Sequences

Sequences
Perez, H. III
July 2, 2019
Perez, H. III Sequences

Definition
A sequence is a function whose domain is the finite set
{1, 2, 3, ..., n} or the infinite set {1, 2, 3, ...}.

Definition
A sequence is a function whose domain is the finite set
{1, 2, 3, ..., n} or the infinite set {1, 2, 3, ...}.
Definition
A sequence is an ordered set of numbers. The numbers in the
sequence are called terms.

Example
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,...
2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22,...
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64,...
2, 4, 3, 5, 2, 7,...

Example
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,...
2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22,...
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64,...
2, 4, 3, 5, 2, 7,...
The last sequence is different from the first sequence though the
same numbers appear in the sequences.

Definition
The nth term of a sequence is denoted by an .

Definition
Example
Given the sequence 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 9, 5, we have a1 = 3,
a2 = 1, a3 = 4, etc.

Definition
Example
Given the sequence 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 9, 5, we have a1 = 3,
a2 = 1, a3 = 4, etc.
The terms in the sequence with an = 2n + 3 for n ≥ 1 are
5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ...

Questions:
Find the first 5 terms of the sequence given the nth term.
an = n + 4
an = 2n − 1
an = 3n
an = (−2)n

Questions:
Find the first 5 terms of the sequence given the nth term.
an = n + 4
an = 2n − 1
an = 3n
an = (−2)n
Questions:
What is the nth term for each sequence below?
3, 5, 7, 9, 11,...
2, 4, 8, 16, 32,...
-1, 1, -1, 1, -1,...
1, 21 , 13 , 14 , 15 ,...

Definition
An arithmetic sequence or arithmetic progression is a sequence
such that there exists d ∈ R such that an+1 − an = d for all n ≥ 1.
The constant d is called the common difference of the sequence.

Definition
An arithmetic sequence or arithmetic progression is a sequence
such that there exists d ∈ R such that an+1 − an = d for all n ≥ 1.
The constant d is called the common difference of the sequence.
Example
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, ...,, where d = 2
10, 6, 2, −2, −6, ...,, where d = −4

Questions
Which of the following is/are arithmetic sequences?
5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, ...
4, 9, 12, 17, 20, 25, ...
10, 3, −4, −11, −18, −25, ...
2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, ...

The nth Term of an Arithmetic Sequence
Given an arithmetic sequence with first term a1 and common

difference d,


difference d,
a2 = a1 + d
a3 = a2 + d = (a1 + d) + d = a1 + 2d
a4 = a3 + d = (a1 + 2d) + d = a1 + 3d
a5 = a4 + d = (a1 + 3d) + d = a1 + 4d
..
.


difference d,
a2 = a1 + d
a3 = a2 + d = (a1 + d) + d = a1 + 2d
a4 = a3 + d = (a1 + 2d) + d = a1 + 3d
a5 = a4 + d = (a1 + 3d) + d = a1 + 4d
..
.
Definition
The nth term of an arithmetic sequence is given by
an = a1 + (n − 1)d

Example
What is the 101st term in the sequence 2, 5, 8, 11, ...?

Example
What is the 101st term in the sequence 2, 5, 8, 11, ...?
Solution
Since a1 = 2 and d = 3,
a101 = 2 + (101 − 1)(3) = 302

Example
An arithmetic sequence has a common difference equal to 10 and
its sixth term is equal to 52. Find its fifteenth term.

Example
Solution
We use the nth term formula for the sixth term given by
a6 = 52 = a1 + (6 − 1)10
Solving for a1 , we have
52 = a1 + (5)(10)
52 = a1 + 50
52 − 50 = a1
a1 = 2

Example
Solution
Now that we know the first term and the common difference, we
use the nth term formula to find the fifteenh term as follows.
a15 = 2 + 10(15 − 1) = 142

Example
How many numbers between 100 and 500 are divisible by 6?

