POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE PLANNING
POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION
WITH POLICE PLANNING
The course deals with the study of principles
underlying police organization and management
with particular focus on the Constitutional mandate,
Republic Acts 6975 and 8551, and previous laws and
issuances relating thereto.
It includes the organizational structure and
organization of the Philippine National Police, on the
national and local levels.
Emphasis is given on direction, supervision,
coordination and control of all local police forces as
a homogeneous body under a single command.
It also includes the basic management functions in
so far as these are applied to the police organization.
Police planning is integrated into this course, and it
is designed to equip the students with knowledge on
the development of effective plans, particularly on
strategies and tactics for effective operations.
The emphasis is on the special techniques and
procedure applicable to unusual needs like unusual
criminal activities, civil disturbances, special
community events, disaster plans, and civil defense.
Introduction: The organization with management
and administration is directed towards the
achievement of goals and objectives.
Goals are broad statements of general and long term
organizational purposes often used to define the
role of the police, for instance, to prevent crime,
maintain order or help solve community problems.
Objectives are specific short term statements
consistent with an organizations goal.
The organization guides members in its operation of
the assigned duties. It enhances better
administration of the department. Good
organization and administration would eventually
mean effective and efficient police work.
Organization can also distinguished by their degree
of formality and structure:
1. Formal Organization-is defined as those
organizations that are formally established for
explicit purpose of achieving certain goals. (Stable
social institutions.)
2. Informal Organization- are those sharing the basic
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characteristic of all organizations arise through the
social interactions of individuals or through family
grouping.
What is Organization?
It is a form of human association for the attainment
of goal or objective.
It is the process of identifying and grouping the work
to be performed, defining and delegating
responsibility and authority establishing
relationships for the propose of enabling people
work effectively.
What is Police Organization?
Police organization is a group of trained personnel in
the field of public safety administration engaged in
the achievement of goals and objectives that
promotes the maintenance of crimes.
Administration of Police Organization - It is the
systematic structure of management of a police
organization.
What is Police?
Police is a branch of the criminal justice system that
has the specific responsibility of maintaining law and
order and combating crime within the society.
The term police are derived from the word POLITIA,
meaning condition of a state, government and
administration, POLITIA organization is from the
Greek word POLITEIA which means government,
citizenship, or the entire activity of a POLIS, a city.
POLICE (broadest sense) means the internal
organization or regulation of a state, the control and
regulation of a community or state through the
exercise of the constitutions power of the
government.
POLICE (less broadest sense)it denotes the power of
the government which concerns the tranquility,
public order, peace, security of persons and property
and the protection of the public health and moral.
In the very restricted sense, the word police refer
exclusively to that body of armed men which as an
institution is capable of exercising its duties by
armed physical forces in the preservation and
detection of crime and the execution of laws.
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 POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE PLANNING
Police Activities:
1. The prevention of Criminality.
2. Repression of Crime.
3. Apprehending of offenders.
4. Recovery of Property.
5. Regulation of Non-Criminal Conduct.
6. Performance of Related Miscellaneous Service.
The organization of the police force commonly
requires the following organizational units:
Functional Units:
1. Bureau - the largest organic functional unit within
a large department. It comprises of numbers of
divisions:
2. Division - a primary subdivision of a bureau.
3. Section -functional unit within a division that is
necessary for specialization.
4. Unit -functional group within a section; or the
smallest functional group within an organization.
Territorial Units:
1. Post - a fixed point or location to which an officer
is assigned for duty, such as a designated desk or
office or an intersection or cross walk from traffic
duty.It is a spot location for general guard duty.
2. Route -a length of streets designated for patrol
purposes. It is also called LINE BEAT.
3. Beat - an area assigned for patrol purposes,
whether foot or motorized.
4. Sector - an area containing two or more beats,
routes, or post.
5. District-a geographical subdivision of a city for
patrol purposes, usually with its own station.
6. Area- a section or territorial division of a large city
each comprised of designated districts.
Other Items and Terminologies
1. Sworn Officers-all personnel of the police
department who have oath and who posses the
power to arrest.
2. Superior Officer- one having supervisory
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responsibilities, either temporarily or permanently,
over officers of lower rank.
3. Commanding Officer- an officer who is in
command of the department, a bureau, a division,
an area, or a district.
4. Ranking Officer- the officer who has the senior
rank in a team or group.
5. Length of Service- the period of time that has
elapsed since the oath of office was administered.
Previous active services may be included or added.
6. On Duty - the period when an officer is actively
engaged in the performance of his duty.
7. Off Duty - the nature of which the police officer is
free from specific routine duty.
8. Special Duty -the police service, its nature, which
requires that the officer be excused from the
performance of his active regular duty.
9. Leave of Absence- period, which an officer is
excused from active duty by any valid\acceptable
reason, approved by higher authority.
10. Sick leave -period which an officer is excused
from active duty by reason of illness or injury.
