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1. A good moral standard is one that looks at the issues as something that is very
serious, e.g., murder, graft and corruption, stealing.
4. A good standard, when violated, brings about feelings of guilt, shame, and
remorse of conscience.
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Characteristics of a Good Moral Judgment:
1. A good moral judgment must be logical. This means, that the decision maker
must arrive at an informed resolution of the issue based on logical reason.
2. A good moral judgment must be based on facts and solid evidence. The
information used in the process of moral reasoning must not come from weak
sources like, hearsay, rumors and grapevine.
3. A good moral judgment must be based on sound and defensible moral principles.
A weak ethical principle is open to a lot of criticisms.
People go into business for a number of reasons. Some go into business for
personal satisfaction. Others are in business to earn a livelihood. Still others are in
business because they want to serve the society through the goods and services they
offer to the customers. But the most common, if not, the most dominant motive why
people go into business is to make a profit.
2. Profit-motive as an ethical issue operates within the two important aspects of our
human conduct – freedom and the structure of business.
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4. Profit-motive generates potential capital for the business.
2. Profit-motive makes people focus only on making money, that is, to sell as many
goods as possible without considering whether or not these products satisfy the
needs and wants of consumers and end users.
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control to a level that could not ensure that all unsafe products would be rejected. Also,
sales personnel were encouraged to use questionable sales tactics to obtain orders,
including offering gifts and other incentives to purchasing agents.
The chief executive officer is disturbed by the survey findings. In his opinion, the
company should do something about this problem.
Questions:
1. What are the ethical problems mentioned in this particular case and what are the
probable causes of these problems?
3. If you are the CEO of the company, what would you do and why?
Asia Pacific Sugar and Sweets Manufacturing Company ordered molasses from
Philippine-Hawaiian International Sugarcane Incorporated on November 5, 2000. When
the time for payment came, Asia Pacific Sugar and Sweet Manufacturing Company
were not ready to pay due to tight financial crisis it was experiencing. Mr. Rolando
Gutierrez, the manager of the said company is a friend of Mr. Frederick Dy, the owner of
Philippine-Hawaiian Sugarcane Incorporated. He talked with Mr. Dy and asked him if it
was all right for the payment to be delayed. For friendship’s sake, Mr. Dy agreed. It was
only 20 days afterwards that the buyer offered to pay. The seller accepted the overdue
account and started delivering the molasses. Upon receiving the second shipment, the
production manager of Asia Pacific Sugar and Sweets Manufacturing Company
reported to Mr. Gutierrez that the molasses did not meet the indicated quality in the
invoice. Mr. Gutierrez ordered the molasses to be returned. Enclosed in the invoice was
a memorandum citing the reasons for its return. This action enraged Mr. Dy.
Immediately; he cancelled the contract and argued that the delay of payment was a
form of “breach of contract.”
Questions:
1. Was the action of Mr. Dy to cancel the contract legally correct and morally
justified?
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order to guarantee the realization of human rights.[1] Governance describes "the process
of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not
implemented)"
The United Nations emphasizes reform through human development and political
institution reform. According to the UN, good governance has eight characteristics.
Good governance is: consensus oriented, participatory, following the Rule of Law,
effective and efficient, accountable, transparent, responsive, equitable and inclusive.
2. Rule of law - this requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It
also requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial
enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and
incorruptible police force.
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3. Transparency - means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in
a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely
available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and
their enforcement. It also means that enough information is provided and that it is
provided in easily understandable forms and media.
6. Equity and inclusiveness - it ensure that all its members feel that they have
a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society. This requires all
groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain
their well being.
Most of the countries recognized that assistance for improved governance is one
of its key sectors. It addresses five key aspects:
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strengthened law and justice
development of civil society
strengthened democratic systems
Legislatures
Electoral Systems and Processes
Access to Justice and Human Rights
Access to Information
Decentralization and Local Governance
Public Administration and Civil Service Reform
Mang Toot’s fast food chain has been known in the business not just only for its
great tasting food and excellent service but also for its cleanly prepared dishes. One
day, Emong, a service crew of Mang Toot’s Makati branch, was preparing the gravy. He
was unaware that the starch he used was already expired. He only noticed it after some
time and the gravy had already been served to some customers. Knowing that it might
cause harm to the customers, he immediately told Bartolome, the branch manager,
about it. Bartolome, the branch manager, about it. Bartolome told Emong not to tell
anyone about it, besides no one is complaining.
Questions:
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1. What is the moral issue of the given situation?
When employee Eric Pantaleon quit his job in 1995, IT Systems, his company,
paid little attention. Pantaleon was one of several customer-service representatives of
the Laguna, Philippine-based Computer Company, and the turnover of responsibilities
in the department wasn’t smooth. Following an uneventful exit interview with human
resources officials, Pantaleon left the company to start a job with IT rival, Sampo
Computer, also based in Laguna.
It might have ended there. But when Pantaleon’s new employer began taking
away IT’s market share, its top management started to be alarmed. After some
checking, IT learned that Pantaleon was using inside knowledge of IT’s customers lists
to make sales. Company officials also suspected he might be relying on IT’s customer
specifications and repair manuals.
Questions:
1. Is keeping “trade secrets” still an ethical issue in the age of globalization and
advanced communications technology?
2. It Pantaleon’s action unethical, i.e., using the customers’ list of his previous
company for his new company? Why?
3. If you were Pantaleon, would you also do the same thing as he did? Why or why
not?
CHAPTER III – Ethical Issues and Problems in Business and the Corporate World
Introduction
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1. Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment is an issue in the corporate world that must be looked into
because it can create a hostile and unhealthy workplace for the employees. For this
reason, the Congress of the Philippines enacted the Anti-Sexual Act of 1995 declaring
sexual harassment unlawful in the employment, education or training environment, and
other purposes.
“The State shall value the dignity of every individual, enhance the development of
its human resources, guarantee full respect for human rights, and uphold the dignity of
workers, employees, applicants for employment, students or those undergoing training,
instruction or education.
Towards this end, all forms of sexual harassment in the employment, education
or training environment are hereby declared unlawful.”
Republic Act No. 7877 defines sexual harassment as, “Employer, employee,
manager, supervisor, agent of the employer, teacher, instruction, professor, coach,
trainer or any other person who, having authority, influence or moral ascendancy over
another in a work or training or education environment demands, requests or otherwise
requires any sexual favor from the other, regardless of whether the demand, request or
requirement for submission is accepted by the object of said act.”