Example
Solution
Smallest multiple of 6 greater than 100: 102.
Largest multiple of 6 less than 500: 498.
We form a sequence given by 102, 108, ..., 498. We need to find
the number of terms in this sequence. Given a1 = 102, d = 6, and
an = 498, we have
498 = 102 + (n − 1)6

Example
Solution
Solving for n, we have
498 = 102 + (n − 1)6

498 = 102 + 6n − 6
498 + 102 − 6 = 6n
6n = 402
n = 67

Questions
Find the 30th term of the arithmetic sequence
3, 7, 11, 15, 19, ... Then find the general term for the sequence.
Find the fifteenth term of a sequence where the first term is 3
and the common difference is 6.
Find the twelfth term of a sequence where the seventh term is
10 and the common difference is −2.
How many terms are there in an arithmetic sequence with a
common difference of 4 and with first and last terms 3 and
59, respectively?
Find the first term and the common difference of the
arithmetic sequence with a4 = 10 and a11 = 45.

Definition
The terms between any two nonconsecutive terms of an arithmetic
sequence are known as arithmetic means.

Example
Insert 4 arithmetic means between 5 and 25.

Example
Solution
Since we are required to insert 4 terms, then there will be 6 terms
in all.
Let a1 = 5 and a6 = 25. We will insert a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 as shown
below:
5, a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 , 25
We need to find the common difference.

Example
Solution
Note that a6 = a1 + 5d. Solving for d, we have
25 = 5 + 5d
5d = 20
d =4
Using the value of d, we can now get the values of a2 , a3 , a4 , and

a5 .

Example
Solution
Thus, we have the following:
a2 = 5 + 4(1) = 9
a3 = 5 + 4(2) = 13
a4 = 5 + 4(3) = 17
a4 = 5 + 4(4) = 21
Therefore, the 4 arithmetic means between 5 and 25 are 9,13, 17,

and 21.

Example
Find the value of a when the arithmetic mean of a + 7 and a + 3 is
3a + 9.

Example
Find the value of a when the arithmetic mean of a + 7 and a + 3 is
3a + 9.
Solution
Using the fact that an+1 − an = d, we have
a2 − a1 = a3 − a2
3a + 9 − (a + 3) = a + 7 − (3a + 9)
2a + 6 = −2a − 2
4a = −8
a = −2
The sequence has terms 1, 3, 5.

Questions
Insert two arithmetic means between 2 and 32.
Insert five arithmetic means between 10 and 40.
The arithmetic mean between two terms in an arithmetic
sequence is 39. If one of these terms is 32, find the other
term.
Find the values of k so that the sequence k, 2k − 2, k + 8
form an arithmetic progression.
Find the value of x if the arithmetic mean of 3 and 3x + 5 is 8.

Sum of First n terms of an Arithmetic Sequence
Suppose we get the sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 100.

A clever way to solve this:


S100 = 1 + 2 + · · · + 99 + 100
S100 = 100 + 99 + · · · + 2 + 1


S100 = 1 + 2 + · · · + 99 + 100
S100 = 100 + 99 + · · · + 2 + 1
Adding the two equations:
2S100 = (1 + 100) + (2 + 99) + ... + (99 + 2) + (100 + 1)

2S100 = |101 + 101 + {z
... + 101 + 101}
100 addends


S100 = 1 + 2 + · · · + 99 + 100
S100 = 100 + 99 + · · · + 2 + 1
Adding the two equations:
2S100 = (1 + 100) + (2 + 99) + ... + (99 + 2) + (100 + 1)

2S100 = |101 + 101 + {z
... + 101 + 101}
100 addends
Thus,
(100)(101)
S100 = = 5050
2

Sum of First n terms in an Arithmetic Sequence
Let Sn = a1 + a2 + · · · + an be the sum of the first n terms of an

arithmetic sequence.


Sn = a1 + (a1 + d) + · · · + [a1 + (n − 1)d]

Sn = [a1 + (n − 1)d] + [a1 + (n − 2)d] + · · · + a1


Sn = a1 + (a1 + d) + · · · + [a1 + (n − 1)d]

Sn = [a1 + (n − 1)d] + [a1 + (n − 2)d] + · · · + a1
Adding these two equations, we have
2Sn = [2a1 + (n − 1)d] + [2a1 + (n − 1)d] + · · · + [2a1 + (n − 1)d]

| {z }
n addends

Therefore,
2Sn = n[2a1 + (n − 1)d]

= n[a1 + a1 + (n − 1)d]
= n(a1 + an )

Therefore,
2Sn = n[2a1 + (n − 1)d]

= n[a1 + a1 + (n − 1)d]
= n(a1 + an )
Definition
The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence is
n n
Sn = [2a1 + (n − 1)d] = (a1 + an )
2 2

Example
Find the sum of the first 1000 numbers.