11. Suspension - a consequence of an act which
temporarily deprives an officer from the privilege of
performing his duties as result of violating directives
or other department regulations.
12. Department Rules- rules established by
department directors\superiors to control the
conduct of the members of the police force.
13. Duty Manual -describes the procedures and
defines the duties of officers assigned to specified
post or position.
14. Order – an instruction given by a ranking officer
to a subordinate, either:
a. General Order,
b. Special, or
c. Personal
15. Report - usually a written communication unless
otherwise specifies to be verbal reports; verbal
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 POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE PLANNING
reports should be confirmed by written
communication.
Nature of Police Organization
The police department is truly a complex
bureaucracy. It is mostly a multi-level organization,
organized in the form of a pyramid with the top-level
administrator being the chief of police.
At the bottom level of the organization, one finds
the patrolman or line officer.
The patrol officer is the backbone of the police
department.
The lowest level worker found in many, if not most,
complex organizations who usually performs the
routine, repetitive kind of work necessary to keep
the organization functioning.
The police department by its very nature places the
line officer in a position where he is a decision maker
and manager of his area o responsibility from the
first time he is given a beat to patrol.
There are indeed few agencies in which the
efficiency and parameter of the law enforcement
functions are vested in those individuals quite likely
have the least amount of experience and expertise in
the organization.
Types of Police Organizational Structures
An organizational structure is a mechanical means
of depicting, by an arrangement of symbols,the
relationships that exist between individuals, groups,
and functional relationships between groups and
individuals clearly defined to ensure accountability
and compliance.
Line Organization
The straight line organization, often called the
individual, military or departmental types of
organization, is the simplest and perhaps the oldest
types; but it is seldom encountered in its channels of
authority and responsibility extends in a direct line
from top to bottom within the structures, authority
is definite and absolute.
While the line type of organization has many
advantages, it also has some inherent weaknesses
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which, for many organizations, make its use
impractical.
Perhaps its greatest advantages it that, it is utterly
simple. It involves a division of the work into units of
eight people with person in charge who has
complete control and who can be hold directly
responsible or accountable for result, or lack of
them.
Quick decisions can be made in the line organization
because of the direct lines authority.
Because of these direct lines, each member in the
chain of command knows to whom he is clearly
fixed.
Discipline is administered in this type of the
organization.
Responsibility for making decisions is well
identified. Singleness of purpose is fostered.
Coordination of effort is relatively easy to achieve
because functional overlapping in between units, a
prime cause of friction in any organization can be
minimized.
Functional Organization
The functional organization in its pure form is rarely
found in present day organizations,except at or near
the top of the very large organizations.
Unlike the type of structure, those establishment
organized on a functional basis violate the prime rule
that men perform best when they have but one
superior.
The functional responsibility of each functional
manager is limited to the particular activity over
which he has control, regardless of who performs
the function.
Coordination of effort in this type of organization
becomes difficult since the employees responsible
for results may be subject to functional direction of
several persons.
Discipline is difficult to administer because of this
multi-headed leadership.
There may be considerable conflict among the
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 POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE PLANNING
functional administrators, resulting in much
conclusion among line personnel.
Line of authority and responsibility are fragmented
into many functional channels, making each superior
responsible to several superiors depending upon the
function he happens to be performing.
The functional organization in its purest form is
rarely found in present-day organization except at or
near the top level.
Advantages
1. divides responsibility and authority between
several specialists;
2. Functional responsibility is limited to the
particular activity over which he has control
regardless of who performs the functions.
Disadvantages
1. Coordination of effort becomes difficult;
2. Discipline is difficult to administer;
3. Conflict among the functional administrators.
Line and Staff Organization
The line and staff organization is a combination of
the line and functional types.
It combines staff specialist such as the criminalists,
the training officers, the research and development
specialists, etc. channels of responsibility is to think
and provide expertise for the line units.
The line supervisor must remember that he obtains
advice from the staff specialist.
In normal operations, the staff supervisor has line
commands but with recognized limitations such as
coordination between line and staff personnel can
be achieved without undue friction.
Failure to recognize these line and staff relationship
is the greatest and most frequent source of friction
and a barrier to effective coordination.
The advantage of this kind would be- it combines
staff specialistor units with line organization so that
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service of knowledge can be provided line personnel
by specialist.
POLICE SERVICE
Fundamental Theories of Police Service
1. The Continental Theory - police are servant of
higher authorities and the people have little or no
share at all in their duties, nor any direct connection
with them.
2. The Home Rule Theory - policemen are
considered as servants of the community who
defend for the effectiveness of their function upon
the express wishes of the people.
Concepts of Police Service
1. Old Concepts -this old philosophy means throwing
more people in jail rather than keeping these out
jail. Punishment is the sole instrument of crime
control. The yardstick of efficiency of the police is
more on arrests.
