1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale

In this era, electricity is the primary component in our daily lives because it’s the main

source for our devices to work. It is the most versatile and easily controlled form of energy. It can

be produced clean with entirely renewable methods, such as wind, water and sunlight. Including

the fruit extract of Gmelina Gmelina arborea, electricity can be produced even with this annoying

fruit droppings that many has considered as an eyesore.

Gmelina is a fast-growing, unarmed, moderately sized to large deciduous tree with a wide

spreading canopy with numerous branches forming a large shady crown. It can grow from 3 - 30

metres tall, sometimes even taller. The first flowers are borne 3 - 4 years after planting, and the

mature fruits are produced 1 week after the flowering peak and fruiting may be spread over a 2

month period. This is a common tree in the Philippines and abundant for fruit source.(Retrieved

from http://www.worldagroforestry.org/on September 2, 2017).

Gmelina Gmelina arborea fruits are found in the ground that nobody cares. It contained

1.76 tannic acid, acids when contact with metal cause it to corrode, a chemical reaction (electro

chemistry). Two different metals, namely copper and iron, reacting in different way in same acid

causes an electron unbalance making one of the metal to become positive and other negative in

its electric charge. (Quraishi, 2009)

With this study, we give importance to Gmelina fruit, since we all know that Gmelina fruit

drop is considered as natural waste. The researcher considered to use this as one of the

alternative source of the electrical energy.

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 1.2. Objective of the study

1.2.1 General Objectives

This study aims to determine the power rate of the Gmelina fruit extract

when lighting an LED bulb.

1.2.2. Specific Objective

Specifically, the study aims:

1.) To determine the concentration needed in order to power up a LED light

bulb with:

a.) 30% Gmelina extract

b.) 50% Gmelina extract

c.) 80% Gmelina extract

d.) 100% Gmelina extract

2.) To determine the power rate that the Gmelina Gmelina arborea extract

can produce as a source of power for LED light bulb.

3.) To determine the significant difference between the power rate in all

concentrations of the Gmelina Gmelina arborea extract.

1.3. Null Hypotheses

This study tested the following null hypotheses:

H01: There is no significant difference between the power rate in all concentrations of the Gmelina

Gmelina arborea extract.

H02: There is no power rate the Gmelina fruit extract can produce as a source of power for LED

light bulb.

1.4. Significance of the Study

Today’s time and age, electricity is a constant necessity in terms of using one of our

devices. With ever evolving world of technology, nowadays, people are searching for an efficient

and less-cost electric course.

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 If this study proves successful, students and researchers alike will be able to recreate

their own homemade source of electricity to lessen their cost of expenses and even make use of

the common Gmelina arborea fruit’s extract, lighting our houses are important in every member of

the family.

1.5. Scope and Limitations of the Study

The main focus of this study was to make use of the acidity content of the Gmelina’s fruit

extract to power up a low voltage LED light bulb. This study needs a total of 780ml of Gmelina

Gmelina arborea’s fruit extract, 420ml of distilled water, alligator clips, and the metals: copper and

iron.

The fruits were harvested from the sides of the road, near a Gmelina tree, within the

range of the research members’ walking distance from their homes or the proximity of their

hometown, to widen the search. The number of fruits needed would be a lot in general for the

extract in its fruit is only so little.

1.6. Definition of Terms

Acid is essential in the Gmelina fruit extract, the other factor of electric producing chemical
reaction.

Electricity is harvested from the chemical reaction of the Gmelina fruit extract and metals.

Gmelina Gmelina arborea is a deciduous tree, native to Southeast Asia, its fruit was harvested
and have its extract wrung-out.

Metal is a good reactor between metal and acid reaction.

Power rate is the rate at which electrical energy is converted to another form. This was
measured in the voltage meter-device, ammeter device and stopwatch to measure the duration of
light.

LED bulb the device used as a test subject, considering this device uses low energy.

