will be
removed.
Compound sentence “but”/”yet” conjunction বববব বববব clause বববববব ববববব
বববব, Complex sentence বব বববববব “though”/”Although” ববব “but”/”yet” ববব
বববব ব
Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.
Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.
Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard.
Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard.
Compound: The class was lengthy, but it was enjoyable.
Complex: Though the class was lengthy, the class was enjoyable.

Rule 2:
If the compound sentence uses the conjunction “or”/”otherwise” to connect different
clauses and future tense is used in the second clause, the complex sentence uses “lest” in
the middle and “should” after the person.
ববব Compound sentence ব conjunction “or”/”otherwise” ববববববব ববব বববব clause
বববববব ববববব ববব বব ববব ববববববব clause ব future tense বব, ববব
complex sentence বব বববব “lest” ববব ববব person বব ববব “should” বববব ব
Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.
Complex: Study hard lest you should fail.
Compound: Practice hard otherwise you will be out of the cricket team.
Complex: Practice hard lest you should be out of the cricket team.

Rule 3:
If the compound sentence uses the conjunction “and” to join the different clauses, the
complex sentence will use “As soon as” in the beginning removing the “and” from the
middle.
ববব compound sentence “and” conjunction বববব বববব clause বববববব ববববব
ববব, ববব complex sentence বব বববববব “As soon as” ববব ববব বববব “and” ববব
বববব ব
 Compound: The rain stopped, and we started the journey.
Complex: As soon as the rain stopped, we started the journey.
Compound: The crowd saw the hero and started shouting.
Complex: As soon as the crowd saw the hero, they started shouting.
Rule 4:
If the compound sentence uses “and”/ ”so” /”hence” /”therefore” to connect the different
clauses, the complex sentence uses “since”/”as”/”when” in the beginning removing “and”/
”so”/ ”hence”/ ”therefore” from the middle.
ববব compound sentence “and”/ ”so”/ ”hence”/ ”therefore” বববব বববব clause
বববববব ববববব ববব, ববব complex sentence বব বববববব “since”/ ”as”/ ”when”
ববব “and”/ ”so”/ ”hence”/ ”therefore” ববব বববব ব
Compound: The weather was bad, and the match did not take place.
Complex: Since the weather was bad, the match did not take place.
Compound: She was ill, so she did not come.
Complex: As she was ill, she did not come.
Compound: The sun has set to the west, and therefore it is evening.
Complex: When it is evening, the sun has set to the west.

Rule 5:
If the compound sentence uses “and” to connect two different clauses about the same
person, the complex sentence will use relative pronoun “who” in place of “and” removing
the pronoun after it.
ববব compound sentence ব “and” ববববববব বব ববব ববববববব বববববববব
বববব ববববব clause ববববব বববব, ববব complex sentence “and” বব বববববব
relative pronoun “who” ববববববব ববব বব বববব pronoun ববববব বববব ব
Compound: I saw a girl, and she was singing.
Complex: I saw a girl who was singing.
Compound: I have a friend, and she is a writer.
Complex: I have a friend who is a writer.

Rule 6:
If the compound sentence follows this structure, “Let+ object form of pronoun+ affirmative
form of subordinate clause+ or/otherwise+ main clause”, the complex sentence starts with
“if” having first or third person after it and it bears a negative meaning.
ববব compound sentence বব structure follow ববব , “Let+ pronoun বব object form +
subordinate clause বব affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause”, ববব complex
sentence বব বববববব “if” ব বব ববব first or third person ববববববব ববব negative
বববব বববববব ববব ব
Compound: let me go there or/otherwise I will be unable to learn it.
Complex: If I do not go there I will be unable to learn it.
 Compound: Let me study hard or/otherwise I will be unable to get good marks.
Complex: if I do not study hard I will be unable to get good marks.
Rule 7:
If the compound sentence follows this structure, “Let+ object form of pronoun+ “and”
between two clauses+ main clause”, the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or
third person after it and it is in affirmative form.
Compound sentence ববব বব structure follow ববব , “Let+ pronoun বব object form +
ববব clauses বব বববব “and” + main clause”, ববব complex sentence বব বববববব
“if” ব বব ববব first or third person ববববববব ববব affirmative form ব বববব ব
Compound: Let me study hard, and I will be able to get good marks.
Complex: If I study hard, I will be able to get good marks.
Compound: Let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.
Compound: Let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.
Rule 8:
If the compound sentence uses an affirmative form of verb+ or/otherwise + main clause, the
complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person after it and expressing a
negative meaning.
Compound sentence ববব বব structure follow ববব , verb বব affirmative form +
or/otherwise + main clause, complex sentence বব বববববব “if” ব বব ববব second
person ববববববব ববব negative বববব বববববব ববব ব
Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.
Complex: If you do not study hard, you will fail.
Compound: Practice more, or you cannot become a good singer.
Complex: If you do not practice more, you cannot become a good singer.