2. Modern Concept -police service today has
broadened its activities to include certain aspect of
social service for the welfare of the people. Their
yardstick of efficiency is the absence of crime.
All police function and activities can be categorized
as their line or non-line. Line functions are those
tasks that directly facilitate the accomplishment of
organizational goals, whereas non-line functions are
those tasks that supplement the line its task
performance.
Line activities are further broken into the sub-
categories: primary line and secondary line
functions, both of which are field service.
1. Line Function
1.1. Primary Line Function
The primary line function is police patrol; that is the
patrol activities of a police organization are
considered basic and the first priority.
The patrol division has the initial responsibility for
crime prevention and dictation of the apprehension
of offenders.
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It also assists in the preparation in the facts for 2.2. Auxiliary Services
presentation in a court of law.
All non-line not regarded as staff service are
Theoretically, if the patrol force were 100 percent classified as auxiliary services.
effective in the execution of its assigned tasks, the
need for specialized units (traffic and detective) Typically, they provide support service of both a
would be eliminated. technical and non-technical nature to both line and
non-line activities.
The patrol function is accurately called the backbone
of the police service. Polygraph examiner, photographer, fingerprint and
crime scene technicians, and the police laboratory
1.2. Secondary Function are technical auxiliary services that support the line
activities.
Historically, police department were established only
as police patrols, however as municipalities The jail and the communication system and non-line
increased in population, area, and technology (for (staff) activities.
example, the invention of the automobile), the
burden of this patrols was greatly increased. Some activities are extremely difficult to classify as
either the staff or auxiliary.
The department, were unable to provide additional
personnel because of budgetary limitations, were In many instances they perform a dual service. Police
unable to increase the number of the officers on the community relation units, although performing
patrol beat in proportion to the rising population secondary line service, may be designated as an
and rate of crime and was force to enlarge each auxiliary or even a staff function.
officers beat.
LINE FUNCTION
2. Non-Line Function
Primary Secondary Staff Auxiliary
Simply put, non-line functions are those services that -Patrol
support the line. -Criminal Investigation
Whereas the line provides services directly to the -Vice Investigation
citizens, non-line activities help the line to -Planning and Research
accomplish its primary task. -Inspection
-Police record System
Traditionally non-line or support activities consist of -Identification service
two major categories: staff and auxiliary services. -Traffic Regulation and control
-Crime Prevention
2.1. Staff Services -Personnel Administration
-Training
These activities that have the responsibility and -Budgeting Control
personal development and department -Purchasing
management are staff services. -Public Relation
-Property control
Personal development includes recruitment, -Communication
selection, training, and supervision. -Crime Laboratory
-Jail-Supply
Budget, planning and research, inspection, and -Transportation
similar activities fall under the heading of managerial -Maintenance
activities.

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PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION
To understand the organization and operation of
public departments certain general basic principles
of organization must be understood.
These principles of organization were generated by
the experience of industry, business, and the military
services.
They have no absolute values, but they do provide a
check list against which an organization can be
structurally and functionally evaluated.
This notion will become more defined as each
principle is considered.
Division of Labor
For a police organization to be effective, work
assignments must be designed so that similar tasks,
functions, and activities are given to an individual or
group for accomplishment.
Police functions are sub-divided into units that are
described as follows:
1. Branch -usually the largest unit within station
2. Division - partof the branch having a department-
wide function
3. Section -basically one of the several functional
elements of a division
Unity of Command
Unity of command requires that an individual be
directly accountable to only one superior. No person
can effectively serve twosuperiors at a given time.
Chain of Command
Primarily this principle provides for the vertical
movement of authority up and down established
channels in the organizational hierarchy.
To illustrate this concept, consider a directives
originating in the office of the patrol chief intended
for the patrol force (downward movement).
Two levels of authority fall between the patrol chief
and the patrol officer inspector.
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Because both levels are held responsible for various
aspects of patrol supervision, both must be aware of
such directives.
If either supervisor is by-passed, that one cannot be
held accountable for the lack of knowledge.
Further, performance of supervisory duties is
greatly hindered, and potentially serious problem is
created.
Delegation of Responsibility and Authority
There must be a clear line of normal authority
running from the top to bottom of every
organization.
Ultimate authority and responsibility for a police
organization lies at the top of the chain of
command-with the chief.
However, if a subordinate is to be held responsible
for the accomplishment of a given task, he or she
must be given the authority to carryout those
responsibilities.
It is important, also the responsibility and the
authority be clearly defined.
If the patrol officers are given the responsibility for
evaluating police response time on a given day or in
a specific situation, the officer must be given the
authority to procure the communication logs from
the communication center.
Without this authority, the entire task cannot be
accomplished.
Delineation of Responsibility and Authority
A clear-out delineation of responsibility and
authority is essential to prevent confusion of lines of
authority.
If responsibility and authority are not clearly defined,
conflicts, duplication and overlaps of function lead to
confusion and inefficiency.