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 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In exploration, with the knowledge and procedures, researchers can develop a new

source of energy with the use of electrochemical reaction. The commodities and services of this

study is for man’s use of a cheaper substitute for battery for calculator. This useful study is the

product of the natural chemical from Gmelina Gmelina arborea extract. In this fast-growing

economy with high-priced commercial batteries prompts researcher to conduct studies using fruit

extract as a source of energy. This Chapter presents a brief review of related literature from

fellow research paper, both published and unpublished that is related to this study.

Unfortunately during the search of Gmelina battery in the net and in the archives of this

school, nothing was found. Though some component of the Gmelina Gmelina arborea extract will

be used as the relating factor for this chapter.

2.1. Lemon on a 3-Watt Light Bulb

Citric acid is natural acid that is found in many fruits. Citric acid is used in highly

concentrated batteries and in normal batteries but it is much stronger and higher in concentration

the reason is because people use more citric acid and the citric acid that is used is highly

concentrated and cannot be found in stores. (Cited from http://bit.do/dPrqa- on October 8, 2017)

2.2. Boiled Potato for Low-Energy Appliances

Schoolchildren are routinely shown how to convert potatoes into makeshift batteries

using copper and zinc electrodes. Haim Rabinowitch at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in

Israel and his colleagues now report a way to rev up the power output: by boiling the potatoes

first. (Taken from http://bit.do/dPrrh- on October 8, 2017)

Credits to J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 2, 033103 (2017), boiled or electroporated Solanum

tuberosum produced a voltage up to ten times higher than raw potatoes. The authors calculate

that energy production from these potatoes is five- to fiftyfold cheaper than commonly used

batteries and can produce light, through LEDs (light-emitting diodes, pictured), more cheaply than

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kerosene lamps. Potatoes could thus provide an inexpensive way to power low-energy

appliances. The authors suggest that rupturing tissue membranes by boiling or electroporation

alters the properties of the tissue sandwiched between the electrodes such that it enhances the

energy-generating capabilities of the biological power cell. D.C.

2.3. Fabrication of Electric Generation

The fabrication of an electric generation experimental kit which is comprised of pineapple

peel residue from agricultural industries. Juice from squeezing pineapple peel was used as

electrolyte of a galvanic cell. Sufficient acidity of the juice could activate electrochemical

reaction in the galvanic cell kit using a zinc plate and copper plate as electrodes. (Found in

http://bit.do/dPru4- on October 8, 2017)

2.4. Salt Lamp

A lamp that takes two tablespoons of salt and a glass of water in order to work. This is

from the Sustainable Alternative Lighting, or SALt Corp. This is a startup focused on delivering a

cost effective, environmentally safe lamp that runs on salt water. The lamp "uses the science

behind the Galvanic cell, the basis for battery-making," they said, in changing electrolytes to a

saline solution—an approach that is nontoxic, and avoids the tragic incidents of fires that are

caused by candles and tipped-over lamps. (Found in http://bit.do/dPrv3- on October 8, 2017)

2.5. The Components of a Handmade Electric Source

The reaction typically occurs between two pieces of metal, called electrodes, and a liquid

or paste, called an electrolyte. For a battery to work well, the electrodes must be made up of two

different types of materials. This ensures one will react differently than the other with the

electrolyte. This difference is what generates electricity. Connect the two electrodes with a

material that can transport electricity well (called a conductor) and the chemical reactions fire up;

the battery is generating electricity! As you make connections, note that electricity likes to take

the path of least resistance. If there are

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multiple ways to go from one electrode to the other, the electricity will take the path that lets it flow

most easily. (Taken from http://bit.do/dPrqx- on October 8, 2017)

2.6. Chemical Composition of Gmelina Gmelina arborea Fruit Extract

The chemical composition of the fruit oil of Gmelina arborea Roxb., Verbenaceae, was

examined by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

(GC/MS). One hundred components were identified which accounted for 92.7% of the oil

including 24 trace compounds. The ubiquitous terpenes occurred in lesser amount. The fruit oil

was characterized by the abundance of (Z)-3-hexenol (17.9%), 1-octen-3-ol (8.4%) and hexanol

(6.1%) among the aliphatic alcohols; heptacosane (5.6%), pentacosane (3.8%) and 1-

pentacosene (3.2%) among the hydrocarbons; and nonanal (8.7%) and (E)-2-decenal (3.0%) as

the main aldehyde constituents. (Cited from http://bit.do/dPruf- on October 8, 2017)

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 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Research Design

This study used experimental research design. Using four (4) setups with three (3)

replicates for each setup and was done in three trials. The four (4) setups includes three (3)

experimental with one (1) control setup.