Sexual harassment occurs dye to power struggle between men and women as a
response to a real or imagined loss of power or as an expression of retaliation or flexing
of the new power. This also happens because some organizations and managers allow
it to happen. Historically, sexual harassment has always occurred but there used to be
no label for such behavior. The industrial revolution brought about changes in the
traditional function of men and women which greatly increased gender specialization
and formed a new kind of workplace in the western world. Men and women no longer
work together on the farm or in the family business. The responsibility of each became
more specialized.
Sexual Harassment falls into two general categories: 1. The “Quid Pro Quo”
Harassment, and 2. the harassment that creates a hostile environment. “Quid pro quo”
means “this for that” (something for something) and is defined as requiring as sexual
favor or interaction as a condition of employment or in exchange for an employment
benefit (such as promotion, transfer, pay raise). A manager uses his authority to grant
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pay increases and promotions as a means to extort sexual favors from an employee,
e.g: Go to bed with me and you will get that promotion you want”.
Comments about your body, leering, wolf whistling, cat calls, insults of a sexual
nature, persistently pestering for a date
Workplace blackmail – i.e. suggestions that sexual favors may further your
career (or refusal may hinder it)
Green jokes
Obscene letters
Sexual propositions
Suggestive looks
1. The victims as well as the harasser may be a woman or a man. The victim does
not have to be of the opposite sex.
The study showed that use of words, jokes, and gestures were the type of
harassment which created a hostile environment or offensive work environment; it
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affected the individuals harassed and the persons accused, who may be innocent; such
case can generate costly lawsuits, unfavorable publicity or the invasion of privacy, it can
also affect the bottom line of the employer, managers and co-workers, and affect the
entire life of an organization and its members.
Work is said to be for the purpose of obtaining economic gain for the laborer.
Most agree that work is directed to the promotion of life. The duty to preserve one’s life
implies the duty to work and that each has personal duty to take care of himself and not
to be a burden to others.
The question of ‘What is a just wage:” or “How do you define a ‘fair wage’”? Has
a long history. A number of people of all over the world commented on its definition and
have argued on the appropriate criteria to consider in setting the so-called ‘Just Wage’.
A just wage is defined as that remuneration which is enough to support the wage-earner
in reasonable and frugal comfort. The Catholic Church tells us, “A just wage is the
legitimate fruit of labor.”
The issue of just wage has also been discussed by other agencies:
The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights protects the basic rights of the
workers, more specifically:
“The right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions
of work, and to protect against unemployment (Art. 23 [1]) and the right to equal pay for
equal (Art. 23 [2].”
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Republic Act No. 6727
The Wage Rationalization Act Declared the policy of the Sate to rationalize the
fixing of minimum wages and to promote productivity-improvement and gain-sharing
scheme to ensure a decent standard of living for the worker and their families.
1. External market Factors. These refer to the supply and demand for labor
and the so-called economic conditions and underemployment.
2. Laws and Regulations. Workers should be paid in accordance with laws and
regulations issued by the government. It requires that employers pay at least
the minimum wage.
3. Cost of Living. The cost living relates to basic maintenance needs and it
must be seriously considered in formulation of wages.
4. Prevailing Industry Rate. Some claim that paying workers the average of
what other companies are paying for the same job results in a fair wage.
6. Job Factors. The nature of the job itself entails the formulation of a just wage.
Duties, responsibilities, and the skill requirements of the job are probably the
most considerable determinants of fair wage.
GIFT-GIVING
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To show appreciation or a favor received;
To effectively establish goodwill with business partners;
To advertise; and
To compete effectively against competitors.
Samples
Raffle Coupons / certificates
Rebates / cash refunds
Padding expense accounts
Premiums
Prizes
Patronage awards (rewards)
Tie-up promotions
Allowance
Free goods tips
Examples:
Linda, a former client, has steered a half dozen prospective clients your way this
year, and several of them have become valued clients of your firm. Would it be
an appropriate gesture, would it not, to thank her by inviting her and her husband
out for a dinner?
Jose, your former classmate in law school (now an established law practitioner,
has referred a case that just resulted in a significant settlement. Would there be
anything wrong with sending him a pair of concert tickers as a “thank you”?
2. Purpose of the gift. As long as the gift is not intended or received as a bribe
and remains nominal, there does not appear to be any serious problem.
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3. Circumstances under which the gift was given or received. A gift given
during the holiday season, for a store opening, or one attached to a special
event is circumstantially different from one unattached to any special event or
occasion.
4. Position between or relationship of the giver and receiver. Could the
recipient’s opinion, influence, or decision result in preferential treatment in
favor of the donor?
6. Company Policy. If firms explicitly forbid the practice of giving and receiving
gifts to its customers, vendors or supplies associates, or corporate directors,
then gift-giving would normally be wrong.
BRIBERY
Examples of bribery:
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4. Morality of Advertising
Advertising plays a very significant role in marketing goods and services. Without
advertising, the consumers would not be aware of the presence of diverse products and
services available in the market. Sometimes, even the mere presence of advertising can
sell a product due to consumer perception that a heavily advertised product is a product
of “good value”.
Famous marketing guru Philip Kotler defines advertising as “any paid form of
non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified
sponsor.” Wells, Burnett and Moriarty, likewise defined advertising as “paid non-
personal communication from an identified sponsor using mass media to persuade or
influence an audience”.
Some Issues in Advertising (cf. William Shaw, Business Ethics (San Jose University,
California: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1999) p.369ff.
Deceptive Advertising
Deceptive ads are those which either make a false statement and therefore, lie,
or which represent the product without making any statement. Deceptions may occur
not only through sentences or propositions but also though pictures, individual words, or
through certain combinations of objects which can deceive the eye and mind.
Exaggeration
Psychology Appeals
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emotional needs rather than reason. This one area in advertising that presents a
serious moral concern.
Article 108 of the Act declares that “The State shall protect the consumer from
misleading advertisements and fraudulent sales promotion practices.” The Department
and of Trade and Industry is responsible for enforcing the provisions of the Act. With
respect to food, drugs, cosmetics, devices and hazardous substances, the Department
of Health is the agency that oversees these products.
Good Advertising recognizes both its economic and social responsibility to help
reduce distribution costs and to serve the public interest.
Good Advertising conforms not only to the laws but also to the generally
accepted standards of good taste and decency, and to moral and aesthetic sentiments
of the country.
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Good Advertising does not allow any activity that involves the exploitation of the
goodwill, attached to any other firm, product, or service.