Each officer and each organization segment of
authority delegated to accomplish the job.
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Span of Control
The number of officers or units reporting directly to
the supervisor should not exceed the number that
can be feasibly and effectively coordinate and
directed.
There are an innumerable factor that limits the span
control including distance, time, knowledge,
personality, and the complexity of the work to be
performed.
It is not unusual to fine fifty or sixty workers to
perform identification function reporting to one
supervisor.
On the other hand,as we ascend the chain of
command and the diversity of functions increases,
the number of individuals that a police executive
supervises decreases rapidly.
Objective
All organizational elements must contribute, directly
or indirectly, to the accomplishment of the
objectives of the enterprise.
Each organizational element should be formed for a
definite purpose, and this purposes must be
accomplish the major objective.
Any police function and organizational elements
that is not required in the accomplishment of the
overall objectives should be eliminated.
Coordination
The organizational structure must facilitate the
development of close, friendly, and co-operative
relations, especially between line and staff activities.
Effective coordination is dependent almost entirely
upon adequate communication among all element
of a police organization.
Time
The police service is among the few public services
that maintain a twenty-four hour schedule.
It is necessary to the department to assigned officers
in sufficient number to meet the demands at any
given time.
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Watch or Shift
A time division of the day to ensure proper
allocation of personnel.
Shifts are normally eight consecutive hours, five
days, giving an officer a forty-hour a week.
However, longer working hours and work weeks are
common.
Further, shifts frequently overlaps to provide
additional personnel during peak period.
Territory
Territorial distribution is necessary to ensure the
availability and general suitability of the patrol
service throughout a jurisdiction. Geographical or
territorial divisions of the department can be
described as follows:
1. Post - a fixed or stationary point location (e.g., a
specified street intersection, surveillance site, or an
assigned desk or office).
2. Route or Lined Beat- a length of street normally
assigned to the traffic and patrol officers whether
foot or mobile. The rout has the characteristics of
being continuous, in a straight line, or the line sight.
3. Beat – a geographical area, once again assigned to
either foot or mobile patrol and traffic officer.
4. Section – two or more beats, routes, posts, or any
combination thereof.
Clientele
The distribution of patrol services with respect to the
characteristics of the population served must be
recognized and dealt with in contemporary law
enforcement. The development of specialized
functional units expresses the principle of the
organization by clientele.
Nature of the Office of a Policeman
A police man must have a mind of a lawyer the soul
of a clergyman, the heart of the social worker,
discipline of an army sergeant, the integrity of a
saint. He must believe in a community of law, while
seeing little but lawlessness; believe in the goodness
of man, while seeing the man most often at his
worst, depend on his faithfulness, know his
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 POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE PLANNING
jurisdictions like a sociologist, and he must
understand people like a psychologist. He must take
long view of life like a philosopher and yet never
losing his common touch.
POLICE OPERATIONS
Police Operation
Another word in the large collection of police service
terminology is operations. For the most part,
operation is synonymous with line function. In
accordance with previous definitions, operations are
inclusive of both primary and secondary line
functions.
Subdivision of the Operation
Area.
1. District - is a subdivision of a province and shall
consist of a metropolitan city or a metropolitan city
and adjacent municipalities\ small cities, or several
adjacent municipalities and small cities.
2. Station -is a subdivision of a district and shall
consist of a large municipality or a small city or
municipalities\small city and some adjacent smaller
municipalities or several adjacent municipalities.
3. Sub-station -is a subdivision of a station and shall
consist of a large municipality or small city or a
municipality itself.
Operating Unit of aPolice Station
1. Patrol Division\Section - shall be responsible for
crime prevention; general preservation of peace and
order; crime suppression, and other public safety
services.
2. Investigation Division\section - shall be charged
with the duty of carrying on theobjectives of criminal
investigation, that is, to identify and locate theguilty
party and provide evidence of his guilt through
criminal proceedings.
3. Vice Control Division\Section - shall be
responsible for the neutralization or suppression of
vices such as gambling, prostitution and drug abuse.
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4. Juvenile Division\Section - shall be primarily
concerned with children and youth, the correction
and rehabilitation of youth offenders.
5. Intelligence Division\Section - shall work for the
detection of syndicated crimes andsubtle criminal
activities, including subversion and threats to the
security ofthe state.
6. Traffic Division\section - shall be responsible from
the enforcement of traffic laws and regulation of
traffic. This section is primarily concerned with the
motorist and pedestrians.
7. Homicide Division\Section - shall be charged with
the duty to investigate homicide and murder cases.
8. Municipal Police Sub-station - shall be concerned
with the general maintenance of peace, order and
public safety within their respective jurisdictions.
