CHAPTER-1

INTROUDCTION

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 CHAPTER-1
INTROUDCTION

1.1 GENERAL

A building or a facility which incorporates special techniques for increasing the energy
efficiency without requiring special materials or construction skills but cutting energy
waste, ensuring occupants health, safety and comfort and improving building durability is
called and energy efficient building. Such building requires careful planning, training and
quality control during construction.

The Conventional sources of energy such as coal, uranium, natural gas etc. are limited on
earth. Continuously increasing g requirements of energy causes rapid depletion of
available resources of energy. There are some energy efficient techniques which when
provided at the time of construction work, save the energy required to run, operate and
maintain the facility during the life cycle period. A brief description of these techniques is
included in the study.

Energy Efficiency in building has tremendous potential in Indian context. It is estimated

that more than 25% of electricity is consumed in houses, office buildings, shops and
malls. If we are ready to use energy efficiency techniques, a large fraction of this part of
total energy requirement can be shared. Conventional methods of heating, cooling,
ventilating creates damage to the environment in terms of toxic gases, bad smell,
increased load of bacteria and fungi within the facility.

The energy efficient systems are free from moisture and dampness related problems
increases the durability of the building. Major heads to achieve energy efficiency in
buildings are given below:-

1. Incorporate solar passive techniques in a building design to minimize load on

conventional systems (heating, cooling ventilation and lighting)
2. Design energy-efficient lighting and HVAC (heating, ventilation and air-
conditioning) systems

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 3. Use renewable energy systems (solar photovoltaic systems / solar water heating
systems) to meet a part of building load.
4. Use low energy materials and methods of construction and reduce
transportation.

Worldwide research had been done to make buildings energy efficient and therefore new
techniques has been developed which are in partial use now a days. Use of these
techniques has been started in American and European countries near about 1970, while
in India it had started since 1975. These techniques have become popular and are in
common use now a day’s all over the world.

1.2 NEED OF THE WORK

Building as they are designed and used today, contribute to serious environmental
problems because of excessive consumption of energy and other natural resources (Tata
Energy Research Institute, 2002). There is close connection between energy use in
building and environmental damage arises due to electrical demands for health, cooling,
ventilating and fire fighting the building. This causes severe depletion of invaluable
environmental resources in addition. It is a fact that these conventional sources of energy
creating damage to the environment in the form of green house effect due to increase of
carbon in the atmosphere and negative changes in the weather. Due to these reasons, it
now becomes very necessary to seek new non-conventional sources of energy without
creating pollution or bed health conditions. A new concept of energy efficiency arises to
save power partly or fully replace the power requirement for heating, Air conditioning,
Ventilating or lighting the houses.

The continuously rising demands of electricity lead to the gap between supply and
demand. Therefore the scientists and planners compelled to seek new non-conventional
sources of energy in terms of developments of technologies for generation and saving of
electrical energy required for cooling, heating ventilation and lighting the buildings.
Apprehension for loss of exhaustible resources i.e. fossil fuel based electricity production
in next 50-100 years is to be controlled with increasing burden on climate (Shahi, 2006).
The global warming is another reason for the development of new energy efficient

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techniques. These non-Conventional sources include solar, wind and other sources of
energy. So it is to design the buildings to meet the occupants need for thermal and visual
comfort at reduced levels of energy and resources consumption by adopting and adding
new techniques in construction. These techniques are to be incorporated in the building
design during the construction work, because it is very difficult to add energy efficient
techniques after the facility construction.

Energy resource efficiency in construction can be affected by adopting special

modifications in the building design.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF DISSERTATION:-

 To study prevalent techniques and provisions of making building energy efficient.
 To select and effective technique for detailed study by visiting the building have
such provisions.
 Comparison of the propose system with usual method of air-conditioning using
electric power through Life cycle cost Analysis.
 To popularize energy efficient techniques in building and to discourage the
productions of fossil fuel based energy production.
1.4 METHODOLOGY:-

The steps involved is the work are given bellow-

 A literature survey of large number of existing energy efficient building with

different provisions and techniques are carried out.
 Field visit of various energy efficient buildings is done.
 Some techniques are chosen which are very effective and selected for further
work.
 Savings are calculated between proposed energy efficient system and the usual
system of providing air-conditioning using electricity power is done by using Life
Cycle Cost Analysis.

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE DSISSERTAION:-

 The first chapter gives an introduction of the proposed works consists of a
general introduction on the work and need objectives and methodology of the
work.

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 The Second chapter is the literature review which concerns with the used energy
efficient techniques with related buildings in India and in the world.
 The third chapter provides the details of existing energy efficient buildings.
 The fourth chapter describes the selected techniques of energy efficiency and the
proposed system.
 The fifth chapter deals with LCCA of the proposed energy efficient system.
 The sixth chapter gives the conclusion and further scope of work.

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 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL

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In order to face with the energy crisis in the world and to save the energy, research has
been done at global level and some energy efficient techniques are developed using
passive solar and other sources of non conventional energy. Number of techniques is
developed in the world over about 1970. Details of various techniques are given in next
section. These techniques are to be incorporated during the construction of the facility.