Rule 9:
If the compound sentence uses an affirmative form of verb+ and + main clause, the complex
sentence starts with “if” having second person after it and it's in affirmative form.
Compound sentence ববব বব structure follow ববব , verb বব affirmative form + and +
main clause, Complex sentence বব বববববব “if” ব বব ববব second person ববববববব
ববব affirmative form ব বববব ব
Compound: Study hard, and you will get good marks.
Complex: If you study hard, you will get good marks.
Compound: Read more, and your writing capability will increase.
Complex: If you read more, your writing capability will increase.

Rule 10:
If the compound sentence has this form, “very….and so/hence/therefore+ main clause”, the
If the complex sentence will use “so…that” form.
ববব compound sentence “very….and so/hence/therefore+ main clause” বব from ব বববব,
ববব complex sentence “so…that” form ববববববব বববব ব
Compound: I am very tired, and so/hence/therefore I cannot work.
Complex: I am so tired that I cannot work.
Compound: The place is very crowded, and so/hence/therefore I cannot find a
place to stand.
Complex: The place is so crowded that I cannot find a place to stand.
Rule 11:
If the compound sentence uses ”or” between two clauses stating an advice, the complex
sentence starts with “Unless” following second person(you).
ববব compound sentence ববব clause বব বববব ”or” ববববববব ববব ববববব
বববব ববববব, ববব Complex sentence বব বববববব “Unless” ব বব ববব second
person (you) বববব ব
Compound: Say prayers, or you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.
Complex: Unless you say prayers, you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.
Compound: Practice hard, or you cannot become a good singer.
Complex: Unless you practice hard, you cannot become a good singer.

v. Compound to Simple:
A compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent clauses which can be
used as separate sentences and are connected with coordinating conjunctions.
বববব compound sentence ব ববববববব বববব independent clause বববব বববব
বববব sentence বববববব ববববববব ববব বববব ববব coordinating conjunction
বববব ববববব বববব ব
Such as: Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.
On the other hand, a simple sentence is characterized by only one independent
clause and no dependent clause.
Such as: Listening to music is my hobby.
The rules for transforming compound sentence to simple sentence are discussed
below.
 Compound sentence বব simple sentence ব বববববববববব বববব বববব
বববব বববববব ববব ব

Rule 1:
If the compound sentence is stating that a person is doing two things one after another and
join them with a conjunction-“and”; then while transforming it into simple, “ing” will be
added to the first verb; thus the first clause will be shortened and tense will be same as the
second clause.
ববব compound sentence ব বববববব বব বব ববব বববব ববব বববব, বববব ববব
ব বববববব ববব যযয “and” conjunction বববব ববববব বববব, ববব simple
sentence য যযযযযযযযযয যযযয যযয
ববববব verb বব বববব “ing” ববব ববব ববববব clause বববব ববববববববব ববব
বব যযয ববববববব clause বব
Tense ববববববব বব ব
Compound: I went there and met her.
Simple: Going there I met her.
Compound: She will go to the office and will do the work.
Simple: Going to the office she will do the work.
Compound: She will go to the theatre and watch the play.
Simple: Going to the theatre she will watch the play.