The Municipal Police Sub-station shall consist of two
principal sections with corresponding functions as
indicated below:
a. Patrol Section
1. Preservation of peace and order
2. Suppression of criminal activities
3. Crime prevention
4. Inspection activities
5. Enforcement of traffic laws and regulations
6. Fire prevention and control
b. Investigation section
1. Crime investigation
2. vice control
3. Control of juvenile delinquency
4. Custody of prisoners
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Peace Officer of Small Police Station
Peace officers of small Police stations are considered
as generalist. Most small police station within the
limits of their capabilities, are responsible for all
activities in the fields of law enforcement and public
safety. They provide routine patrol, conduct premise
inspection, make criminal and traffic investigations,
make arrest, and in other ways, provide for the
community security. In such stations, its members
and officers are by and large generalist.
Historical Background on Policing
Primitive Policing Law enforcement can be traced
back to the cave dwellers, who were expected to
follow certain rules or face banishment ordeath. The
customs depicted in early cave dwelling may
represent the beginning of law and law
enforcement. The prehistoric social order consisted
of small family groups living together as tribes or
clans. Group living gave rise to customs everyone
was expected to observe. The tribe’s chief had
executive, legislative and judicial powers and often
appointed tribe members to perform special task to
include guarding the community against depredation
of lawless elements.
Ancient Law Enforcement
The Sumerians
The earliest record of ancient peoples need to
standardize rules and methods of enforcement to
control human behavior dates to approximately
2300 B.C., when the Sumerian rulers Lipithstar and
Eshumma set standards on what constituted an
offense against society.
The Babylonians
The Code of King Hammurabi (2100 B.C.) –during the
time of Babylonian King Hammurabi, he established
rules for his kingdom that designated not only
offenses but punishment as well. The principle of the
code was that the strong shall not injure the week.
Hammurabi originated the legal principle of LEX
Talionis- the eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth
doctrine.
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Ancient Egypt
The early Egyptians established laws and court and a
rudimentary rule of law. The first account of a
developing court system originated in Egypt in
approximately 1500 B.C. the court system was
presided by judges who were appointed by the
pharaoh. They later organized marine patrols and
customhouses to protect commerce.
Ancient Greece
The Greeks had an impressive of law enforcement
called the Ephori. Each year at Sparta, a body of
Ephors was elected and given almost unlimited
powers as investigator, judge, jury and executioner.
These five men also presided over the senate and
assembly, assuring that their rules and decrees were
followed. From the Greek philosopher PLATO, who
lived from 427 to347 B.C., was the idea that
punishment should serve the purpose rather
thansimple retaliation.
Ancient Rome
The Romans had a high development system of
administering justice. The 12Tabulae (12 tables)
were the first written laws of the Roman Empire. It
deals with legal procedures, property ownership,
building codes, marriage customs and punishment
for crimes. At the reign of Emperor Augustus, he
created the Praetorian Guard, which consisted of
about 7000 men\soldiers to protect the palace and
the City of Rome, together with the Urban
Cohorts to patrol the city. He created the so
called Vigiles who were assigned as firefighters and
eventually given law enforcement responsibilities. As
the first civilian police force the Vigiles sometimes
kept the peace very ruthlessly, hence the
word vigilantes. Another important event was the
time of JustinianI, ruler of the Eastern Roman
Empire (527 to 265 A.D.) who collected all Roman
laws and put it into his Justinian Code-they became
known the Corpus Juris Civilis which means Body of
Law.
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The Early Policing System
The policing system is divided into different systems
namely:
The Anglo-Saxon Period
The Anglo-Saxons were influential in developing the
early police forces. The following are the features of
this period:
1. Tun Policing System- Tun is the forerunner of the
word town. Under this system all male residents are
required to guard the town and to preserve the
peace and control,to protect life and property from
harm or disturbance.
2. Hue and Cry - asystem of apprehending a criminal
whereby a complaint goes to the middle of the
street and shouts to call all males to assemble. The
victim reports his complaint to the assembly and
gives the whereabouts of the perpetrator. All male
residents would then proceed to locate and
apprehend the culprit. When apprehended, trialis
conducted giving the culprit a chance to depend
himself.
3. The Royal Jude -a person who conducts criminal
investigation and gives punishment. Punishment
usually fits the crime committed.
4. Trial by Ordeal- a system of determining guilt and
innocence in the ancient times which was based on
painful test of skills. It is usually accompanied by
harsh punishment. For instance, suspects were
required to place their hands in boiling oil orwater.
When not hurt, it indicated guilt and the suspect
placed under punishment.
The Normal Period of Policing (1066-1285)
1. Shire-Rieve System- England at the time
of William Norman ,divided England into 55military
districts known as the Shire-Rieve. Shire was the
district, Rieve was the ruler who makes laws, pass
judgment and impose punishment. He was assisted
by a constable (forerunner of the word
constabulary).
2. The Traveling Judge- one responsible in passing
judgment which was taken from the Shire-Rieve in
view of some abuses by the Rieves.
