MEASUREMENTS

• Also called the English System of Measurement

• Is a collection of measures that have their roots in hundreds
of years of history
Category Name of Unit
Area Acre
Volume Fluid Ounce, Gallon
Length Inch, Foot, Yard, Mile
Mass Ounce, Pound, Ton
• Is the international decimal system of weights and measures.
• Has four broad categories of measurements: length, mass,
volume, and temperature.
Category Name of Unit
Length Meter
Mass Kilogram
Volume Liter
Temperature Celsius
• Is the modern form of the metric system and is the most
widely used system of measurement.
• Are a choice of seven (7) well-defined units which by
convention are regarded as dimensionally independent
 Category Name of Unit Abbreviation
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Amount of Substance Mole mol
Light Intensity Candela cd
Temperature Kelvin K
Electric Current Ampere A
CONVERSIONS
 Basic Kilo
Milli Centi Deci Deka Hecto
Unit
m c d da h k
g/L/m

• To convert to a smaller unit, move decimal unit to the right

or multiply.
• To convert to a larger unit, move decimal unit to the left or
divide.
Minute 60 seconds Month 30 days/4 weeks

Hour 60 minutes Year 365 days/12 months

Day 24 hours

Week 7 days
___ Kelvin ___ Celsius + 273.15

___ Celsius ___ Kelvin - 273.15

• Refers to how close the measurements in a series are to
each other.

• Refers to how close each measurement is to the actual

value.
• Produces values that are either all higher or all lower than
the actual value.
• This type of error is part of the experimental system, often
caused by a faulty device or by a consistent mistake in
taking a reading.

• Produces values that are higher and lower than the actual
value.
“Precise measurements have a low random error.”

“Accurate measurements have low systematic error

and, generally, low random error.”
• Are the digits that carry meaning contributing to its
measurement resolution.
Rules:
1. Non-zero digits are always significant.
2. Any zeroes between two significant digits are significant.
3. A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion ONLY
are significant.
STOICHIOMETRY
• ‘stoicheion’ is a Greek word for element,
‘metron’ means measure

• study of the quantitative aspects of formulas and reactions.

• Is the SI unit for amount of substance.
• Is the amount of substance that contains the same number
of entities as the number of atoms in 12 grams of Carbon
12.
• Tells you the number of entities in a given mass of
substance.
• Also called the Avogadro Constant, named after Amedeo
Avogadro.
• Is the number of constituents particles, usually atoms or
molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance
given by one (1) mole.
• 1 mole = 6.022x10^23 entities.
• 1 mole (element) = 6.022x10^23 atoms of that element.

• 1 mole (compound) = 6.022x10^23 molecules/formula unit

of that compound.
• The mass in atomic mass units (amu) of one atom of an
element is the same numerically as the mass in grams ( g) of
1 mole of atoms of the element.

EXAMPLE:
1. An atom of sulfur has a mass of 32.06 amu, thus
1 mole (6.022x10^23 atoms) of Sulfur has a mass of 32.06 g.
• The mass in atomic mass units (amu) of one atom of an
element is the same numerically as the mass in grams ( g) of
1 mole of atoms of the element.

EXAMPLE:
2. An atom of oxygen has a mass of 16.0 amu, thus
1 mole (6.022x10^23 atoms) of Sulfur has a mass of 16.0 g.
 • The mass in atomic mass units (amu) of one molecule (or
one formula unit) of a compound is the same numerically as
the mass in grams (g) of 1 mole of atoms of the compound.

EXAMPLE:
1. An atom of water (H2O) has a mass of 18 amu, thus
1 mole (6.022x10^23 molecules) of water has a
mass of 18 g.
 • The mass in atomic mass units (amu) of one molecule (or
one formula unit) of a compound is the same numerically as
the mass in grams (g) of 1 mole of atoms of the compound.

EXAMPLE:
2. An atom of table salt (NaCl) has a mass of 58 amu, thus
1 mole (6.022x10^23 formula units) of table salt has a
mass of 58.0 g.
• Is the mass per mole of a substance.
• Has a unit in g/mol.
• For elements, its molar mass is the atomic mass over 1 mole.
EXAMPLE:
1. Oxygen has an atomic mass of 16 amu,
thus its molar mass is 16 g/mol.
2. Carbon has an atomic mass of 12 amu,
thus its molar mass is 12 g/mol.
• For compounds, the molar mass is the sum of the molar
masses of atoms in the chemical formula.
EXAMPLE:
1. For water (H20)
Hydrogen has an atomic mass of 1 amu,
Oxygen has an atomic mass of 16 amu,
2 H + 1 O = 18 amu,
thus, its molar mass is 18 g/mol.
• For compounds, the molar mass is the sum of the molar
masses of atoms in the chemical formula.

EXAMPLE:
2. How many moles of table salt (NaCl) are there in a
table salt sample with 174 grams?
• CONVERTING BETWEEN AMOUNT AND MASS, AND
CHEMICAL ENTITIES
The Molar Mass (M) is the conversion factor between
amount and mass.
• CONVERTING BETWEEN AMOUNT AND MASS (V.V.)
From amount (mol) to mass (g)

From mass (g) to amount (mol).

• CONVERTING BETWEEN AMOUNT AND NUMBER (V.V.)
From amount (mol) to number of entities

From number of entities to (g) to amount (mol).

SAMPLE PROBLEM

1. Gallium (Ga) is a key element in solar panels, calculators

and other light-sensitive electronic devices. How many Ga
atoms are there in 2.85x10-3 moles of Gallium?
SAMPLE PROBLEM

2. Iron (Fe) is the main component of steel and, thus, the most
important metal in industrial society; it is also essential in the
body. How many Fe atoms are in 95.8 g of Fe?
SAMPLE PROBLEM

3. Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2CO3 is a white solid that

decomposes with warming. It has many uses, for example, as
a component in baking powder and fire extinguishers. How
many molecules are there in 41.6 grams of ammonium
carbonate? How many O atoms are in this sample.