Example
Find the sum of the first 1000 numbers.
Solution
Given a1 = 1,a1000 = 1000 and n = 1000, we have
1000(1 + 1000) (1000)(1001)
S1000 = = = 500500
2 2

Example
Find the sum of the first 30 terms of the arithmetic sequence:
8, 13, 18, 23, 28, ...

Example
8, 13, 18, 23, 28, ...
Solution#1
To find the sum, we will use the formula Sn = n2 (a1 + an ). We
know that a1 = 8,d = 5 and n = 30, but we need to find an in
order to use the sum formula.
We have
an = a1 + (n − 1)d
a30 = 8 + (30 − 1)5
a30 = 8 + (29)
a30 = 153

Example
8, 13, 18, 23, 28, ...
Solution#1
Now, we can use the sum formula.
n
Sn = (a1 + an )
2
30
S30 = (8 + 153)
2
S30 = 15(161)
S30 = 2415

Example
8, 13, 18, 23, 28, ...
Solution#2
Another solution is using the alternate sum formula. Given a1 = 8,
d = 5 and n = 30, we have
n
Sn = (2a1 + (n − 1)d)
2
30
S30 = (2(8) + (30 − 1)5)
2
S30 = 15(16 + (29)5)
S30 = 15(16 + 145)
S30 = 15(161)
S30 = 2415

Questions
Find the sum of numbers between 5 and 85 which are divisible
by 4.
Find 1 + 5 + 9 + · · ·49 + 53.
Find the sum of the first 12 terms of the arithmetic sequence
whose general term is an = 3n + 5.
Find the sum of the even integers between 1 and 101.
The first term of an arithmetic sequence is 1 and the last term
is 25. If the common difference is 4, find the sum of the series.
The fifteenth term of an arithmetic sequence is 129 and the
sum of the first 15 terms is 1095. Find the sum of the first
ten terms.

Definition
A geometric sequence or geometric progression is a sequence
an+1
such that there exists r ∈ R such that = r for all n ≥ 1. The
an
constant r is called the common ratio of the sequence.

Definition
A geometric sequence or geometric progression is a sequence
an+1
such that there exists r ∈ R such that = r for all n ≥ 1. The
an
constant r is called the common ratio of the sequence.
Example
1, 3, 9, 27, 81, where r = 3.
1 1 2 4 2
, − , , − , where r = −
2 3 9 27 3

Questions
Which of the following is/are geometric sequences?
4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, ...
−2, 6, −12, 36, −72, 216, ...
243, 81, 27, 9, 3, 1, ...
5, 10, 30, 120, 600, 3600, ...

The nth Term of an Geometric Sequence
Given a geometric sequence with first term a1 and common ratio r ,

a2 = a1 r
a3 = a2 r = (a1 r )r = a1 r 2
a4 = a3 r = (a1 r 2 )r = a1 r 3
a5 = a4 r = (a1 r 3 )r = a1 r 4
..
.

a2 = a1 r
a3 = a2 r = (a1 r )r = a1 r 2
a4 = a3 r = (a1 r 2 )r = a1 r 3
a5 = a4 r = (a1 r 3 )r = a1 r 4
..
.
Definition
The nth term of a geometric sequence is given by
an = a1 r n−1

Example
Find the twelfth term of the sequence 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, ...