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3. Leges Henri -the law of King Henrie I. Duringthis
period:
a. offenses were classified as against the king and
individual
b. police men were considered public officials
c. police and the citizens have the broad power to
arrest
d. a grand jury was created to inquire on the facts of
the law.
4. The Magna-Carta- laws were enacted upon the
demand of the Knights of the Round Table and
forced the king to sign the same. Examples of the
principles of law include the following:
a. no free men shall be taken or imprisoned,
disposed or outlawed except by legal judgment of
his peers
b. no person should be tried from murder unless
there is proof the body of the victim
c. Beginning of the national and local government as
well as legislation.
The Westminster Period of Policing (1285-1500)
1. The Statute of 1295- this law prescribed the
closing of the gates of London at sundown. Start
ofcurfew systems.
2. Justice of the Peace - this was position which
gives a person the power to arrest, pursue and
impose imprisonment.
3. The Star Chambercourt - a special court which try
offenses against the state.
Modern policing System
This period came to the limelight when a bill creating
the Scotland Yard was passed by the parliament of
England. It was sponsored and expanded by Sir
Robert Pell who was made to be the first head of the
police organization. He was referred as the Father of
Modern Policing system due to his contributions in
the modernization of the police force. The following
are the principles were considered in organizing and
administering the Scotland Yard known as the Peels
Principles:
1. Stable and effective police force should be under
government control.
2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency.
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3. Fast distribution of new to the people is essential.
4. Proper distribution of personnel according to shift
and by hour.
5. The best qualification of peace officers is control
of temper.
6. Proper selection and training is the basis of
efficiency.
7. Police cannot function properly without
wholehearted support of the people.
8. Every police must sell himself to the people.
9. Police officers must go out to their way to help or
assistthe people.
Philippine National Police
The Philippine National Police or PNP is the national
police force of the Republic of the Philippines with a
manpower strength of 113,928 as of end-July 2007.
It provides law enforcement services through its
regional, provincial, municipal, district and local
police units all over the islands. Created by virtue of
Republic Act 6975, otherwise known as the
“Department of the Interior and Local Government
Act of 1990", the PNP came into being on January
29, 1991, at Camp Crame, Quezon City, when the
Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National
Police were retired as mandated by law.
History Early Policing
Organized policing started in 1500s when night men
or bantayans patrolled the streets of Manila. The
night men were under the direction of
the alguacilmayor who provided them with muskets
as weapons and alarm bells as their means of
communication. In 1836, the Spanish colonial
authorities formed the Cuadrillo, a rural police force,
toenforce peace in the countryside. Six years later,
its general function was assumed by the Cuerpo de
Carabineros deSeguridad Publica.
The Carabineros deSeguridad Publica was organized
in 1712 for the purpose of carrying outlaws of the
Spanish government. Native Filipinos served up to
the rank of sergeant under the command of Spanish
officers. It was the earlier version of mounted
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riflemen in the history of the Philippine police
system.
In 1852, the notoriously dreaded Guardia Civil took
over peacekeeping duties in the islands under a
Royal Decree. Guardia Civil in the provinces was
composed mainly of Filipinos who worked under the
jurisdiction of the alcaldes or mayors. They followed
a military structure and received semi-military
training yet lacked other dimensions of today’s
police service.
The capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo, president
of theFirst Philippine Republic, signaled the start of
the American occupation of the Philippines.
Maintaining peace and order, particularly in the
countryside, remained the biggest problem of the
Americans.
The Americans failed to subdue the followers of
Aguinaldo like Gen. Macario Sakay. Hostilities
continued in Batangas, Mindoro, Cebu, Bohol and
Samar. A military solution to the peace and order
problem was ruled, hence, the birth of
the Philippine Constabulary.
Pacification Campaigns
To fight rampant lawlessness, the Philippine
Constabulary divided the entire country into
constabulary districts. Banditry was rampant in
Southern Luzon. Records referred to the bandits as
tulisanes. The style of fighting of the early American
Constables and the bandits was “man-to-man,
onfoot, and generally by arms and bolos.”
The American foot soldiers had a hard time repelling
the tulisanes in their fight in the mountains as their
enemies were familiar with the terrain. Malaria and
cholera were the diseases that the afflicted the
American troops whenever they conducted foot
patrol in the hinterlands.
The Insular Force
The Americans are credited for creating
the Philippine Constabulary, the principal
instrument of the civil authorities for the
maintenance of peace and order. The PC began as a
small unit—the Insular Force in 1901.
It was set up by virtue of Organic Act No. 175,
enacted by the Second Philippine Commission on
July 18, 1901.The Constabulary then was composed
of six thousand men led by American officers and
former members of the Spanish Guardia Civil. Under
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 POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE PLANNING
close American direction and control, it functioned
as a military organization.
Since its formation, the Constabulary had been
primarily discharging police law enforcement and
public safety functions. Its officers and men had
served with distinction both in the field of law
enforcement and in combating violence and
lawlessness, and in various aspects of public service.