In cold countries, like U.S.A and European countries, the buildings are to be made energy
efficient by allowing and storing more sun heat and sunrays into the building, while in
hot countries like India, energy efficiency in buildings is achieved by insulating the outer
walls and roof against sun heat and using sun heat in different forms like photo- voltaic
solar panels, Solar chimney etc to save energy. Details of existing energy efficient
buildings in India are given in the subsequent sections of this chapter.

The reliability of these techniques is proved and recognized globally.

To popularize and encourage these techniques, government provides subsidies for the
installation of energy efficient techniques in buildings.

The climatic conditions of American and European countries are different from the India.
The type of the energy efficient techniques to be adopted largely depends upon climatic
conditions of locality. The India has some different climatic regions such as cold and
cloudy, cold and sunny, composite (cold and hot), hot and dry, moderate, warm and
humid etc., using distinct type of techniques in the buildings.

2.2 RECENT ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNIQUES

Cool metal roofing: - Cool metal roofing (Bush et al, 2007,

wwwcoolmetalroofing.org/cons.html) is a family of sustainable energy efficient roofing
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products comprised of unpainted metal, pre painted metal, and granular coated metal. It is
available in a wide variety of finishes, colors, textures and profiles for steep slope and
low slope application.

With proper design, cool metal roofing systems save energy by reducing a building’s
cooling and/or heating load. Many metal roof systems are reflective, easily vented and
lend themselves well to insulated roof systems to help reduce heat gain into a building.
Many products are also formed in ways that stop heat transfer through conduction by
allowing only minimal contact between the metal and the underlying structure. Mill
finished metal roof systems have very high solar reflectance, provides further reduction
in heat gain. Metal roofs with over cured pre painted organic coatings that incorporate
new "cool pigments" technology offer high total solar reflectance and high infrared
emittance even with darker colors. As per the EPA (Energy Solar Roof Product directory)
estimation of inflective roofs can save up to 40% cooling energy on homes and buildings.
Also PPL (Florida Power and Light) founds that a painted metal roof could save a home
owner about 23% annually in cooling costs compared to a dark colored traditional shingle
roof.

2. Cool colosurs: - Solar radiation control (Petrie et al, 2004) is an effective means to
decrease energy need for building cooling. White surfaces have long been used for this
purpose. Cool colours are a recent development for application such as steep slope roofs.
They have the same appearance as standard colours (conventional or ordinary colour) in
the visible part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum but have higher solar
reflectance in the near infrared pigments (Ir BPs) to reflect infrared radiation.

Cool colours for steep slope roofs can also be used for walls but solar radiation
control cannot be as effective on walls as it is on roofs.

In order to quantify potential energy savings, tests were conducted in walls coated with or
without cool colours. It was observed that energy savings for use of cool colours were 4%
to 13%.

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Energy star Appliances such as Star Fans: — Different types of energy
efficient fans ventilation are developed now a day. Some of which are given below: ·—

(a) Energy star ceiling fans: - These fans use half as much energy as typical non
energy star fans. If we have several ceiling fans in our house using energy
efficient fans could save us as much as 1000kwh a year. (wwv.energystar.gov)
(b) Ceiling fans with aerodynamically designed blades:— Ceiling fans with
"Gossamer wind" technology blades move about 40% more air for the same
power use Models are available that operate at l2 V or 24 V and can be operated
direct PV or battery. (www.fanworks.com/vari-cyclone.com)

2.3. LITERATURE REVIEW OF SOLAR CHIMNEY AND

COOLINGTUBE

Research has been in the field of energy efficient techniques and some scientists
specially worked on the performance of solar chimney and cooling tubes separately and
also in the form of combined system of solar chimney and cooling tube when they are
incorporated with the building. The brief description of previous research work are given
below —

1. O.V. Ekechukwu and B Norton (1995) have studied the design and construction of
solar chimney for natural circulation solar energy dryers. The experimental solar
chimney consists of a 5.3 m high and 1.64 m diameter cylindrical polyethylene clad
vertical chamber Proper design of solar chimney enhances the buoyant flow of air
which is critical for the overall design of such dryers. Various air densities are
considered in the study.
2. Girja Sharan and Ratan Jadhav (2003) studied performance of a single pass earth
tube heat exchanger (ETHE) was installed in cooling and heating mode. ETHE is
made of 50 m long MS Pipe of 10 cm nominal diameter and 3 mm wall thickness. It
is buried 3 m deep below GL. Ambient air is pumped through it by a 400 W blower.
Air velocity in the pipe is 11 m/sec. Cooling tests were carried out three consecutive
designs in each month. Heating test was carried out at night in January. Test results

9
 are presented in summary form for each month. Detailed analysis is presented for
two month and only may for cooling and January for heating.
3. Gang Wang, Bing Chen, Mingsheng Liu , Goerg Henkel and Stephan Raulin (2004)
has studied performance of Combined system of solar chimney and earth air cooling
Tube- in this study, a solar chimney is designed and tested to pump outside air
through an underground cooling tube during summer for building cooling. The solar
chimney consists of MS pipe 10 m high and 18 inch diameter (0.4572 m) and cooling
tube consists of 57 m long 18 inch diameter. Concrete Hume pipe buried at 4 m
below ground level. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results shows that the
solar chimney can be used to power the underground cooling system during day time
without the use of electricity .The paper presents the theoretical design principles of
the solar chimney, detailed experimental facilities and the experimental results.