3.2. Study Area

Study
Area

Fig.1. Location of the study (Cited from goo.gl/aTFg3A)

The study was done at P-3, Paulino Street, Poblacion, Naawan, Misis Oriental. Liwagon’s

Residence, with an open backyard, for conducting the expirements.

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3.3. Materials and Equipment

The materials used were , 36 pcs 2” iron nail, 72 pcs 2” copper nail, 16 pcs

alligator clips, 1m hook wire, 420ml distilled water, 780ml Gmelina extract, 1 pc. LED

bulb, 1/8 illustration board, and 12 pcs of cylindrical glass container. The equipment

were, 100ml syringe, 1 pc. voltage meter, stop watch and 1 pc. ammeter.

Fig.2. 24 pcs 2” copper Fig.3. 12 pcs 2” iron Fig.4. Gmelina

nails (3.7g) nails (2.9g) arborea fruit

Fig.5. 1m Hook wire Fig.7. Volt Meter

Fig.6. Ammeter

Fig.8. Alligator Clips Fig.9. (500ml) Fig.10. 12 pcs. of

Distilled Water cylindrical glass container

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3.4. Data Gathering Procedure

Identifying a Problem

Formulation of Objectives

Proposal Defense

Compilation of All Materials and

Equipments

Gmelina Fruit and Extract Harvest

Measurements for the Different

Mixtures

Completion of Setups

Recording of Results

Analysis of Data

Making Conclusions and

Recommendations

Conceptual Development

Fig.11. Flowchart of the study

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 3.4.1. Identifying a Problem

The researchers were required to make a project. In doing so a problem was needed in

order to make the required project possible. The choice consists with an experimental or social to

create a proposal.

For instance, this research was relative to the community’s need for a cost-effective to

augment today’s economy.

3.4.2. Formulation of Objectives

When the problem was served, the researchers formulated objectives connected

to the problem. The objective for this research were experimental and observational. The

objectives showed a possible traits; experimental, where the researchers added another variable

in a setup, while the observational only analysed the results from the prepared setups.

3.4.3. Proposal Defense

The researchers were busy reviewing and preparing for the proposal defense on

the scheduled date.

3.4.4. Compilation of All Materials and Equipment

Most of the following materials and equipments were bought from stores in stock

or borrowed from an acquaintance. The required materials and equipments were acquired then

the researchers compiled it on a specific location and working area.

3.4.5. Gmelina Fruit and Extract Harvest

Gmelina fruits were used in the study and it was commonly found in approximate

of the researchers’ residence. The fruits of the Gmelina tree were located in various places in the

Poblacion, Naawan Misamis Oriental, which has given the researchers easy picking from the

ground. The fruits at that time was either ripe or not either way, all were taken to use. The

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researchers collected as many pieces of the Gmelina fruit to fulfil the extract requirement of

780ml. This procedure involved in a 5-step action.

First, the researchers collected the Gmelina fruits. Second, they compiled it in an

accessible area. Third, the researchers has proceeded to cut the fruits in half and squeezing its

sides in order to take the brown extract of the Gmelina fruit. Finally, they finished when the

780mL is achieved.

3.4.6. Measurements for the Different Mixtures

The given liquids consisted of; 780ml Gmelina fruit extract and 420ml distilled

water. The researchers has divided the given into four parts, all the while considering the

percentages required in the different mixtures. The measurement was done with the 100ml

syringe. Each setups’ three trials were each contain the volume of 100mL.

