PWM Based DC Motor Speed Control using

Microcontroller
this project, I will show you how to generate a PWM signal using 8051 Microcontroller and also
a PWM based DC Motor Speed Control using Microcontroller.

table of Contents

 Introduction
 PWM Based DC Motor Speed Control using Microcontroller Circuit Principle
 How to Generate PWM in 8051 Microcontroller?
 Circuit Diagram of PWM Based DC Motor Speed Control using Microcontroller
o Circuit Components
o PWM based DC Motor Speed Control using Microcontroller Circuit Design
 Code
 How to Operate the Circuit?
 Advantages
 Applications

Introduction

It is important to control the speed of DC motor in many applications, where precision and
protection are essential. Here we will use a technique called PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) to
control the speed of DC motor.

We can achieve speed control of DC motor using mechanical or electrical techniques but they
require large size hardware to implement but a Microcontroller based system provides an easy
way to control the speed of DC motor.

Earlier, we have already seen how to control the speed of DC motor using PWM without
Microcontroller. Here, we do the same experiment by using a microcontroller.

For that purpose, here we will use 8051 controller to produce PWM wave. By varying the width
of this PWM wave, we can control the speed of DC motor. In 8051 microcontroller, the timers
are used to generate the PWM wave.

In this article we will see how to generate a PWM Signal using timers in 8051 Mocrocontroller
and also how to control the speed of DC motor using tthat PWM signal.

PWM Based DC Motor Speed Control using Microcontroller Circuit Principle

The heart of this project is the 8051 Microcontroller. If you have worked with any variant of the
8051 Microcontroller, you might remember that 8051 doesn’t have a dedicated PWM circuitry to
enable PWM Mode. So, in order to generate a PWM Signal, we have make use of Timers and
switch the I/O pins ON and OFF using the timers.

In this project, I will make use of Timer0 in 8051 Microcontroller along with Timer Interrupt to
produce the PWM Signal.

How to Generate PWM in 8051 Microcontroller?

Most modern microcontrollers like AVR (Arduino, for example), ARM, PIC, etc. have a
dedicated PWM hardware and pins to activate PWM mode instantly. However, 8051
Microcontrollers do not have this provision. So, how to generate PWM in 8051 Microcontroller?

For this we have to use Timers and Interrupts in 8051 Microcontroller. The Timer0 of 8051 is
configured in Mode0. By carefully adjusting the High and Low levels, we can maintain a
constant period of the signal.

Circuit Diagram of PWM Based DC Motor Speed Control using Microcontroller

Circuit Components

 8051 Microcontroller
 11.0592 MHz Crystal
  Capacitors – 33pF x 2, 10µF
 Resistors – 1KΩ x 4, 10KΩ x 2
 12V DC motor
 L298N Motor Driver
 Push Buttons x 5
 1KΩ x 8 Pull-up Resistor Pack
 Serial cable
 12V battery or adaptor
 Connecting wires

PWM based DC Motor Speed Control using Microcontroller Circuit Design

The circuit consists of one 8051 Microcontroller (and its supporting circuitry related to oscillator
and reset), L298N Motor Driver Module, a DC Motor and a few push buttons.

A 12V DC Motor is connected to the L298N Motor Driver Module at its OUT1 and OUT2 Pins.
The IN1 and IN2 pins of the motor driver are connected to +5V (VCC) and GND. The EN1 pin
of the Motor driver is connected to Port0 Pin P0.0.

Four Push Buttons are connected to Port0 Pins P0.4, P0.5, P0.6 and P0.7.

Generally, we can interface switches to the micro controller in two configurations; one is Pull-up
configuration and the other is pull-down configuration.

Pull-up configuration: In pull up configuration, the microcontroller pin is pulled HIGH to

LOGIC 1 and the button is connected to GND. When button is pressed, microcontroller pin
receives LOGIC 0

Pull-down configuration: In pull down configuration, the microcontroller pin pulled down to
LOGIC 0 and the button is connected to VCC. When button is pressed, microcontroller pin
receives LOGIC 1.

In our circuit we are using pull up configuration. So, we need to check for logic 0 in order to
know whether the button is pressed or not.

Code

The code for the project is given below.

#include<reg51.h>

sbit PWM_Pin = P0^0;

sbit low = P0^4;

sbit medium = P0^5;

sbit high = P0^6;

sbit off = P0^7;

void InitPWM_timer(void);

unsigned char PWM = 0;

unsigned int temp = 0;

char a=1;

int main(void)

low=1;

medium=1;

high=1;

off=1;

PWM_Pin=0;

InitPWM_timer();

while(1)

{
if(low==0)

PWM=102;

a=0;

else if(medium==0)

PWM=153;

a=0;

else if(high==0)

PWM=255;

a=0;

else if(off==0)

a=1;

PWM_Pin=0;
}

void InitPWM_timer (void)

TMOD &= 0xF0;

TMOD |= 0x01;

TH0 = 0x00;

TL0 = 0x00;

ET0 = 1;

EA = 1;

TR0 = 1;

void Timer0_ISR (void) interrupt 1

TR0 = 0;

if(PWM_Pin==1 && a==0)

{

PWM_Pin = 0;

temp = (255-PWM);

TH0 = 0xFF;

TL0 = 0xFF - temp&0xFF;

else if(PWM_Pin==0 && a==0)

PWM_Pin = 1;

temp = PWM;

TH0 = 0xFF;

TL0 = 0xFF - temp&0xFF;

TF0 = 0;

TR0 = 1;

}How to Operate the Circuit?

1. Connect 12V battery or adaptor to the development board.

2. Switch on the supply.
3. Burn hex file to the 8051 controller with the help of programmer.
4. Make the necessary connections as per the circuit diagram.
5. Now switch on the supply and press switch 1. You can observe the starts rotating but at only
40% capacity.
6. If you press switch 2, the motor runs with slightly greater than half the speed (60% duty cycle).
7. Pressing switch 3 will make the motor to rotate at full speed (100% duty cycle).
 8. To stop the motor, press switch 4.

Advantages

 Using this PWM method, we can save the power.

Applications

 Used in industries to control the speed of motors.

 Used in shopping malls.
 We can use this concept to control the light intensity.

Filed Under: 8051 Microcontroller, Electronics, Embedded, Free Project Circuits, Mini Projects

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