Good Advertising helps to dignify the individual and contribute to the building of a
civilized society.
Yvonne Pillar is a young accountant who came from a poor family. She was
recently hired by a big company called Chameleon Co.
When it was time to audit the accounting books of the company, Yvonne was
instructed by her boss to manipulate the numbers in order to reduce the taxes the
company will have to pay the government. The company official said that if she would
not heed the command, she would be terminated.
The employment condition that time was really tight and the chances of finding
another job are very minimal.
Questions:
1. If you were Yvonne Pillar, will you obey your boss? Why or why not?
3. Explain the moral implications of the military slogan: “Obey first before you
complain.”
Mr. Jun Quesadilla owns a video shop in Manila. His store has a wide variety of
original VCDs and DVDs which he gets from a legal source and is approved by the
Videogram Regularly Board. He has all the legal papers and permits to operate this type
of business. However, Mr. Jun Quesadilla has a secret room in his store which he uses
to avoid the authorities. The room contains all the latest titles of pirated VCDs and
DVDs, including x-rated tapes. He also uses another selling strategy to make more
money by telling customers that the VCDs and DVDs they want to rent are “reserved”
and he would only give this to them if they would rent them for higher price.
Questions:
1. Is it right to sell pirated VCDs, DVDs, and x-rated tapes in the shadow of a
certified video shop? Briefly explain why.
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2. In your own opinion, would you patronize pirated CDs and DVDs which are
cheaper than the original ones because it is more economical? Why or why not?
Some of the issues raised by the employees against the management are the
below minimum wage salaries. Also, employees do not get their 13th month pay even if
the law entitles every employee regardless of employment status. Also, employees are
asked to sign a 5-month contract, which excludes them from getting the year-end bonus.
Per company policy, only those employed with 6-months employment contract can get
the year-end bonus.
Long working hours and less break time add to the complaints of the employees.
Working hours start at seven in the morning and end at six in the evening. Break time in
the morning is from 10:00 to 10:15 and none in the afternoon. Employees can eat their
lunch between 12:45 and 1:00 which gives them only a fifteen-minute lunch break.
Employees are also concerned with violation of contract. Sewers are given quota
which is against the agreed per piece basis. They are also troubled with the poor
working conditions and the inadequate supply of water for their personal hygiene in the
restroom.
In 1982, XYZ Cement Company began its plant operation Pampanga. Local
residents were very happy because of the economic benefits they got from the plant
especially the 400 local residents employed. After a few years of operation, the plant
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started to emit large volumes of pollution. Local residents noticed the constant vibration
and loud noise coming from the plant.
Local residents filed a suit against the company asking the court to issue an
injunction to close the plant. The residents claimed that the loud noise and the
vibrations posed dangers to their health and damaged their property.
The company was using the best available technology in their operation. The
court refused to issue the injunction arguing that closing the plant would mean more
harm than good to both parties. The court instead ruled that XYZ should pay the
residents a onetime fee to compensate them for the damages done. The amount was
computed based on the fair market price the residents would receive if they were
inclined and able to rent their property.
Questions:
2. If you were the owner of the cement plant, what will you do to solve the
problem? Explain your answer.
3. Discuss the cost and benefit of the case from the perspective of the principle
of utilitarianism.
5. OFFICE ROMANCE
People at work see each other every day, work together as teams, sometimes
partners on specific projects. Through this, they get sense of fulfillment and find
encouragement from on another. Sometimes, people at work get attracted to each other.
Survey says that somewhere from 25 to 33 percent of the employees at a given
company have had office romances once in their careers.
Office romance offers benefits for the employees in particular and also for the
company in general. These benefits include friendship, mutual support to each other at
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work, and other personal experiences. Employees involved in a love relationship
overcome rough times at work because of mutual support and inspiration.
Like any other relationship, office romance is risky. It is sensible to have a head
start about the possible outcomes of a workplace romance engaging into it.
It is likely that has relationships whether in offices or in any other workplace can
damage work reputations.
Disturbed Co-workers
The biggest concern is the reaction of co-workers and of they will support the
relationship or not. Even if the relationship is discreet, co-workers will eventually find out
what is happening-time is the only question.
Changes in Productivity
The productivity of the people involved in the romance and that of even the
spectators of the relationship are at stake.
The most disturbing type of romance is one that involves the supervisor or
manager and a subordinate.
Extramarital Affairs
Extramarital affairs may also occur inside the office. These are obviously risky
and subject to moral issues.
Interventions
Office romance has always been an issue for companies especially the question
on when it is best for organizations to control romance in the office.
Legal/Ethical Considerations
There are several legal and ethnical issues to consider. If proximity and repeated
disclosure are found, should an organization separate the persons involved? This could
raise some legal issues such as discrimination.
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Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment is a very delicate subject. Pierce and Aguinis (1997) have
posited that sexual harassment may sometimes arise when a bad workplace romance is
terminated. There are few reasons why this issue may exist. One of the persons involve
in a failed romance may seek vengeance, may try to revive, or would want to remove
the other person involved.
Our everyday life requires the exchange of goods services between two or more
parties. These everyday exchanges are given the conditions of a barometer we usually
call the price.
In the limelight of the business arena, prices are normally set differently and
consequently, receive pressure to line up to ethical standard. These are some of ethical
issues brought by pricing:
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Cases for Analysis
Strike, Inc. is a well known company in the field of Information Technology (IT). It
has been the main and primary producer of educational software and business
operational progress like database filing, computerized payroll system, and hardware
designed swipe machine and bar code system. Jeffrey Jacobs, the manager, has been
working for the company for almost 25 years. His expertise in system application and
development made him the best and the most competent in the managerial position. He
is aggressive and hardworking but at times unpredictable and bossy. His persona
attachment and close professional interaction with female employees of the company
have been noticed by many.
One day, Bernadette Ryan, the head of the system developers, went to Jeffrey’s
office for product consultation. The meeting went on and Jeffrey’s comment about the
new project is its marketability and user-friendly functionally. Bernadette, on the other
hand, continued to explain the advantages of the system when Jeffrey stood up and
approached the door. She just continued discussing the features of the new system
being developed. Without her knowing it Jeffrey suddenly appeared at her back, sort of
listening to her discussion. Jeffrey started to make sleek movers; he intentionally put his
hands, touched and sort of massaged Bernadette’s shoulders. Bernadette was
surprised about the actions of her boss. She stood up and said, “I’d rather go.” As she
was walking her way out of the room, Jeffrey got hold of her arms and said, “I know you
like what I’m doing. Come on, try me!” Bernadette felt that she was being harassed and
exclaimed, “Stop or I’ll scream! This is sexual harassment!” Jeffrey felt more aggressive
and told Bernadette that being the manager; he has the right to be the boss and handle
his subordinates his own way. Jeffrey further imposed that if she would not submit
herself to his personal aggression, he would tell other employees about the incident.