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 CHAPTER-3

ENERGY EFFICIENT
BUILDINGS

CHAPTER-3
ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS
3.1. Energy Efficient Techniques

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There are number of energy efficient techniques used in the buildings in the world for
energy saving. Some techniques are mentioned below along with examples of buildings
in which these techniques are used

3.1.1. System using Solar Chimney with fan: - it creates air circulation within
the room. When it heated with the solar radiations, warm air rises and escapes through the
chimney, which creates an air current, the cooler air from the ambient rushes into the
room to replace the warm air, creates ventilation. This technique is shown in figure 3.l.

Below are some examples of buildings using this system;-

RETREAT Building, Gaul Pahari, Gurgaon. Himurja oftice Building, Shimla. Residence
for Madhu and Anirudh , Panchkula. Residence tor Sudha and Atam Kumar, Delhi .

Figure 3.1
Font View of Residence of Sudha and Atam Kumar showing Solar Chimney Source -
Mili Majumdar (2002)
3.1.2. Cooling through earth tunnel systems: - The temperature inside the earth
of about 4mm depth remains nearly constant round the year and is nearly equal to the
annual average temperature of the place. A tunnel in the form of a pipe or otherwise
embedded at a depth of about 4metre below the ground will acquire the same temperature

12
as the surround earth at its surface and therefore the ambient air ventilated through this
tunnel will get cooled in summer and warmed in winter and this air can be used for
cooling in summer and heating in winter. This technique is shown in figure 3.2. .
Below are some examples of buildings using this system:—

RETREAT Building, Gaul Pahari, Gurgaon. Integrated Rural Energy Programme

Training Center, Delhi . Dilwara Bagh, country house for Reena and Ravi Nath, Gurgaon.

Figure 3.2 (a) and (b)

(a)Front View (North Side) of RETREAT at Gual Pahari, Gurgaon
(b) Space Conditioning using Earth Air Tunnel System in RETREAT

3.1.3. Solar photovoltaic systems: - These are silicon based punch which receives
the sunrays and heat of the sun and converted into electricity through photo-electric effect

13
which can be directly utilized for lighting or can be stored in inverters. This technique is
also shown in figure 3.3.

Below are some examples of buildings using this system :-

RETREAT Building , Gaul Pahari , Gurgaon . Residence for Madhu and Anirudh ,
Panchkula. PEDA Office Complex , Chandigarh , Residence for Sudha and Atam Kumar ,
Delhi . Residence of Mahendra Patel , Ahemdabad . TERI Office Building cum guest
House , Bangalore. Office Building of the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development
Agency, Kolkata.

Figure 3.3
Solar Roof in the RETREAT Building showing Photovoltaic Solar Panels at roof
Source - Mili Majumdar (2002)

3.1.4. Air lock lobby at the entrance, to minimize heat loss during
entrance and exit: - It is an air locked solarium provided at the entrance which is
double glazed. It reduces the infiltration of air within the building. This technique is also
shown in figure 3.4.

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Below are some examples of` buildings using this system:-

Himachal Pradesh State co-operative bank building , Shimla. Residence of` Mohini
Mullick, Bhowali, Nanital. MLA Hostel, Shimla. LEDeG Trainee’s Hostel Building, Leh.

Figure 3.4
LEDeG Trainees Hostel, Leh showing Air Lock Lobby at entrance on Solar
Gain
A Source -Mili Majumdar (2002)

3.1.5. Sun spaces on the south side : - It is a system to maximize solar gains. A
sunspace or solarium is the combination of direct and indirect gain systems. It consists
of` glazed south facing collector space attached yet separated from the building and
living space separated from the sunspace by a thermal storage wall. (The Himurja
Building in Shimla has a well designed solarium on the south wall to maximize solar
gain). This technique is also shown in figure 3.5 .

Below are some examples of buildings using this system:-

Himachal Pradesh State co-operative bank building. Shimla. Residence of Mohini

Mullick, Bhowali, Nanital.

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 Figure 3.5
Himurja Office Building, Shimla, showing specially designed Sun Spaces for
Maximizing solar gain in winter
Source-Mili Majumdar (2002)

3.1.6. Solar heat collector wall: - This is a glazed wall provided in the front of the
building to allow and collect Sun heat in the space behind it. This technique is also shown
in figure 3.6.

Below are some examples of buildings using this system:-

Himachal Pradesh State co-operative bank building, Sbimla. Sangath –an Architect’s
Studio, Ahemdabad. Dilwara Bagh, Country House for Reena and Ravi Nath, Gurgaon.