Rule 2:
If the compound sentence has “not only..….but also”, the simple sentence will use “besides
being.”
Compound sentence ব “not only..….but also” ববববব, simple sentence ব “besides being”
ববববববব ববব বববব
Compound: The girl is not only beautiful but also intelligent.
Simple: Besides being beautiful the girl is intelligent.
Compound: She is not only a brilliant student but also a good singer.
Simple: Besides being a brilliant student she is a good singer.
Compound: He is not only a good writer but also an outstanding lecturer.
Simple: Besides being a good writer he is an outstanding lecturer.
Rule 3:
If the compound sentence has the conjunction “but” joining the two different clauses, the
simple sentence will use “in spite of” at the beginning following my/his/her according to the
person+ noun form of the adjective of the subordinate clause + main clause.
ববব compound sentence ব conjunction “but” বববব বববব ববববব clause ববববব
বববব, ববব simple sentence ব বববববব “in spite of”, বব ববব person ববববববব
my/his/her + subordinate clause বব adjective বব noun form + main clause ববববববব
ববব বববব
Compound: The book was long but interesting.
Simple: In spite of being long the book was interesting.
Compound: He was ill, but he came for rehearsal.
Simple: In spite of his illness he came for rehearsal.
Rule 4:
If the compound sentence has this structure, ”the person must do….or/otherwise, the
person will not…..”, the simple sentence will follow this structure, “ person must do….to +
the result/outcome of doing the work.
ববব compound sentence বব structure follow ববব, ”person must do….or/otherwise person
will not…..” , ববব simple sentence বব structure follow বববব, “ person must do….to +
ববববব বববব ববববব ব
Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise, you will not get good marks in the
exam.
Simple: You must study hard to get good marks in the exam.
Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will not win the race.
Simple: He must run fast to win the race.

Rule 5:
If the compound sentence follows this structure, ”person must (do)….or/otherwise person
will + verb’s simple form…..” or , ”person must do…...or/otherwise person will be + verb’s
past participle form, the simple sentence will follow this structure, ”person must (do)….to
escape/avoid……”.
ববব compound sentence বব structure follow ববব, ”person must (do)….or/otherwise
person will + verb বব simple form…..” or , ”person must do…...or/otherwise person will be +
verb বব past participle form, simple sentence বব structure follow বববব, ”person must
(do)….to escape/avoid……” ব
Compound: You must practice hard or/otherwise, you will lose the game.
Simple: You must practice hard to escape losing the game.
Compound: He must work hard or/otherwise, he will be suspended.
Simple: He must work hard to avoid suspension.
Compound: The thief must run away or/otherwise, he will be beaten.
Simple: The thief must run away to avoid being beaten.

Rule 6:
If the compound sentence first states a cause behind a work, then join the result or outcome
with a conjunction “and ”, the simple sentence will follow this structure, “ Being + adjective
(cause)+ main clause.
ববব compound sentence বববববব বববব ববব বববব বববব বববববব ববব,
ববব বববব ববববববব conjunction “and ” বববব ববববব ববব, ববব simple
sentence বব structure follow বববব, “ Being + adjective (বববব)+ main clauseব
Compound: He was guilty, and he ran away.
Simple: Being guilty he ran away.
Compound: He was very happy, and he started to dance.
Simple: Being so happy he started to dance.
Rule 7:
If the compound sentence contains the conjunction “so”/”therefore” having the cause
before it and the result after it, the simple sentence will have “for” having the result before
it and cause after it.
ববব compound sentence ব “so”/”therefore” বববব ববববব ববব বববব ব ববব
ববব বববব ববববব বববব, ববব simple sentence ব “for” ববববব ববব বব ববব
ববব ববব বববব ববববব ব ববব বববব বববববব
Compound: He worked hard, so the boss praised him.
Compound: He worked hard, and therefore the boss praised him.
Simple: The boss praised him for his hard work.
In the above sentence, the result is “the praising of boss”, and the cause is “his(a
person’s) hard work”.
Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet, so she is very popular among people.
Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet therefore she is very popular among
people.
Simple: The singer is very popular among people for her sweet voice.