Moreover, he would definitely fire her and tell everyone that it was Bernadette who did
the first move of flirting. Bernadette was shocked. She ran out of the door to get out of
Jeffrey’s malicious and questionable disposition.
Questions:
1. Is the action of Jeffrey Jacobs considered sexual harassment? If so, what type of
sexual harassment?
2. What appropriate actions should Bernadette do in order to prove that the incident
happened?
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7. TRADE SECRETS AND CORPORATE DISCLOSURE
TRADE SECRETS
A trade is the legal term for confidential business information. That piece of
information allows the company to compete effectively.
2. The information must have “independent economic value due to its secrecy.” It is
more concerned on the money that the company has spent in developing the
information.
3. The trade secret holder must use “reasonable measures under the
circumstances to protect” the secrecy of the information.
CORPORATION DISCLOSURE
MISREPRESENTATION
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1. Intentional misrepresentation – a scenario whereby the person is fully aware or
deliberately misrepresents things, commonly known as lying
Definition of Lying
Lying can be defined as the act of making others believe something that they,
themselves, do not believe in. it happens when somebody tries to convince others with
untrue statements.
Types of Lying
1. Use of ambiguous terms is the act of deliberately using vague terms or open-
ended statements that can have several meanings to mislead people that one is
telling the truth. Statements like. “I was at the office around 8:00 a.m.”
2. Use of false statements is the act of making a statement from which false
conclusions may be drawn eventually misleading others. This type of lying is
often observed in advertising a product to be the “best-seller” brand.
3. Through action is a type of lying where the person gets caught in the act of
wrongdoing. A good example of this is when someone is caught red-handed of
stealing and still denies the accusation.
(cf. Karl H. Peschke, SVD. 1987. Christian Ethics. Manila: Divine World Publications, pp.
587-592)
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1. Used to protect innocent people
2. Used to protect national security / important secrets
3. Used in the name of self-defense
4. Used in protection of bodily integrity
E. Short-changing is taken directly from a situation where the seller gives the
customer less than the change he should get. It covers all situations from
quality and quantity of goods the buyer should get in exchange for money.
G. Short numbering the seller means giving consumer the quantity by piece of
product less than the number he paid for.
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H. Misleading Advertising. The term “false” means any representation or symbol
that is inconsistent with facts, and where the deviation would be unacceptable
to a significant number of the general or relevant public, and would lead to
misunderstanding or incorrect decisions. The term “misleading” means any
representation or symbol that would cause a significant number of the general
or relevant public to misunderstand or make incorrect decisions, regardless of
whether such representation or symbol is consistent with facts.
A. Caveat Emptor means, “let the buyer beware”, and is a practice very common
among salesmen, based on this concept, it is the responsibility of the consumer
to determine for himself the defects or negative features of the product.
Therefore, it is not the responsibility of the seller to reveal any defect of the
product he is selling, thus, the customer cannot expect the seller to voluntarily
provide that kind of information.
Strike action (or simply strike) describes collective action undertaken by groups
of workers in the form of a refusal to perform work.
Types of strike:
A sit-down strike (or sit-in) is a strike in which workers show up to work, but
refuse to work.
A general strike is a strike affecting all areas of a labor force across many
industries, typically throughout an entire country or a large section hereof.
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A sympathy strike (or secondary strike) is a strike initiated by workers in one
industry and supported by workers in a separate but related industry.
An economic strike is based on a demand for better wages or benefits than the
employer wants to provide.
A wildcat strike is against the will of the leadership of the union, or without a
union.
A slow-down is a form of work stoppage in which employees deliberately reduce
their individual production.
9. WHISTLE-BLOWING
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TYPES OF WHISTLE-BLOWING
1. Internal whistle-blowing occurs within the organization. It is going “over the head
of immediate supervisors to inform higher management of the wrongdoing.”
Studies also revealed that whistle-blowers experience each of the following forms
of retaliation:
1. Before taking any irreversible steps, talk to your family or close friends about
your decision to blow the whistle.
2. Be alert and discreetly attempt to learn of any other witnesses who are upset
about the wrongdoing.
3. Before formally breaking ranks, consider whether there is any reasonable way to
work within the system by going to the first level of authority.
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4. Develop a plan, such as strategically-timed release of information to government
agencies so that your employer is reacting to you, instead of vice-versa.
6. Before and after you blow the whistle, keep a careful record of events as they
unfold.
7. Identify and copy all necessary supporting records before drawing any suspicion
to your concerns.
8. Break the cycle of isolation research and identify and seek a support network of
potential allies, such as elected officials, journalists, activists.
12. Do not wear your cynicism on your sleeves when working with the authorities.
MULTI-LEVEL MARKETING
PYRAMIDING
MLM Pyramiding
1. Legal 1. Illegal
2. Income generated only on product 2. Income is generated solely on the
sales process of recruiting others into the
pyramid
3. Provides a training program 3. No training program
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4. Consumable, reasonably priced 4. Few retail sales and high cost,
quality products slower moving products
5. Serves legitimate economic function 5. No legitimate economic function
such as a channel of distribution for such as no economic benefits, but a
relatively small or new companies mere transfer of money from one
with excellent products person to another without legitimate
business
6. Sponsoring participants earn 6. Recruiting participants get benefits
nothing by mere sponsoring. from recruitment
Recruitment is optional.
7. Earnings are ultimately tied to 7. Earnings are tied to the act of
product consumption of end-users recruitment
8. Enormous efforts to sell are exerted 8. Little effort or no effort is being
made to sell to the public
9. Largely, products are sold to the 9. Products are consumed internally
consuming public within the organization
10. Bonuses are based on sales to final 10. Bonus entitlements are based on
users who are not members of the goods absorbed by members within
scheme the structure
2. They con the public, making them believe that they are a legitimate MLM.
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2. Oligopoly, on the other hand, denotes a situation where there are few sellers for
a product or service.
Fair competition is doing business under ethical rules of conduct behavior and
judgment. It is attaining success in business through the merits of its products or
services while unfair competition is unethical business practice. It is doing business with
the goal of profit without regard to others.