Example
Find the twelfth term of the sequence 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, ...
Solution
We have a1 = 3, r = 2, and n = 12. Using the formula for the
geometric sequence,
an = a1 r n−1
a12 = 3 · 212−1
a12 = 3 · 211
a12 = 6144

Questions
Find the fourteenth term of a sequence where the first term is
1
64 and the common ratio is r = .
2
Find the ninth term of the sequence 9, 18, 36, 72, ...
Write the first four terms of each geometric sequence given 4
as the common ratio and 3 as the first term.
Which term of the geometric sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ... is 1024?
The nth term of a geometric progression is given by
an = 2 · 3n for all n.
Find the first term of the series.
Find the common ratio.
List down the first five terms.

Definition
The terms between any two given terms of the geometric sequence
are called the geometric means.

Example
Insert 3 geometric means between 5 and 3125

Example
Insert 3 geometric means between 5 and 3125
Solution
Suppose a1 = 5 and a5 = 3125. We will insert a2 , a3 , and a4 .
Using the formula for the nth term of a geometric sequence, we
have
an = a1 r n−1
Given a1 ,a5 , we have
a5 = a1 r 4
3125 = 5r 4

Example
Insert 3 geometric mean between 5 and 3125
Solution
Solving for the value of r , we get
5r 4 = 3125
r 4 = 625
r = ±5
We obtained two values of r , so we have two geometric sequences.

Example
Solution
If r = 5, the geometric means are
a2 = 5(5) = 25
a3 = 5(52 ) = 125
a4 = 5(53 ) = 625

Example
Solution
If r = −5, the geometric means are
a2 = 5(−5) = −25
a3 = 5((−5)2 ) = 125
a4 = 5((−5)3 ) = −625

Example
Find the value of k so that k + 1, −k, k − 2 form a geometric
progression.

Example
Find the value of k so that k + 1, −k, k − 2 form a geometric
progression.
Solution
an+1
Using the fact that = r , then we have
an
a2 a3
=
a1 a2
−k k −2
=
k +1 −k
2
k = (k + 1)(k − 2)
k2 = k2 − k − 2
k = −2
The sequence has terms −1, 2, −4.

Questions
1
Insert geometric mean between 4 and .
2
The sequence 2, a, b, c, d, 486 forms a geometric sequence.
Find c.
1
What three terms are between and 27 of a geometric
3
sequence?
If 2x − 2, 3x − 2, 3x + 2 are consecutive terms of geometric
sequence, find x and the three terms.
The geometric mean between the first two terms in a
geometric sequence is 32. If the third term is 4, find the first
term.

Sum of First n terms of a Geometric Sequence

geometric sequence.


geometric sequence.
Sn = a1 + a1 r + · · · + a1 r n−1
rSn = a1 r + a1 r 2 + · · · + a1 r n−1 + a1 r n


geometric sequence.
Sn = a1 + a1 r + · · · + a1 r n−1
rSn = a1 r + a1 r 2 + · · · + a1 r n−1 + a1 r n
Subtracting these two equations, we have
Sn − rSn = a1 − a1 r n
(1 − r )Sn = a1 (1 − r n )
a1 (1 − r n )
Sn = , r 6= 1
1−r

If r = 1, then Sn = a1 + a1 + · · · + a1 = na1 .
| {z }
n addends

If r = 1, then Sn = a1 + a1 + · · · + a1 = na1 .
| {z }
n addends
Definition
The sum of the first n terms of a geometric sequence is
n
 a1 (1 − r ) if r 6= 1

Sn = 1−r (1)
na if r = 1.
1

Example
What is the sum of the first five terms of 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, ...

Example
What is the sum of the first five terms of 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, ...
Solution
Given a1 = 3 and r = 2, we have
3(1 − 25 )
S5 =
1−2
S5 = 3(31)
S5 = 93

Questions
Find the sum of the first 5 terms of the sequence
4, 12, 36, 108, ...
Find the sum of the first 6 terms of the sequence 8, −4, 2, ...
In the sequence 5, 15, 45, ..., how many terms are added if the
sum is 1820?
Find the sum of the terms of a geometric sequence where the
first term is 4, the last term is 324 and the common ratio is 3.
Substance X has a half-life of 5 years. How much of a 100-mg
Substance X has decayed after 30 years?