Rule 8:
If the compound sentence has the conjunction “and” having the result/outcome before it
and the cause/reason after it, the simple sentence will use “to” all other things being the
same.
ববব compound sentence ব conjunction “and” ববববববব ববব বব ববব ববব ববব
বববব ববববব
ব ববব বববব বববব, ববব simple sentence ব “to” ববববববব ববব ব বববব
বববববব ববব বববববব
Compound: She came here and met me.
Simple: She came here to meet me.
Simple: She studied hard to get good marks.
Compound: She studied hard and got good marks.

Rule 9:
If the compound sentence follows this structure, “person must not be+ adjective +
or/otherwise + person will not be…….”, the simple sentence will use “In the event of being”
in the beginning + adjective+ main clause.
ববব compound sentence বব structure follow ববব, “person must not be+ adjective +
or/otherwise + person will not be…….”, simple sentence বববববব “In the event of being”+
adjective+ main clause ববববববব বববব ব
Compound: You must not be late or/ otherwise you will not be allowed to
participate in the meeting.
Simple: In the event of being late you will not be allowed to participate in the
meeting.
Compound: You must not be lazy or/ otherwise you will not be allowed on the
team.
Simple: In the event of being lazy you will not be allowed on the team.
vi. Simple to Compound:
যযযয simple sentence য যযযযযযযযয independent clause যযযয যযয
যযযয dependent clause যযযয যয য
A simple sentence is characterized by only one independent clause and no dependent clause.
Such as: Listening to music is my hobby.
যযযযযযযযযয , যযযয compound sentence য যযযযযযয যযযয independent
clause যযযয যযযয যযযয sentence যযযযযয যযযযযযয যযয যযযয যযয
coordinating conjunction যযযয যযযযয যযযয য
On the other hand, a compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent
clauses which can be used as separate sentences and are connected with a coordinating
conjunction.
Such as: Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.

 Simple sentence যয compound sentence য যযযযযযযযযয যযযয যযযয

যযযয যযযযযয যযয য
The rules for transforming simple sentence to compound sentence are discussed below.

Rule 1:
যযয simple sentence য যযযযযয যয যয যযয যযযয যযয যযযয, যযযয যযয য
যযযযযয যযয যযয Compound sentence য যযযযয যযযযযযয যযযযযযয
যযযযয যযয যযযযযয যযয যযযযযযয “and” conjunction যযযয যযযযয যযযয
যযযয Sentence য যযযযযযয যযযযয tense যযযযযযয যযয যযযয
If the simple sentence is stating that a person is doing two things one after another, the
compound sentence will mention the first thing before the second thing and join them with a
conjunction-“and” and the tense will be same as of doing the second thing.
Example:
Simple: Coming home she had lunch.
Compound: She came home and had lunch.
Simple: Going to the office I will write the article.
Compound: I will go to the office and will write the article.
Simple: Going to the varsity she will do the class.
Compound: She will go to the varsity and will do the class.

Rule 2:
Simple sentence য “besides being” যযযযয compound sentence য “not only..….but also”
structure যযযযযযয যযয যযযয
If the simple sentence has “besides being,” the compound sentence will use “not only..….but
also.”
Simple: Besides being beautiful the girl is intelligent.
Compound: The girl is not only beautiful but also intelligent.
 Simple: Besides being a brilliant student she is a good singer.
Compound: She is not only a brilliant student but also a good singer.
Simple: Besides being a good writer he is an outstanding lecturer.
Compound: He is not only a good writer but also an outstanding lecturer.

Rule 3:
যযয simple sentence য “in spite of” যযযয যযয compound sentence য
conjunction “but” যযযয যযযযয clause যযযয যযযযয যযযয যযযয
If the simple sentence has “in spite of,” the compound sentence will use the conjunction “but”
joining the two different clauses.
Simple: In spite of his poverty the postman never shirks his duty.
Compound: The postman is poor, but he never shirks his duty.
Simple: In spite of his illness he sat for the exam.
Compound: He was ill, but he sat for the exam.
Rule 4:
যযয simple sentence য যযয যয যয যযযয person যয যযযযযযয যযযযয যযযয
must যযযয যযযয যযয যযয compound sentence যয structure follow যযযয, ”person
must do….or/otherwise the person will not…..”
If the simple sentence tells that a person must do something to achieve a certain thing, the
compound sentence will follow this structure, ”person must do….or/otherwise the person
will not…..”
Simple: You must study hard to get good marks in the exam.
Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise, you will not get good marks in the
exam.
Simple: He must run fast to win the race.
Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will not win the race.