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occurs in connection with a wide variety of crimes, including illegal arms sales; drug
trafficking, robbery, fraud, racketeering and terrorism.
Placement – physically placing bulk cash proceeds. It is during the placement stage
that physical currency enters the financial system and illegal proceeds are most
vulnerable to detection.
Layering – separating the proceeds from criminal activity from their origins through
layers of complex financial transaction. Layering describes as activity intended to
obscure the trail which is left “dirty” money.
During the final stage in the laundering process, illicit proceeds. During the final stage
in the laundering process, illicit proceeds. During the final stage in the laundering
process, illicit funds are integrated with monies from legitimate commercial activities as
they enter the mainstream economy.
Conflict of interest in the business context occurs when a person acts in a way
that is to his advantage at the expense of the employing organization.
1. Self-dealing. For example, you work for the government and use you official
position to secure a contract for a private consulting company your own.
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6. Post-employment. Here a risky situation can be one in which a person who
resigns from a public or private employment and goes into business in the same
area.
Insider trading refers to the significant facts that have not yet made public and
are likely to affect stock prices.
Ethical Issues Related to Insider Trading
A depositor entered into a trust agreement with a commercial bank under clear
and certain terms that it would carry an interest at a net rate of 8.6%. The branch
manager of the bank assured him that his deposit amounting to 1 million is very safe
income generating and income-derived is tax free. However, he was not furnished a
single piece of document except the official receipt for P1 million. The trust agreement
which the branch manager made him sign in blank was given to him only after he made
stern demand for copies of documents relative to his deposit. He was not informed in
what manner his money is being used by the bank, making him believes that it is just an
ordinary deposit. Even the Trust Agreement did not name who the beneficiary of the
alleged trust will be. But while the copies of the documents given to him do not bear his
conformity, those filed with the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) have his alleged
signature.
The depositor is demanding the return of P1 million from the commercial bank
where he placed the amount under a trust agreement. The depositor, through his lawyer,
filed letters of complaint with the Department of Thrift Bank and Non-Bank Financial
Institutions of BSP. No action has been taken despite the lapse of more than one month
except for the informal talk with the department’s lawyer who told the complainant that
the bank has answered the initial complaint.
To date, however, the complainant has not been furnished copy of such reply.
This, allegedly, gives the depositor the notion that the erring bank enjoys the protection
of some BSP officials.
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Questions:
1. What moral principle is being violated in this case? Is the action, implementation,
or performance of the branch manager and the officials from BSP in accordance
with their duties? Did they carry out their functions uprightly and morally?
2. What is the moral implication of this case to the banking and finance industries?
McDonald’s Corporation (McDonald’s) sued L.C. Big Mak Burger, Inc. for
trademark infringement and unfair competition by “Big Mak” due to colorable imitation
on the signages, wrappers, and containers of its registered “Big Mac” mark for the same
food products.
Big Mak appealed the case. But the final decision of the court favored
McDonald’s
There exist some distinctions between the names “B[ig] M[ac]” and “B[ig] M[ak]”
as appearing in the respective signages, wrappers, and containers of the food products
of the parties. The infringement goes beyond the physical features of the questioned
name and the original name. There are still other factors to be considered. Applying the
dominancy test, the Court fined the respondents’ use of the “Big Mak” mark results in
likelihood of confusion. First, “Big Mak” sounds exactly the same as “Big Mac”. Second,
the first word “Big Mak”. Is exactly the same as the first word in “Big Mac”. Third, the
first two letters in “Mak” are the same as the two letters in “Mac”. Fourth, the last letter in
“Mak” while a “k” sounds the same as “c” when the word “Mac” is pronounced. Fifth, in
Filipino, the letter “k” replaces “c” in spelling, thus “Caloocan” is spelled “Kalookan”.
Furthermore, respondents’ inability to explain sufficiently how and why they came
to choose “Big Mak” for their hamburger sandwiches indicates their intent to imitate
petitioners “Big Mac” mark. Contrary to the court of Appeals’ finding, respondents’ claim
that their “Big Mak” mark was inspired by the first names of respondent Dy’s mother
(Maxima) and father (Kimsoy) is not credible. For one, he could have put his father’s
name ahead of his mother’s, as is usually done in this patriarchal society, and derived
letters from said names in that order. Or, he could have taken an equal number of
letters (i.e., two) from each name, as is the more usual thing done. Surely, the more
plausible behind respondents’ choice of the word “Mak”.
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indispensable to prevent further acts of infringement by respondents’ corporation. Also,
the amount of actual damages is reasonable percentage (11.9%) of respondent
corporation’s gross sales for three (1988-1989 to 1991) of the six years (1984-1990)
respondents have used the “Big Mak” mark.
Questions:
The Asacro Company was foundry for copper in Tacoma, Washington. People
used to talk of the “Tacoma aroma” when referring to the foul smell emitted by Asacro’s
giant chimneys. The company’s activities, however, did not just produce bad smell.
Worse, they also0 released a notability high amount of arsenic.
In the 70’s the company had invested more than $40 million in an attempt to
reduce the arsenic emission. But in 1983, the agency for environmental protection told
the company that the law demanded that they reduce the emission of arsenic by at the
very least, 25%. Arsenic is carcinogenic. The agency estimated that the arsenic
emissions of the company led to four lung cancer cases a year. The new restriction was
aimed at reducing this figure to the probably of just one case yearly.
Questions:
Silver Chemical Company’s new president, Mr. David Santos, has learned that,
for the past four years, the company has been dumping its industrial waste into the local
river and falsifying reports to authorities about the levels of suspected cancer-causing
materials in that waste. The plant manager says that there is no proof that the waste.
The plant manager says that there is no proof that the waste can cause cancer and
there are only few fishing villages within a hundred kilometers downriver. If the company
has to treat the substance to neutralize its potentially injurious effects and then transport
it to a legal dumpsite, the company’s operating costs might go to a level that might
make the firm 10,000 local employees could become unemployed and the town’s
economy might collapse.