It was decided that the total of 300ml of Gmelina extract was used in the fourth

setup’s 3 trials while the remaining 480ml Gmelina extract was used to the other three setups and

it’s three trials, which was mixed and controlled with the percentages of the 420ml distilled water.

Fig.12. Measurements for the Different Mixtures

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 3.4.7. Completion of Setups

The setups consisted of; a cylindrical glass container habiting the Gmelina

extract or the different mixture concentration of Gmelina extract and distilled water, arranged nails

(each weighing the same), and hooked with alligator clips.

All of the setups had the same appearance and arrangement but the difference

of mixtures still remains in the deepness of the brown liquid. The complete setup was eventually

look like this:

While the circuit board was established like this:

Fig.13. Circuit board

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 3.4.8. Recording of Results

When the setups were all set, the researchers has first measured the power rate

with the voltage meter and ammeter to all the setups. They recorded all of the data from the

different setups. Then the researchers tested each of the setups to the LED bulb and saw

whether it’s on or not. The results was recorded with photos and succinct observations. If it’s on,

the researcher has kept an eye on the duration of time that the LED bulb is lit.

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 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Different Concentrations of Gmelina Fruit Extract to Power Up an LED Light Bulb

Table 1. Power Rate Records

Gmelina Extract Current (I) Voltage (V) Time (t) Stored Energy/Power
Percentage Rate (IVT)
T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

30% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

50% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

80% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

100% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The table above shows the gmelina extract percentage, current, voltage, time and power

rate. The result shows that the setups failed to power up the LED light bulb.

The researchers didn’t make it because it lacks some materials especially the nails and

For they were unable to produce a single volt from the setups prepared. The setup was done the

way the researchers designed it to but it didn’t work the way the researchers expected it to. The

researchers really did it according to what has been planned.

The researchers connected the nails in the sequence of: iron, copper, iron, copper, iron,

copper, iron and copper. All that has been connected by a wire and alligator clips. The

researchers cannot give any significant difference for all set-ups because the researchers did not

able to power up an LED light bulb.

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 5. Summary and Conclusion

5.1 Summary

The researchers designed and develop a study called Power rate of Gmelina (Gmelina

arborea) Extract. This study covered the use of acidity content of the Gmelina’s fruit extract to

power up a low voltage LED light bulb, it requires a total of 780ml Gmelina fruit extract, 420ml

distilled water, alligator clips, and the metals, which is a 2’ nail: copper and iron.

The power source was combined and placed in a circular plastic container in order to test

the following hypotheses and find answers in the questions: can a Gmelina’s fruit extract light up

an LED light with the use of a 100%, 80% or 30.

5.2 Conclusion

The researchers was able to arrive at these conclusions based on the finding of the

study;

1. Therefore, even with the given concentration namely; a.) 30% Gmelina extract,

b.) 50% Gmelina extract, c.) 80% Gmelina extract, and d.) 100% Gmelina

extract, the LED light bulb failed to power up.

2. Therefore, based on the results the researchers’ gathered, 0 voltage – instantly a

0 power rate which can’t be a power source for LED light bulb.

3. Therefore, there is no significant difference between the power rate in all

concentrations of Gmelina Gmellina arborea extract.

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 6. Implication and Recommendation

This research showed that it was possible to make an experiment from a wasted material

that usually nobody cares. This research does not directly affect the educational policy and

practices, but it can affect the educational thinking of a student specially in following some rules,

policies and all the ideas they have in their mind. It can also be the key to every researcher to

continue or get some ideas from this research and maybe improve the failure that the researchers

have done.

Based on the foregoing findings of the study, the following are recommended for future

experiment of the developed TITLE.

1.) The future researchers should not continue the failure that the present researchers have

done in this research.

2.) The future researchers maybe used some alternative instead of having a Gmelina

Gmelina arborea extract to power up a low voltage LED light bulb.

3.) The future researcher should find the errors in the present researcher’s methods and

continue in making some source of electricity not only from Gmelina arborea tree but also

from other source that are less expensive from this research.

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