16
 Figure 3.6
H.P. State Co-operative Bank, Shimla, showing South facing heat collector wall
Source- Mili Majumdar (2002)

3.1.7. Wall insulation by Polyurethane board :- In this system, insulation

against sun heat through outer walls is provided through a layer of 40mm thick
polyurethane form in the outer face of outer walls. This technique is provided in TCI
building, Gurgaon, in figure 3.7.

Below are some examples of buildings using this system:-

RETREAT Building, Gaul Pahari, Gurgaon. Residence for Madhu and Anirudh,
Panchkula. Transport Corporation of India Ltd., Gurgaon. Integrated Rural Energy
Programme Training Center, Delhi. Residence of Neelam And Ashok Kumar, Saigal,
Gurgaon. American Institute of Indian Studies, Gurgaon. Residence of Mahendra Patel,
Ahmadabad.

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 Figure 3.7
Transport Corporation of India, Gurgaon in which Polyurethane boards are
provided behind stone cladding on the front walls
A Source- Mili Majumdar (2002)

3.1.8. Fountain Court with water columns:-These are provided to cool the inner
atmosphere of the building and acts as an Environment moderator. This technique is also
shown in figure3.8.

Below are some examples of buildings using this system:-

Transport Corporation of India Ltd., Gurgaon.

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 Figure 3.8 (a) Figure 3.8 (b)
(a) Inner Part of TCI building showing location of fountain court and water column
within the building.
(b) TCI building inner part showing Innovative section of fountain court and water
column
Source - Mili Majumdar (2002)

3.1.9. Sun Shading by vegetation (trees and creepers):- To prevent direct

entry of Sun rays into the building through doors and windows trees and Creepers are
provided for shading. This technique is also shown in figure 3.9. .

Below are some examples of buildings using this system:-

Development Of property at Civil Lines, Delhi. Dilwara Bagh, Country House for Reena
and Ravi Nath, Gurgaon. Baptist Church, Chandigarh. Solar Energy Centre, Gaul Pahari,
Gurgaon. Tapasya Block Sri Aurobindo Ashram. New Delhi.

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 Figure 3.9
Vikas Apartment, Auroville showing Sun shading by vegetation
Source- Mili Majumdar (2002)

3.1.10. Fenestration and Shading: - Penetration is the proper design of windows

and ventilators in the rooms. Proper location, Sizing and detailing of window and shading
are important for proper lighting and ventilation openings at higher levels naturally aid in
venting out hot air. Size shape and orientation of openings moderate air velocity and flow
in the room A small inlet and large outlet increases the velocity and distribution of air
flow through the room to help the sun and wind out of a building as allow when needed.
Shading over outer doors and windows reduces heat gain during summer. This technique
is also shown in figure 3.10.

Below are some examples of buildings using this system:-

Office-cum Laboratory of the West Bengal Pollution Control Board, Kolkata.

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 Figure 3.10
Office-cum Laboratory of the W.B. Pollution Control Board, Kolkata.showing north
oriented windows with shading.
Source -Mili Majumdar (2002)

3.1.11. White reflecting colour on walls : - White coloured wall surfaces reflects
and rejects sun radiations and prevents heat gain in the building. This technique is also
shown in figure 3.11.
Below are some examples of buildings using this system:-

Figure 3.11
Residence of Mahendra Patel , Ahemdabad showing white textured walls to reflect
incident radiations.
Source -Mili Majumdar (2002)

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3.1.12. Day Light with sky lights: - in this system, the roof is provided with
glazed panels to allow sunlight in day hours for energy saving against lighting the space.
This technique is also shown in figure 3.12.

Below are some examples of buildings using this system:-

Workshop building of Solar Energy Centre, Gurgaon.

Figure 3.12
Workshop building of Solar Energy Centre, Gurgaon, showing sky lights.
Source- Mili Majumdar (2002)

3.2 Field Visit of Energy Efficient Buildings

For a detailed study and observing the functioning , a field visit of existing energy
efficient buildings in New Delhi and Gurgaon was carried out during 28 to 30 July
20l0.Following three buildings were visited and studied.

l. RE'I`REAT: - Resource efficient TERI Retreat for Environmental Awareness and

Training at Gurgaon is visited.

2. Building of Transport corporation of India, plot number 69- sector 32, Gurgaon.

3. Building of solar Energy Centre at Gual Pahari, Gurgaon.

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3.2.1. Retreat:-The Energy Efficient techniques used in the retreat are solar chimney, 4
numbers each 70 meters long, Earth Air Cooling Tubes, Solar Photovoltaic Panels at roof,
and Solar Water Heating Panels at terrace of roof, Air blowers’ runs to draw the cool air
during summer and hot air during winter from the Earth Air Tubes. Absorption chiller
unit to provide additional cooling/heating required in excess of cooling/heating provided
by the air cooling tubes through air blowers of capacity 2 hp each Biomass gasified to
provide energy for absorption chiller system.