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Questions:
1. What is the ethical dilemma that Mr. Santos, the company president, is facing?
2. Why is environmental pollution a moral issue?
3. If you are the president, what would you do? And why?
4. If you are the president, what would you do? And why?
5. Cite three other ethical issues that we can find in this case.
Corporate Social Responsibility – it is the obligation of decision makers to take actions which
protect and improve the welfare of the society as a whole along with their own interest. It is also called
corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, social performance, or sustainable responsible business)[1]
is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a
built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business monitors and ensures its active compliance with
the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international norms. ISO 26000 is the recognized
international standard for CSR (currently a Draft International Standard). It is about how businesses align
their values and behavior with the expectations and needs of stakeholders - not just customers and
investors, but also employees, suppliers, communities, regulators, special interest groups and society as
a whole. The way CSR is put into practical action varies from company to company. Some examples of
how this commitment may be undertaken include:
Woolworths (the fresh food people) is through their commitment to the environment. As
part of this obligation, Woolworths created the ‘greenbag’ as a plastic bag alternative
and also provides training to its 30,000 staff on how to ‘fill the bag and not the
environment.’
AGL (Australia’s energy company operates the ‘energy for life’ community
investment program, which involves paying the winter energy bills for homeless shelters
in Australia.
For McDonalds, the motto ‘giving back’ forms an ‘integral part of everything
[they] do.’ One example of how McDonalds gives back to the community is through the
Ronald McDonald House charity. This provides seriously ill children with facilities and
support that helps these kids to live a ‘brighter, happier and healthier’ life.
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The environmental program of San Miguel Foundation Inc. covers the
protection of land, water, and air. On a smaller scale, the Foundation conducts tree-
planting projects on areas identified by different San Miguel Corporation (SMC) plants.
Tree-planting projects are usually scheduled to coincide with plant celebrations.
Based on the
Teachings of
Jesus Christ as
taught in the
bible.
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Arguments In Support of Corporate Social Responsibility (Fajardo, 2000)
1. Long-run self-interest. In the long run, business enterprises will benefit from their
own investment by using their resources, in reducing or eliminating social
problems.
4. Public Image. Charitable, civic, and socio-economic projects are some of the
activities where businesses take part.
5. Profit from Social Problems. Businesses can turn problems into profits by being
creative and resourceful.
2. Lack of Social Skills. Businessmen lack the appropriate skills in solving social
concerns.
3. Lack of Social Accountability. The social needs and problems should not depend
on businessmen.
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A Corporate/Business ethics often focuses on social issues. It may set out
general principles about an organization's beliefs on matters such as mission, quality,
privacy or the environment.
39
standard in the pharmaceutical industry most of which now has “tamper resistant for
your protection” printed on its blister packs. In all of these actions, the means of
recalling the medicines from the market has been the most effective action taken by the
Jackson Company. It may have lost millions of dollars, but the intention gave the
consumers and its employees across the world, they are primary responsible for their
customers.” It is this credo that made them believe that they have taken the best actions
necessary. And truly, after only two months since the crises, the compay was able to
recover 80% sales of the medicine.
Questions:
1. Why do you think it is important for the Jackson Company to hold on to its credo?
2. The actions taken by the Jackson Company support many areas of Corporate
Social Responsibility, what are these?
3. What other suggestions can you give the Jackson Company in order to assist its
sister company CPC?
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Questions:
2. Was it right for the store manager to immediately side with the salesman? Why or
why not? Justify your answer.
3. Celia’s case may only be one of the many unpleasant episodes that happened
and remained uninvestigated at Spidermart. Replacing the defective nozzles
does not totally resolve the core of the matter as the Consumers’ Union has
given Spidermart a warning and many customers may suddenly come out in the
open hearing the news about the case of Celia. As a shop director, what are the
next steps that you must do?
CHAPTER V – Work
Definition of Work
Work is legitimate use of our mental and bodily powers for economic gain or
profit. (Agapay, 1991)
2. Work is the purpose of obtaining an economic gain for the power. It belongs to
the essence of work that it can be compensated.
From the biblical ponit of view, God is seen as the author of work and he also
blessed and sanctified work. In the Old Testament, God did not only create man, he
was also the author of work. In Genesis chapter 1, He creates a pattern for us to
follow – He created the world for six days and rested on the seventh day. The reason
for this respite is for man to appreciate the value and meaning of work.
In the New Testament, the meaning of work could be understood from the
perspective of the mystery of God’s incarnation. When Christ became man, humanity
was blessed and sanctified, including human work. Seen from this perspective, work
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therefore, is not drudgery, not even a curse, but an activity that has been sanctified,
then it must also sanctify the worker.
St. Thomas Aquinas enumerates four purposes of work in his treatise entitled
“Summa Theologica”:
1. It provides for one’s daily livelihood.
2. It prevents idleness which is a source of many evils.
3. It curbs the rebellious flesh.
4. It enables man to give alms from his material surplus.
When he works:
- He accomplishes something
- He defines himself
- He measures his work as a person
- He develops himself
- He provides am occasion to relate with
others
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2. Guard your mouth.
5. Learn to forgive.
6. Be generous.
8. Be considerate.
9. Perform your work and fulfill your duties to the best of your ability.
15. Smile and enjoy your work. (Remember: Work has been sanctified, it must also
sanctify you.)
4. Never assign them tasks beyond their strength, do not employ them in work not
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6. Provide for their health and social recreation.
CHEHOMA Corporation has been operating for almost ten years now. After five
years of operation, it started borrowing money from the bank yearly to keep its business
going. Due to global crisis and weakening of the Philippine economy, the company, the
company failed to pay its debts to the bank. And because of this situation, the bank
issued the company a letter of notice telling the company that if it fails to pay its debts,
at least the interest, within a year, the bank will have no choice but to take over the
company. Consequently, the company was forced to act on it; it decided to cut down its
expenses by having a mass lay-off of its employees in order to cope with the demands
of the bank. But certain groups of employees opposed the idea so they initiated a
dialogue with the management. They said that they prefer a salary below the minimum
wage rather than to lose their jobs especially those times. However, the management
told them that this is against the law and that the company might face a criminal offense.
Still the employees continued to plead until the company gave in. as a consequence,
they told the employees that they would have to sign a document stating that they
actually received the right wage. It is to appear that the company is paying the right
amount of wage to the employee.
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Questions:
1. Clearly the company violates the law when it allowed its employees to receive
the wage below the minimum that the law requires. Is this decision morally
correct? Why or why not?
2. The employees insisted on what was legally wrong. Is this action morally justified?
A woman was working as a head nurse at a clinic that employed about 20 people.
The owner and manager was a member of a religious cult. During business hours,
everything seemed normal for the head nurse to manage the office of this size, but
during the 2 hour lunch break, al the employees has to go to the rooftop and attend in-
house teachings. These courses encompassed everything from the communication
skills to office efficiency. They were all designed by a man who founded a religious cult
of which the owner was a member. Granted that they were business seminars, staff
members and employees including the head nurse felt those teaching were heavily
colored with religious influences. They had to understand every word as an important
key in learning lessons. However, most of the words could not be understood because
they cannot be found in dictionaries. Whenever she would ask her boss about a word,
they would usually end up discussing the cult leader’s works and eventually she would
have to read paragraphs out of the religious teachings to fully understand everything.