There was even a time in history when they
performed the duties of teachers, sanitary
inspectors, midwives, doctors and foresters.
The Philippine Constabulary was mandated as a
civilian organization on March 15, 1945 when it was
placed under the general supervision of the Interior
then later transferred to the Secretary of National
Defense on March 30, 1950.
The Secretary of Interior had supervision over the
Constabulary as early as January 13, 1939 until the
outbreak of World War II.As an insular police force,
the officers of the Constabulary carried the civilian
title of “inspector.” Its peacekeeping duty was
limited to areas where military rule had been lifted.
The Constabulary At War
The participation of the Constabulary in the dark
years of the Second World War began upon
President Roosevelt’s declaration of a state of
emergency in the United States. Manila prepared for
war.
The word had been sent: Japan, the Axis power’s ally
in Asia, would soon attack the Far East. Filipinos
woke up on the morning of December 8, 1941 to the
news that the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor.
The first war casualties of the Constabulary came
from the bombing of Pan-American Airways
installation at San Pedro, Makati in the afternoon of
December 8. Six Constables from the Headquarters
Company were wounded.
The next days and months saw relentless Japanese
bombings on the country’s landmarks, airfields and
naval bases.
The Death March
The Japanese had taken Manila but were surprised
that no defense forces were waiting to be captured.
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The Japanese forces then began the siege of Bataan,
ordering four infantry regiments with artillery and
tank support to crush the American and Filipino
soldiers.
The Japanese then prepared to transfer the
prisoners and surrendered troops to Camp o’ Donnel
inCapas, Tarlac in what has been known as the
“Death March.” Because of torture and
starvation, 4,326 prisoners of war died in the
infamous march.
The Postwar Constabulary
The county was left in shambles after the Second
World War .Manila was in ruins. Loose firearms and
dead bodies littered the streets. This was also the
period when communist ideology had been
propagated in the countryside and hard-line
supporters had been won.
The Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan or Hukbalahap
became a force to reckon with in Central Luzon.
The Hukbalahap was born in Pampanga and was
spawned by a feudal land system in the province
dominated by landlords. Pampanga was an “ideal
ground” for the agrarian unrest. It achieved legal
status during the Japanese occupation when it
merged with the guerilla forces in fighting the
Japanese.
The communist movement, meanwhile, capitalized
on the agrarian problems of the country to cement
its presence. Agrarian unrest was prevalent in
agricultural lands in Luzon as well as the sprawling
haciendas in the south.
Luis Taruc became a leader of the HMBs and
founded his own government in Central Luzon. It
was during this turbulent period that the Philippine
Constabulary was reactivated into the Military Police
Command.
Faced with peace and order problems, the Military
Police Command was suffering from its own internal
crises.
The last war had killed many Constables. There was a
dearth for trained personnel who would be utilized
to address the problems.
Constabulary records showed that there were about
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20,000Hukbalahaps in Luzon in 1946. The Military
Police Command, on the other hand,had 23,000
informal enlistees.
Reorganization
On January 1, 1944, the Military Police Command
was dissolved by virtue of Executive Order No.
94 issued by President Manuel A. Roxas. The
Command’s 12,000 officers and men were absorbed
by the newly reorganized Philippine Constabulary.
The revitalized PC was in charge of the country’s
peace and order “except those which were purely
military in nature.”
Brig. Gen. Mariano Castañeda became chief of the
PC and instituted reforms. On June 21, 1948,
President Elpidio Quirino offered general amnesty
to the Huks. Taruc, who had been elected a member
of Congress representing Pampanga, returned to
Manila. ButTaruc had no plans to surrender. He only
went to Manila to collect his back salaries and used
the money for his comrades’ operations in Central
Luzon.
President Ramon Magsaysay was credited for
crippling the Huk movement by mobilizing the
Philippine Constabulary. Magsaysay used the
“friendly touch” for winning over the Huks, building
roads for them and giving them lands.
The Rise of theCommunist Party of the Philippines
The Philippine Constabulary’s attempt to maintain
peace andorder did not end with the decimation of
the Huks.
On December 26, 1968, Jose Maria Sison, a Political
Science student at the University of the Philippines,
founded the Communist Party of the Philippines.
The communist ideology spread through a small
discussion group called Kabataan Makabayan
organized by Sison and his colleagues in the middle
sixties. Sison then rose to become the leader of the
CPP and organized the military wing of the CPP, the
New People’s Army.
But the communists suffered a crushing blow on
January 9,1969 in the hands of the Constabulary who
killed the most number of communist leaders in one
encounter in Orani, Bataan.
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The PC Metropolitan Command
The upsurge of mass demonstrations and violence
during the latter part of the 60s and the expansion
efforts of the communist movement triggered the
creation of the PC Metropolitan Command.