Infinite Geometric Series
Using the formula for finding the sum of first n terms of a

geometric sequence,


geometric sequence,
a1 (1 − r n )
Sn =
1−r
a1 a1 r n
= −
1−r 1−r


geometric sequence,
a1 (1 − r n )
Sn =
1−r
a1 a1 r n
= −
1−r 1−r
Suppose that −1 < r < 1. As the number of terms become larger,

a1 r n
that is, as n approache infinity, then r n approaches 0, and
1−r
approaches 0.

Definition
The sum of the terms of an infinite geometric sequence, where
−1 < r < 1, is given by
a1
S=
1−r

Definition
a1
S=
1−r
Example
1 1 1
What is the sum to infinity of , , , ...?
2 4 8

Definition
a1
S=
1−r
Example
1 1 1
What is the sum to infinity of , , , ...?
2 4 8
Solution
1
Since a1 = 2 and r = 12 , then using the formula, we have
1
2
S= 1
=1
1− 2

Questions
Find the sum to infinity of each geometric sequence, if it
exists.
64, 16, 4, 1, ...
7 14 28 56
, , , , ...
3 9 27 81
1 1
−2, −1, − , − , ...
2 4
1 1
Find the sum of the series 7 + 1 + + +···
7 49

Definition
A harmonic sequence is a sequence such that the reciprocals of
the terms form an arithmetic sequence.

Definition
A harmonic sequence is a sequence such that the reciprocals of
the terms form an arithmetic sequence.
Example
1 1 1
1, , , , ... since 1,2,3,4,... form an arithmetic sequence
2 3 4
2 1 2 1 3 5
, , , , ... since , 1, , 3, ... form an arithmetic sequence
3 2 5 3 2 2

Definition
A Fibonacci sequence is a sequence where its first two terms are
either both 1, or 0 and 1; and each term, thereafer, is obtained by
adding the two preceding terms.

Definition
A Fibonacci sequence is a sequence where its first two terms are
either both 1, or 0 and 1; and each term, thereafer, is obtained by
adding the two preceding terms.
Example
Given the Fibonacci sequence 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ..., find the next 6
terms.

Questions
1 1 1
Find the twelfth term of the harmonic sequence , , , ..?
9 12 15
1 1 1 1
In the harmonic sequence , , , ..., which term is ?
2 9 16 345
Find the eighth term of the Fibonacci sequence if the first two
terms are 1 and 3.
What is the tenth term of the Fibonacci sequence
2, 5, 7, 12, ...?

Sequences

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Sequences

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Given an arithmetic sequence with first term a1 and common

Perez, H. III Sequences

Given an arithmetic sequence with first term a1 and common

Perez, H. III Sequences

Given an arithmetic sequence with first term a1 and common

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

a101 = 2 + (101 − 1)(3) = 302

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Solving for a1 , we have

Perez, H. III Sequences

a15 = 2 + 10(15 − 1) = 142

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

498 = 102 + (n − 1)6

Perez, H. III Sequences

498 = 102 + (n − 1)6

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Using the value of d, we can now get the values of a2 , a3 , a4 , and

Perez, H. III Sequences

Therefore, the 4 arithmetic means between 5 and 25 are 9,13, 17,

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

The sequence has terms 1, 3, 5.

Perez, H. III Sequences

Perez, H. III Sequences

Suppose we get the sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 100.

Perez, H. III Sequences

Suppose we get the sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 100.

Perez, H. III Sequences

Suppose we get the sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 100.

Adding the two equations:

2S100 = (1 + 100) + (2 + 99) + ... + (99 + 2) + (100 + 1)

Perez, H. III Sequences

Suppose we get the sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 100.

Adding the two equations:

2S100 = (1 + 100) + (2 + 99) + ... + (99 + 2) + (100 + 1)

Perez, H. III Sequences

Let Sn = a1 + a2 + · · · + an be the sum of the first n terms of an

Perez, H. III Sequences

Let Sn = a1 + a2 + · · · + an be the sum of the first n terms of an

Sn = a1 + (a1 + d) + · · · + [a1 + (n − 1)d]

Perez, H. III Sequences

Let Sn = a1 + a2 + · · · + an be the sum of the first n terms of an

Sn = a1 + (a1 + d) + · · · + [a1 + (n − 1)d]