She felt as though she was being brainwashed but could not complain because she
loved her work.
Questions:
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1. Faith and belief in Almighty God
*Draw a symbol/symbols on the assigned values or a symbol of success of EDSA based on your
personal perceptions or knowledge regarding the event (e.g. Rosary, dove, Mama Mary etc.)
a. Discuss and enumerate the significance of the symbol/symbols
*Biblical Passages (5)
*Learning Objectives (5)
*Reflection Songs – May Bukas pa (Rico J. Puno) and I Believe, Keep the faith (Guns and Roses)
*Activity: a. Have a discussions on the significance of the EDSA People power experience
to Filipinos. Describe the practical benefits of the experience (e.g. Defeat of tyranny, deposing corrupt
leaders).
b. Cite Filipino culture and attitude/history that are testaments to this fact.
c. Clippings/Pictures from magazines, newspapers illustrating the value of faith in God
(20 pictures/clippings)
d. Give at least 10 quotations regarding faith in God
e. Answer “My Personal Faith – Evaluation and Resolution” Page 6. (Modules on Good
Citizenship Values)
f. Make a Group Personal Prayer
3. Order
*Draw a symbol/symbols on the assigned values or a symbol
a. Discuss and enumerate the significance of the symbol/symbols
*Biblical Passages (5)
*Learning Objectives (5)
*Reflection Songs – “He” and choose at least one song on related values
*Activity: a. Newspaper clippings and illustrations that illustrate the value of Order (20
pictures/clippings)
b. Give at least 10 definition of order
c. How to cultivate and encourage the value of Order in their area of concern? (5 each)
1. teachers
2. Barangay Officials
3. Students
d. Choose at least two poems citing the essence of order
e. Answer “The Order of Your Life” Page 19 (Modules on Good Citizenship Values)
f. Make a Group Personal Prayer
4. Work
*Draw a symbol/symbols on the assigned values or a symbol
a. Discuss and enumerate the significance of the symbol/symbols
46
*Biblical Passages (5)
*Learning Objectives (5)
*Reflection Songs – In His Time and Kung Kaya Mong Isipin (Joey Ayala)
*Activity: a. Discuss the Filipino culture of, and with regard to the following: Kapit sa
patalim, ningas-kugon, manana habit, pwedeng-pwede na, and bahala na.
b. Differentiate job and work
c. Answer “The 1-Million-Peso question: Where Will I Put my Million?” Page 25
d. Explain the following quotations:
1. Don’t settle for mediocrity, aim for excellence
2. Well done is better than well said
3. Do your best and God will take care of the rest
4. Living within your means is spending less than what you earn
5. Pray and work: Pray as if everything depended on God and work as if
everything depended on you.
6. Learn to invest your God-given talents in your work, for work is God’s provision
to prosperity.
e. Clippings/pictures on quality work or motivation on work (20 pictures/clippings)
f. Make a Group Personal Prayer
6. Love
*Draw a symbol/symbols on the assigned values or a symbol
a. Discuss and enumerate the significance of the symbol/symbols
*Biblical Passages (5)
*Learning Objectives (5)
*Reflection Songs – “The Power of Your Love” and “Tell the World of His Love”
*Activity: a. Pictures from magazines, newspapers illustrating love (e.g. scenes of happy
and successful family life, people/organizations doing acts of kindness and charity, EDSA 1 and 2
pictures that depict love of freedom and democracy) (20 pictures)
b. Pictures from magazines, newspaper illustrating violence and other social issues that
do not display the value of love. (20 pictures/clippings)
c. Give an anecdotes or quotations wherein the value of love is highlighted
d. Solicit ten definitions or descriptions of love
e. Answer “Pay it Forward ….. with Love” Page 42. (Modules on Good Citizenship Values)
47
f. Answer the ff”: 1. Discuss the effects of living a life without love
2. How can you demonstrate the value of love in your family, your
country and in school?
3. How can you be more loving persons for others?
4. What benefits you can possibly reap from being a loving person?
g. Make a Group Personal Prayer
7. Freedom
*Draw a symbol/symbols on the assigned values or a symbol
a. Discuss and enumerate the significance of the symbol/symbols
*Biblical Passages (5)
*Learning Objectives (5)
*Reflection Songs – “The Impossible Dream” and “Bayan Ko”
*Activity: a. Pictures from magazines, newspapers illustrating freedom (20
pictures/clippings)
b. Brief discussions of the value of Freedom by defining the value and its importance.
c. Give five persons who fight for freedom. Please provide its stories and pictures.
d. Add a short input on the matter by citing real examples that highlight the implications
*EDSA 1 and 2)
e. Answer the following:
1. What values did Benigno Aquino reap as a result of his steadfast hope, belief
and love for freedom? Explain all values.
2. What were some of the things that Ninoy Aquino had to give-up to gain
freedom?
3. Accdg. To Jose Rizal “Nations win their freedom by deserving it, by loving
what is just, what is good, what is great to the point of dying for it.”
4. Explain “Freedom without responsibility results to anarchy”
f. Explain Benigno Aquino’s “Seven Vital Social Messages on Freedom” Page 49
(Modules on Good Citizenship Values)
g. Make a Group Personal Prayer
7. Peace
*Draw a symbol/symbols on the assigned values or a symbol
a. Discuss and enumerate the significance of the symbol/symbols
*Biblical Passages (5)
*Learning Objectives (5)
*Reflection Songs – “Let there be Peace” and “One More Gift”
*Activity: a. Clippings/Pictures from magazines, newspapers illustrating peace (20
pictures/clippings)
b. Give at least 10 persons who were chosen for Nobel Peace Prize winner. Discuss their
contributions to society or community.