3.2.1.1. Functioning of Earth Air Tunnels and Solar Chimney:-

The living quarters (the south block) are maintained at comfortable temperatures
(approximately between 20°C and 30°C) round the year by circulating naturally
conditioned air using Earth Air Tunnel system, supplemented with a system of
Absorption Chillers powered by LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) in humid season and air
washer in dry summers.

Each room in the south block has a "Solar Chimney”, warm air rises and escapes through
the chimney, which creates an air current, the cooler air from the underground tunnels
rushes in to replace the warm air. Two blowers installed in the tunnels to speed up the
process. The same mechanism supplies warm air from the tunnel during winter. There
were clouds in the sky on that date. The observed temperature of room (or outlet of
cooling tube) before running of A system was 34"C.The temperature of air from the
cooling tube was 26°C. It means a net cooling provided by the system on dated
29.07.2010 is 8°C.

3.2.1.2. Absorption Chiller:-

A set of Eco-friendly chillers, which run on LPG and require minimum electricity,
provide extra cooling when needed. LPG being a non-renewable source of energy, efforts
are under way to run the chillers on producer gas generated by the wood based gasifiers.
The conference centre, which accommodates up to It) participants, is conditioned by
means of the ammonia-based absorption chilling.

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 3.2.1.3. Energy Efficient Lighting:-The energy efficient compact fluorescent
lamps in residential quarters, corridors, lobby and toilets are used. Energy efficient tube
lights with electronic chokes are used for conference halls, recreation room, computer
room, dining hall and in administration areas. The conference rooms enjoy glare—free
day light through strategically placed skylights. Time based controls switch off lights at
present time. Key rags system is installed in the rooms for energy conservation.

3.2.1.4. Waste Management:-Waste Water is recycled using the root zone

technique.

3.2.1.5. Photo Voltaic-Gasifier Hybrid Power Plants:-

The building is powered by a PV-gasifier hybrid system. Firewood, dried leaves twigs
and crop residues after the harvest and such other forms of biomass fuel the 50 kW
gasifier. The l0.7 kW (peak) roof, integrated PV system generates power from solar
energy. The power available from both the gasifier and the systems is managed and
controlled with the help of a building management system. The excess power generated
from the sources goes to charge the battery bank. During the night, the loads are met by
the 900 amp-hours/240V battery bank. The external lights and water pumps are powered
by independent stand-alone PV systems.

Most of the external lights located outside the building are powered by independent
panels. Each light has its own pair of small PV panels (roughly a meter wide and half a
meter tall) and is thus a self sufficient "stand—alone" unit. The water pump is also
powered by a PV panel. 7

3.2.1.6. Solar Water Heaters:-

An array of 24 solar water heaters forms a part of the parapets wall of the living quarters.
The system can deliver up to 2000 liters of hot water (at 65°C) every day. In winter,
when the days are short and the sun less intense, gas derived from burning twigs, dry
leaves, etc serves as a back-up source to heat the water. The heat given off when the
stand-by generator is running is also collected and utilized in the solar water heater, as a
back-up source.

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Break - up

 Earth air tunnel — Rs. l.68 million

 Solar Chimney Rs. 0.28 million
 l0.7 Kw solar photovoltaic system Rs. 7.40 million
 Stand alone PV street lighting system Rs. 0.28 million
 Root- zone system Rs. 0.85 million
 Solar water heating system Rs. 0.25 million
 Building management system Rs. 2.30 million
 Ammonia absorption cooling
 System along with gas bank - Rs. 3.10 million
 Air monditioning system (HVAC)- Rs. 2.40 million

Total cost of technologies Rs. 18.54 million

3.2.1.7. Observation: - Solar chimneys are built as part of the outer south walls of
the hostel rooms. End solar chimneys provide exhaust air outlets for end rooms and each
middle chimney provide outlets for two adjacent rooms. Exhaust outlets provided with
grills located at a height of 2.5 m from floor, Grill opening size 0.4 X 1.00 m. A small
gate of size 0.6 X 1.20 m is provided at bottom of each chimney. While observing the
cooling tubes its inlet ends are provided with vertical grills and RCC sloppy slab at the
top. There are four number cooling tubes made of Calvert Hume RCC pipes of diameter
70 cm (see figure 3.2 (a) and (b)). The cool air is drawn through the cooling tube by a set
of two 2hp air blowers at single place in a separate chamber of size l2 X l2 feet (among
two, one unit is stand by).When air blower is started for cooling, it drawn cool air with
high velocity and temperature at outlet end of cooling tube observed by author as 26°C
by room thermometer. This cool air is supplied to the hostel room by a duct pipe up to
inlet at each room through duct grills (at a height of l m from floor).The observed room
temperature is 34°C.

The Pltotovoltaic panels are provided in the form of roof covering at central hall which
also provides sunlight in the hall. The lighting system of the building is powered by the
Photovoltaic system. Similarly solar heating panels are provided warm water for
bathrooms which are located at terrace level. Absorption Chiller unit which provides
additional cooling / heating required for conference ball / rooms as per requirements was
also seen.