To quell the unrest, President Ferdinand Marcos
issued Executive Order Number 76 on July 14,
1967establishing the PC Metrocom which became
the PC’s striking force as it was authorized to
conduct 24/7 patrol in the entire Metro Manila and
was tasked to “supplement or complement local
police action in the repression and prevention of
crimes…”
Martial Law and the PC
The Philippine Constabulary took on a pivotal role
when President Marcos declared Martial Law
on September21, 1972.
Marcos mobilized the Constabulary and other major
services of the military to dismantle the
“unconstitutional opposition” and to prevent
widespread hooliganism and gangsterism. Convinced
that there was a need to restructure the social base
that bred lawlessness, Marcos reorganized the
government machinery to effect his desired changes
in the social, economic and political structures.
On March 21, 1974, President Ferdinand E. Marcos
signed Presidential Decree 421 unifying all the
police, fire and jail services in Metro Manila. The
move was significant as it created an elite force,
the Metropolitan Police Force that was placed
under the aegis of the PCMetrocom. The decree was
also the first step in fulfilling the constitutional
mandate for an integrated national police force.
The Metropolitan Police Force was tasked to carry
out theintegration of all police units
nationwide. Brigadier General Prospero A. Olivas,
commanding general of the Metrocom, was assigned
the task of launching the pilot project under the
supervision of Fidel V. Ramos and Brigadier General
Cicero C. Campos, deputy Chief for police matters.
General Olivas would have the power and direction
over the Metrocom, including tactical, strategic
movements, deployments, placements and
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utilization of the entire force and the training
thereof.
On August 8, 1975, Marcos issued
Presidential Decree No.765 establishing the
Integrated National Police with the Philippine
Constabulary as the nucleus and all police officers as
components.
They were all placed under the supervision of the
Ministry of National Defense.
The Creation of the Philippine National Police
The People’s Revolution of 1986 saw the birth of the
1987 Constitution that included a provision on the
PNP which was to be “national in scope and civilian
in character.”
In 1991, the Philippine National Police was created
with the passage of Republic Act No. 6975,
otherwise known as the “Department of the Interior
and Local Government Act of 1990.”
The principal authors of the Republic Act 6975
were Senators Ernesto N. Maceda and Aquilino
Pimentel, Congressmen Jose S. Cojuangco Jr. and
Rodrigo Gutang.
Upon its signing into law on December 13, 1990, the
PNP underwent a transitory period;and on 31 March
1991, President Corazon Aquino named General
Cesar Nazareno as the first Director General of the
Philippine National Police.
On January 29, 1991,at Camp Crame, Quezon City,
the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated
National Police were retired officially and
the Philippine NationalPolice was born.
Like any new evolving organization, the PNP suffered
from birth pains. To address these
concerns, Republic Act 8551 or the PNP Reform and
Reorganization Act of 1998 was enacted on February
17, 1998 to amend certain provisions of Republic Act
No. 6975.
This move was in response to the growing clamor to
transform the PNP “into a more responsive, effective
and relevant police organization.”
Under this Act, the PNP shall be strengthened and
evolved into a highly efficient police force that is
community and service-oriented and fully
accountable in the performance of its action.
Officer
Training Officers for the Philippine National Police
are sourced from the Philippine National Academy as
well as through lateral entry, for specialized
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disciplines and requirements such as doctors,
engineers and other technical positions.
The Philippine National Police Academy is located in
Silang, Cavite and is the primary training school for
the PNP.
Recruitment and Training
The PNP conducts regular recruitment programs,
depending on annual budget allocations.
The entry level for non-commissioned officers is the
rank of Police Officer 1 or PO1, with a starting salary
of P14, 265.00 inclusive of allowances.
The new recruits undergo Police Basic Recruit Course
for six months and a Field Training Program for
another six months prior to deployment to various
units.
Republic Act No. 6975 Approved: December 13,
1990
-An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police
under a Reorganized Department of the Interior and
Local Government, and for other purposes.
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) The Philippine
National Police (PNP) has been established initially
consisting of the following:
a. Members of the police force who were integrated
into the Integrated National Police (INP)pursuant
to PD 765;
b. Officers and enlisted personnel of the Philippine
Constabulary (PC) which include:
•Those assigned with the Narcotics Command
(NARCOM);
•Those assigned with the Criminal Investigation
Service (CIS);
•Those of the technical services of the AFP assigned
with the PC.
•Civilian operatives of the CIS.
c. Regular operatives of the abolished NAPOLCOM
Inspection, Investigation and Intelligence Branch
may also be absorbed by the PNP. In addition, the
PNP shall absorb the Office of the National Action
Committee on Anti-Hijacking (NACAH) of the DND,
all the functions of the Philippine Air Force Security
Command (PAFSECOM), as well as the police
functions of the Coast Guard.
“THE LORD IS WITH YOU”
THESSALONIANS 3:16
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