C Give at least ten quotations regarding the value of peace
d. Answer “Where Peace is Absent, Peace May Be Sought” Page 55 (Modules on Good
Citizenship Values)
e. Answer “Living in Peace: A Practical Guide. Page 56. (Modules on Good Citizenship
Values)
f. Make a Group Personal Prayer
8. Truth
*Draw a symbol/symbols on the assigned values or a symbol
a. Discuss and enumerate the significance of the symbol/symbols
*Biblical Passages (5)
*Learning Objectives (5)
*Reflection Songs – Get at least two songs or poems regarding truth
48
*Activity: a. Clippings/Pictures from magazines, newspapers illustrating truth (20
pictures/clippings)
b. Have brief discussions of some major issues dealing with the value of truth:
1. Unexplained wealth of public officials, dishonesty in public offices
2. The truth About war (The War Against Terror in Iraq)
3. How the media handles the truth?
4. An examination of our country’s current conditions (economy, social
developments, politics, values, the Filipino family, standard of living of Filipinos, education, peace and
order situation, and employment)
5. The Truth Commission which will be establish by Pres. Noynoy Aquino headed
by Hilario Davide
c. Discuss the issue on “whistle blowers.” Give at least 5 examples of whistle blowers.
Discuss the issue.
d. How to cultivate and encourage the value of truth in their area of concern: (5 answer
each)
1. Teachers
2. Barangay Officials
3. Students
e. Explain the quotations about LIES, TRUTH, and THE TRUTH ABOUT LIES. Pages
63,64,65.
f. Make Group Personal Prayer
9. Justice
*Draw a symbol/symbols on the assigned values or a symbol
a. Discuss and enumerate the significance of the symbol/symbols
*Biblical Passages (5)
*Learning Objectives (5)
*Reflection Songs – Katarungan (Freddie Aguilar) and Get at least one song or poem regarding
justice
*Activity: a. Clippings/Pictures from magazines, newspapers illustrating justice system (20
pictures/clippings)
b. Explain the following
1. Widening social disparity between the rich and poor in the Philippines
2. Many pending cases in the courts (Unresolved cases of the murder of Ninoy
Aquiino, Evelio Javier, The Kuratong Baleleng, Nida Blanca, Bubby Dacer). Discuss the
cases briefly
c. Explain the Philippine conditions regarding the following social ills:
a. unfair and illegal labor practices
b. abuse of power
c. graft and corruption
d. trial by publicity
e. inhuman working conditions
d. Answer “Justice Starts With Me” Page 69. (Modules on Good Citizenship Values)
e. Give at least ten quotations regarding justice
f. Discuss the issues of the following groups who take justice into their own hands:
1. New People’s Army
2. Abu Sayaff Group
3. Moro Islamic Liberation Front
4. Moro National Liberation Front
5. Magdalo Group (Mutiny/coup d’ etat)
6. Media Killings and summary execution
g. Make Group Personal Prayer
10. Unity
*Draw a symbol/symbols on the assigned values or a symbol
a. Discuss and enumerate the significance of the symbol/symbols
*Biblical Passages (5)
49
*Learning Objectives (5)
*Reflection Songs – Magkaisa (Vicente Sotto III and Homer Flores), Hawak Kamay (Yeng
Constantino) and If We Hold on Together.
*Activity: a. Clippings/Pictures from magazines, newspapers illustrating unity (20
pictures/clippings)
b. Cite EDSA 1 and 2 experiences and the significance of People’s Power
c. Answer/explain the following:
1. United we stand, divided we fall
2. It is better to work with sinners but united than to work with saints but divided
3. What is the importance of amicable dialogue as a means of resolving
conflicts/disagreement and the preservation of unity?
4. Give examples of how we may cultivate and encourage the value of unity.
5. What is the value of Arms Raising Exercise
d. Give at least ten quotations regarding unity
e. Get at least two poems regarding unity
f. Make a Group Personal Prayer
11. Equality
*Draw a symbol/symbols on the assigned values or a symbol
a. Discuss and enumerate the significance of the symbol/symbols
*Biblical Passages (5)
*Learning Objectives (5)
*Reflection Songs – Get at least two songs or even poems showing the value of equality
*Activity: a. Clippings/Pictures from magazines, newspapers illustrating the essence of
equality. (20 pictures/clippings)
b. Cite at least ten quotations regarding equality
c. What equality means to most people? (3 answers each)
1. An ordinary Filipino Citizen
2. Small-scale Filipino entrepreneurs
3. The Filipino youth
4. The Overseas Filipino Workers
5. The Politicians
d. What are the sections embodied in the 1987 Philippine Constitution pertaining to
equality?(At least 5)
e. How to cultivate and encourage the value of equality in their area of concern: (5 each)
1. Teachers
2. Barangay Officials
3. Students
f. Make Group Personal Prayer
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2. Water and electric pilferages in households
3. Insurgency, mutiny, coup d etat,
4. Tax evasions
5. Vote buying and other acts off election fraud
e. State examples of how may cultivate and encourage the value of respect for law and
government in their area of concern:
1. Teachers
2. Barangay Officials
3. Students
f. A World Without Laws or Government. What if…………..
1. There are no traffic rules?
2. Every person is free to do anything he wishes to another?
3. There are no regulations in the pricing of commodities by business
establishments?
4. There are no law enforcers?
5. Dangerous drugs are allowed to proliferate in the streets?
6. The government is not given respect and authority to carry out its functions?
7. Any country has the right to attack or invade another?
8. Any individual or group resort to promote an ideology, pursue an agenda or
overthrow a government?
g. Make a Group Personal Prayer
14. Patriotism
*Draw a symbol/symbols on the assigned values or a symbol
a. Discuss and enumerate the significance of the symbol/symbols
*Biblical Passages (5)
*Learning Objectives (5)
*Reflection Songs – Pagbabalik (Lolita Carbon) and Bayan Ko
*Activity: a. Clippings/Pictures from magazines, newspapers illustrating the essence of
patriotism (20 pictures/clippings)
b. Cite at least ten quotations regarding patriotism
c. Answer the following:
1. Give at least five definitions of a hero.
2. Do you know ordinary persons whom you think fit your description of a hero?
Give the description of his/her heroic deed. (at least 5)
3. What are the simple things every Filipino can do to help our country? At least
10
d. Answer “Simple People, Real Heroes – Everyday. Page 95 (Modules on Good
Citizenship Values)
e. Get an articles or write ups regarding patriotic deeds.
f. Make Group Personal Prayer
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3. How are those things which constitute the common good violated today? How
are they being violated? By whom?
4. What are some ways by which we can protect and promote the common good?
d. Give at least 10 definitions of common good, and 10 definitions of general welfare.
e. Give some examples of how to cultivate and encourage the value of promotion of the
common good in their area of concern: 5 each
1. Teachers
2. Barangay Officials
3. Students
f. Explain the poem entitled “Commonality” Page 131 (Modules on Good Citizenship
Values)
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