25
 Figure No. 3.13.
Back Side of RETREAT Building, Showing Solar Chimney & Water Heating Panels
Source- Mili Majumdar (2002)

3.2.2. TRANSPORT CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD. GURGAON

3.2.2.1. Energy -Saving features:-

(a) Exposure: Being situated in a composite climate with climatic extremes, the
building adopts a compact rectangular form and minimum height above ground to
limit exposure to the external conditions. Openings on the external walls are
designed for two separate functions; small peep windows at seating height
provide for possible cross—ventilation and view out, larger windows at ceiling
level are designed to distribute glare free day light across the office floor. Taking
the day lighting function into account, the window area is minimized to 18% of
the external wall area.

(b) Insolation: The Orientation of the building is determined by the site. The small
peep windows, due to the deep reveal in which they are set, allow insolation in

26
 winter, cutting out of the mid-summer sun by the shade of the reveal on to the
glass. The large daylight windows house adjustable venetian blinds in a double
window sandwich. The blinds are to be adjusted seasonally (thrice a year) by the
building maintenance staff to control direct insolation and to reflect light towards
the ceiling for distribution into the office spaces.

(c) Heat Insulation: In principle, the building is a heavy mass construction

insulated from A the outside. Wall insulation is a 25-mm thick polyurethane foam
protected by a dry red-stone stab cladding system. The roof insulation is 35-mm
thick and has a reflective glazed tile paving cover to minimize sol-air temperature
on the roof surface. The daylight windows provide insulation by way of tight—
sealed two layers of glass with a venetian blind installed between the two layers.
(Figure 3.13)

(d) Fountain Court: The fountain court is an environmental device that seeks to
combine the principles of physics, perception and cultural psychology to produce
an aesthetic language in which nature is reinstated as a beneficent force in
architecture. (Figure 3.14 (a) and (b))

3.2.2.2 Observation: - Two types of glazed windows were provided on the outer
walls, one for day lighting and other for ventilation. T he small size windows were
horizontally pivoted.

27
 Figure No. 3.14 (a) Figure No. 3.14 (b)
Transport Corporation of India, Sector 32, Gurgoan
Source - Visit Photographs (28.07-2010)

3.2.3. SOLAR ENERGY CENTRE, GUAL PAHARI, GURGAON

Demonstration of passive and active solar systems and use of innovative fenestration
design to achieve thermal and visual comfort. High quantity of energy is consumed for
providing lighting, ventilation and thermal comfort in buildings. By proper planning and
design, the architect has made it possible to reduce and in some cases totally eliminate
energy wastage in lighting and space conditioning. The building of the SEC (Solar
Energy Centre) has been designed to make full use of on-site energy for providing
environmental comfort. The complex is located in the composite climate of Gurgaon,
about 35km south of Delhi. The building in this complex has been divided into three
groups:-

 The technical and administration block comprising administration, library,

cafeteria, laboratories and testing areas and the solar simulator section.
 Work Shop building and electric subsection etc.
 The guest house building.

3.2.3.1. Building for Technical and Administration Blocks Materials,

Methods and Techniques.
28
Passive Solar Features:-

(a) Roof and wall treatment: The architect has freedom to determine the
appropriate form and, therefore, the buildings was conceived as a low spread—out
structure, arranged around court yards, maximizing the use of a roof surface evaporative
cooling system with automatic controls. For comfort cooling, the strategy used was to
reduce ingress of heat by using hollow, concrete block walls, properly shaded windows,
and a reflective finish on the roof surface.

(b) Windows for day lighting: Special, openable louvered shutters were
designed for the east and west facing windows. Aluminum windows were used in
preference to steel windows as this gives tighter fitting windows with lesser infiltration.
The windows were split into two parts, one located at the normal height and the other just
below the vault. The lower windows provide ventilation and view and some day light
close to the windows. The upper windows ensure day lighting deep inside the work space
even if partitioned. The windows have been properly shaded to reduce flare from the sky.

(c) Insulation: Mechanical air conditioning has been provided for special
equipment rooms only. The roofs of such rooms have been specially insulated to reduce
the cooling load on the air-conditioning plant.

(d) Artificial lighting: Fluorescent lights, which consume only a third of the
energy consumed by ordinary incandescent lamps, have been provided in all the office
areas. These would be used only in the evening and on especially dark days.

3.2.3.2. Workshop Building:-

Passive Solar Features:

29
Ventilation and day lighting: These buildings will house more machines and few
humans. Since a great deal of heat would be generated within the building itself the
building cross section is designed to facilitate removal of warm air. Permanent ventilators
have been placed on the south side, the roof is insulated and two-level windows have
been provided for good ventilation. To prevent heat gain through the roof`, it has been
given a refractive white finish.

3.2.3.3. Guest House Building: Although this was the first building to be
completed in the campus of the SEC it has been put to use sparingly.