Rule 5:
যযয simple sentence য যযয যয যয যযযয person যয must যযযয যযযয যযয
যযযযযযয escape/avoid যযযয যযয compound sentence যয structure follow যযযয
”person must do….or/otherwise person will + verb’s simple form…..” or , ”person must
do…...or/otherwise person will be + verb’s past participle form
If the simple sentence dictates that a person must do something to escape/avoid a certain
thing, the compound sentence will follow one of the following structures:
 ”person must do….or/otherwise the person will + verb’s simple form…..”
 ”person must do…...or/otherwise the person will be + verb’s past participle form.”
Simple: You must study hard to escape failure in the exam.
Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise you will fail the exam.
Simple: He must run fast to avoid losing in the race.
Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will lose the race.
 Simple: The culprit must run away to avoid his arrest.
Compound: The culprit must run away or/otherwise, he will be arrested.

Rule 6:
যযয simple sentence য যযযয person যয যযয যযয যযযয যযযয যযয যয, যযয
compound sentence য যযযযযয যযযয যযযযযয যযয result যয যযযযযযয
conjunction “and” যযযয যযযযয যযয যযয
If the simple sentence states any cause of a person’s doing something, the compound
sentence will first state the cause, then join the result or outcome with a conjunction “and.”
Simple: Being guilty he ran away.
Compound: He was guilty, and he ran away.
Simple: Being so happy he started to dance.
Compound: He was very happy, and he started to dance.

Rule 7:
যযয simple sentence য “for” যযযয যযয যয যযয যযয যযয যযযয যযযযয
যযযয য যযয যযযয যযযয যযয compound sentence য “so”/”therefore” যযযযয
যযযযয যযয যযযয য যযয যযয যযযয যযযযয যযযযযয
If the simple sentence has “for” having the result before it and cause after it, the compound
sentence will contain the conjunction “so”/”therefore” having the cause before it and the
result after it.
Simple: The boss praised him for his hard work.
Compound: He worked hard, so the boss praised him.
Compound: He worked hard, and therefore, the boss praised him.
In the above sentence, the result is “the praise of the boss, ” and the cause is
“his(a person’s) hard work.”
Simple: The singer is very popular among people for her sweet voice.
Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet, so she is very popular among people.
Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet therefore she is very popular among
people.

Rule 8:
যযয simple sentence য “to” যযযয যযয যয যযয যযয যযয যযযয যযযযয যযযয
য যযয যযযয যযযয যযয compound sentence য conjunction “and” যযযযযযয যযয
য যযযয যযযযযয যযয যযযযযয
If the simple sentence has “to” having the result/outcome before it and the cause/reason after
it, the compound sentence will have the conjunction “and” all other things being the same.
Simple: She came here to meet me.
Compound: She came here and met me.
Simple: She studied hard to get good marks.
 Compound: She studied hard and got good marks.

Rule 9:
যযয simple sentence য “In the event of being” যযযয যযয compound sentence যয
structure follow যযযয, “person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise + person will not
be…….”য
If the simple sentence has “In the event of being,” the compound sentence will follow this
structure “person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise + person will not be…….”
Simple: In the event of being late you will not be allowed to participate in the
meeting.
Compound: You must not be late or/ otherwise you will not be allowed to
participate in the meeting.
Simple: In the event of being lazy you will not be allowed on the team.
Compound: You must not be lazy or/ otherwise you will not be allowed on the
team.

**“Self-study is the best study and there is no substitute to learn better than it.”—THE EEEH
( ERSHAD SK, MOB- 8250405525/7029397740)