Input Impedance

Power dissipated by the antenna as heat:

2
1 2 Vg  RL 
PL = I g RL =  
2 2  (Rr + RL + Rg )2 + (X A + X g )2 

Power delivered to the antenna for radiation:

2
1 2 Vg  Rr 
Pr = I g Rr =  
2 2  (Rr + RL + Rg )2 + (X A + X g )2 

Power dissipated as heat on Rg:

2
1 2 Vg  Rg 
Pg = I g Rg =  
2 2  (Rr + RL + Rg )2 + (X A + X g )2 
For maximum power transfer we must have:
Rg = Rr+RL and XA = -Xg

2
Vg  Rr 
⇒ Pr =  2 
(*)
8  (Rr + RL ) 

2
Vg  RL 
⇒ PL =   (**)
8  (Rr + RL )2 

2
Vg
⇒ Pg =
8 Rg
 Using equations (*) and (**) we see that:
2 2
Vg  Rr + RL  Vg
⇒ Pg = Pr + PL =  2 
=
8  (Rr + RL )  8 Rg

Half the power is dissipated in Rg and the other half is

delivered to the antenna for radiation [only during conjugate
matching of impedances]

Power supplied by the generator ( under matched conditions)

2
1 Vg  1 
⇒ Ps = Vg I g =
*
 
2 4  (Rr + RL ) 
 Antenna in the receiving mode
a
RL

XA
IT
RT
VT

XT incident wave
Rr

VT = voltage induced on the antenna by incident wave

 Radiation Efficiency

The relative amount of input power dissipated by

radiation and ohmic losses determine the efficiency of
the antenna
Pr Pr Rr
ecd = = =
Pin Pr + PL Rr + RL

For many antennas, ecd is nearly 100%.

Effective Aperture

It is a measure of the ability of an antenna to collect power from

an incident wave and deliver it to its terminals

incident wave
Wi

PT
2
PT 1 I T RT
Ae= Effective Aperture = =
Wi 2 Wi

PT = power delivered to the load

Wi = power density of incident wave
Ae is in m2 (area)
Under maximum power transfer conditions:

2
VT  1 
Maximum effective Aem =  
aperture 8Wi  (Rr + RL ) 

The effective aperture of an antenna is not always the same as

the physical aperture.

A wire antenna, for example, can capture much more power

than what is intercepted by its physical size!!!!!
Directivity and effective aperture are related by:
λ2
Aem = Do
4π

Aperture Efficiency (εap)

Aem
ε ap =
Ap
For aperture Antennas: Aem ≤ Ap ⇒ ε ap ≤ 1

For wire Antennas: A em >> Ap ⇒ ε ap >> 1

If there are dielectric-conduction losses and polarization losses
then Aem is:

(
Aem = ecd 1 − Γ
2
)
 λ2

 4π

 Do ρˆ w • ρˆ a

2

 
et

Example: Infinitesimal dipole

d
λ
l=
50
λ
d = diameter of wire =
200
 3
We know its directivity is D0 =
2

λ2 λ2  
3 3λ2
Aem = Do =  =
4π 4π  2  8π
λ  λ  λ2
A p = d =  =
50  200  10,000

Aem 3λ / 8π
2
30,000
ε ap = = 2 = !!!!!!!
Ap λ / 10,000 8π
Reflection Coefficient
Return Loss
VSWR
Impedance Bandwidth
 Communication Link and FRIIS
Transmission Equation
Assume having two antennas separated by a distance R > 2D2/λ

Transmitter Receiver

Pt , Got , Dgt , ecdt Pr , Gor , Dgr , ecdr

Γt , ρ̂ t Γr , ρ̂ r
What is the power received Pr ????
Assume Pt is the input power to the transmitting antenna.
Then:

Pt
Wo = ett isotropic power density at a distance
4πR 2
R from the antennas

For a non-isotropic antenna we get:

Pt
Wt = ett Dgt
4πR 2
Not all of the transmitted power density is received by the
receiving antenna. WHY?
We need to consider the effective aperture of the antenna and
absorption losses in the atmosphere.
Thus the received power can be expressed as:
Pr = AerWt
 λ2 
but Aer = etr Dgr  
 4π 
 λ2  Pt Dgt
⇒ Pr = etr Dgr   • ett (37)
 4π π 2
 4 R
but (
ett = ecdt 1 − Γt ) 2
(38)

etr = ecdr (1 − Γ )
r
2
(39)
 Using equation (38) and (39) in (37) yields:

( )(1 − Γ )  λ 
2

Pr = ecdt ecdr 1 − Γt ρ • ρ
2 2 2
  D D ˆ ˆ Pt
 4πR 
r gt gr t r

(Friis Transmission Equation)

2
 λ 
The term   is called the free space loss factor.
 4πR 
This loss occurs due to the spherical spreading of energy

Q. Transmitting and receiving antennas operating at 1 GHz with

gains (over isotropic) of 20 and 15 dB, respectively, are separated
by a distance of 1 km. Find the maximum power delivered to the
load when the input power is 150 W.

Ans.: 270.344 microwatts

Now we can derive the RADAR equation
The word radar came from: Radio Detection and Ranging
 Radar Range Equation
A radar receives energy reflected from a target. So we have to
involve a parameter in FRIIS equation that characterizes the target.
 Radar Cross Section (RCS)

RCS of a target is defined as the area intercepting that amount of

power which, when scattered isotropically, produces at the receiver a
density which is equal to that scattered by the actual target

 2 Ws 
σ = lim 4πR
R →∞

 Wi 

 σW 
Ws = lim  i 
R →∞  4π R 
2
  target

Incident wave scattered energy

In terms of field parameters we can write:

  s 
2
  s 2
2 E H
σ = lim 4πR i = lim 4πR
    2
i 
R →∞
 E  R →∞ 
 
H 


where Es, Hs = scattered E and H-fields

Ei, Hi = incident E and H-fields

The power captured by the target surface is:

Pt Dgt
Pc = σWt = σett
4πR 1
2
The power density (Ws) scattered from the target isotropically
is:

Pc σPt Dgt
Ws = = ett (43)
4πR22
(4πR1 R2 ) 2

The power delivered to the receiving antenna is:

Pr = AerWs ρˆ w • ρˆ r
2
(44)

Combining equations (43) and (44) yields:

 2
Dgt Dgr  λ 
Pr = ett etrσ   ρˆ w • ρˆ r Pt
2

4π  4πR1 R2 

Transmitter Duplexer LNA

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Pulse IF
amp
modulator LO Mixer amp Detector

Basic radar components

 Q. A radar antenna, used for both transmitting and receiving,
has gain of 150 at its operational frequency of 5 GHz. It
transmits 100 kW, and is aligned for maximum directional
radiation and receiption to a target 1 km away having a radar
cross section of 3 m2. Find the received power.

Ans.: 1.22 × 10-8 watts

Remote Sensing