Passive Solar Features:

Earth berming: The south slope facing an artificial water body was chosen for this
building. It has a white painted reflective, finish on the exterior and is mainly oriented to
20 degree east of south. Earth sheltering is the main cooling system and the guest rooms
are partially sunk into the ground the roof has a terrace garden, which is watered during
the summer months facilitating cooling. A special section is used to ensure cross-
ventilation of each guest room.

Specially designed windows for winter heating: Windows are provided with an
arched sunshade, which allows the winter sun to come in even through the top part of the
glazing. The windows have been designed to reduce infiltration of outside air.

Solar Water Heating: Solar water heating integrated with the architectural design
have been provided for each toilet.

They have been deliberately placed in a highly visible location so that their state of
disrepair (dust accumulation, leaks and breakages) can be monitored easily. Back up
water heating is provided in the form of an outline electric heater located inside the toilet
and not as a heating element built into the hot water tank. A sunny terrace for solar
cooking has been provided near the kitchen. It is observed that the main office building
roof was painted ultra white by enamel paints for heat insulation from roof. Green
gardens are provided around the building for environment cooling.

30
 Figure No.-3.15
Solar Energy Centre, Gual Pahari, Gurgaon
Source - Mill Majumdar (2002)

31
 CHAPTER-4

COOLING TUBE & SOLAR

CHIMNEY TECHNIQUES

CHAPTER-4

COOLING TUBE & SOLAR CHIMNEY TECHNIQUES

32
4.1. SELECTION OF SYSTEM

During the visit of energy efficient building sites at New Delhi and Gurgaon, various
energy efficient techniques incorporated in the construction of the buildings, these
techniques are analyzed in detail.

Some places are selected for visit which has the similar climatic (equal Cold and hot in
the year) so visit of Delhi and Gurgaon is done. It has been observed that most of the
energy techniques use solar energy, wind energy and constant temperature of earth below
ground level as a source of energy. Solar energy is utilized both for insulating the
building against solar heat (in hot region) or to allow maximum solar energy (in cold
regions). Most Energy Efficient Techniques are based on solar design i.e. use of Solar
Radiations as a source of energy to achieve energy efficiency.

The techniques which are suited to the climatic conditions of this region, simple in
working. Without any moving mechanical parts, very effective and easy in construction
in the buildings are selected. Also it is observed that some energy efficient buildings have
used two or more different sources of energy for better efficiency and economy. it is seen
that if solar chimney and cooling tube when combine together, can better exploit two
sources of energy and suited to this climatic condition(Cool and Hot) because cooling
tube can provided cooling comfort in the summer and heating comfort during winter
seasons respectively. Then solar chimney and cooling tubes are selected and combined
together for energy saving.

These two techniques does not have any moving mechanical parts, hence maintenance is
negligible and also durable. It is also observed that solar radiations are not available at
night hours to operate the system. Hence an air blower should be incorporated with the
system for such conditions.

4.2. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM:-

33
The proposed energy efficient System consists of a facility of size 20x5m provided with
earth air cooling tube, solar chimney, solar collector and air blower 0.5hp with
thermostat. All these systems are installed in the facility during the contraction work. The
system component circular solar chimney which is 10m high and diameter 0.4572m (18
inch), resting on a concrete pedestal foundation of diameter lm at top and 2m at bottom.
Circular rings are provided at different levels to facilitate the tying of guy strings for
holding solar chimney in vertical position. This chimney is connected by steel pipe with a
solar collector of size 2mX2mX2m made of glass and ply wood.

The solar collector is connected to the building and the chimney via of 0.4572m diameter
pipe. The length of the connection pieces are 2.8m between Solar Site and collector and
2m between the collector and the chimney. The opening for the collector inlet is on the
bottom of the collector the opening for the collector outlet is on the top of the opposite
site from the collector in order to use the positive stock affect in collector

The cooling tube consists of diameter 0.475m concrete Hume pipe of length 57m
(provided in two horizontal rows of 25m each).

The two rows of the cooling tube system are connected together with 3 Number Tees and
4 Number Elbows of the same diameter. The outlet end of the cooling tube is 0.6m
(2feets) above the floor inside the building and this end is connected with the air blower
of capacity 0.5 hp to draw cool/hot air during day and night hours. The inlet end of the
cooling tube (or tunnel) terminates at the fresh air intake above the ground with intake
grills and all four sides with RCC cover at the top. The Air blower is separated from the
room by separation wall to insulate the room with the heat of the air blower during
running condition.

Before reaching the room, the air may be provided with the dehumidification system i.e.
dehumidifier. The air is then entered in to the room forced by Solar Chimney in day hours
or through air blower in night hours. The solar collector is provided in between room and
solar chimney. The cool air is supplied through cooling tube to the room and exhausted
through solar chimney.

4.3. FUNCTIONING / WORKING PROCEDURE OF THE SYSTEM:-

34
The principal of working of combined system of air cooling tube and solar chimney is
very interesting. The drawing of cool air through the earth air cooling tube is by suction
head provided due to the heating of solar chimney. When solar chimney is heated
sufficiently by solar radiation, the density of air within the chimney is reduces while still
the ambient temperature is less than the chimney, the density of ambient a.ir is more than
the air in chimney. Then due to the difference in the densities of the air within the hot
chimney and in ambient, then buoyant forces creates flow of are inside the chimney
towards outside through the top in upward direction. This creates pressure drop inside the
room (due to suction of air), so that cool air is automatically sucked and drawn through
its outlet point in the floor.

The inlet point is in direct contact with the ambient air outside of room. From outside
outlet, the hot ambient air is passed through the cooling tube, and then air is cooled due to
cool inside of tube and cools the room.

The solar collector is the key part of the system. The air temperature leaving the solar
collector under different air flows can be obtained based on the heat balance when the
collector size and solar irradiation are given. (Wang et al, 2004)

The following relationship holds good to determine the size of solar collector

ISαASC=UL (Tr + Tc - To) ASC + prqccp (Tc-Tr)

2

The solar collector absorbing area (Asc) is determined based on required the chimney air
temperature and chimney flow under local solar radiation and climate information using
above equation in which Is the solar irradiation of solar collector w/m 2, α is the solar
radiation absorptance of solar collector, UL is the surface heat loss coefficient of solar
collector, W/m20C, Tr is the room temperature, Tc is the chimney temperature pr is the
density of room air, Qc is the air discharge in chimney ,Cp is the specific heat of air.

The air temperature inside the chimney is assumed as same as the discharge air
temperature of the solar collector.

35
By increasing the solar collector surface area and the chimney height and diameter, more
chimney available draft can be generated.

The cooling tube and solar chimney system can be designed in which the cooling tube
design includes the tube diameter, length and buried depth and the solar chimney design
includes the solar collector size and the chimney height and diameter. The study only
focuses on developing the solar chimney air flow model with the use of air blower. The
solar chimney should have energy draft to overcome the cooling tube pressure loss and
the negative thermal gravity affect under the design ventilation air flow.

Our system under consideration cools the room in the summer from March to October
and in winter, the system provides heating from November to 29th of Feb. The system
provides cooling and heating with the help of heating of solar chimney in day hours and
heating and cooling in night hours with the help of air blower. Day hours are considered
for 10:00 AM to 6:00 PM and

night hours from 8:00 PM to next 6:00 AM. in night hours, the cool air in summer is
drawn through cooling tube by air blower because solar chimney is not capable of
functioning due to absence of solar radiation in night hours. The temperature difference
between room and ambient is practically observed and it is found as 4°C. This fact has
been introduced in the cooling and heating calculations for the system.

The l2 years old records of maximum and minimum monthly temperatures of

Meteorological department are used for calculating the cooling / heating capacities of the
proposed system alternatives (as shown in the next chapter 5, table 5.2 & 5.3). P or using
these table for summer season, the room temperature is taken as 4°C less than the
ambient air temperature (i.e. taken as 4°C less than maximum monthly temperature of
temperature table 5.5), which for using these tables for winter season, the room
temperature is taken as 4°C more than the ambient air temperature (i.e. taken as 4°C more
than maximum monthly temperature of temperature table 5.6).

Further it is observed that during the day hours, the maximum ambient temperature is at
about 2:00 PM afternoon (The temperatures of maximum monthly temperature table 5.5
are assumed for at 2.00 PM afternoon) and for calculation purposes, the average daily

36
temperature is taken at 2:00 AM noon which is l.5°C less than that observed at 2:00 PM
afternoon, Similarly at about 6:00 AM morning, the daily hourly temperature is the
minimum. Therefore for cooling/heating calculations for night hours, the average night
temperature is taken as l.5°C higher both for summer and winter seasons.

Here it is again important to note that if we install Photovoltaic solar panel to operate air
blower at night. then the investment cost is 170/- per watt x 2400 watt (200 watt X l2
hours at night) = Rs 408000 + other expenses of installation+ inverter etc..So because of
low efficiency of photo voltaic, it is excluded from the study.

Our system is comparable with the air conditioner because it can provide cooling and
heating in all seasons during day hours and night hours. The system is suitable for
individual houses. The thorough cooling/ heating calculations done which is included in
the study to analyze and prove the cost effectiveness of the proposed system to be
provided in the facility because the payback period of the system is sufficiently limited so
that system should be provided in the building.

37
38
39
 CHAPTER-5

LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS

OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

40
 CHAPTER-5

LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

5.1. INTRODUCTION

Life cycle cost Analysis (LCCA) is a method for assessing the total cost of facility. It
takes into account all costs of acquiring, owning and disposing of a building or building
system. LCCA is especially useful to those project alternatives that fulfill the same
performance requirements, but differ with respect to initial cost and operating cost, have
to be compared in order to select the one that maximizes net savings.

Lowest life cycle cost (LLCC) is the most straight forward and easy to interpret measure
& economic evaluation. Some other commonly used measures are net savings (or net
benefits), savings to investment Ratio ( or saving benefits to cost ratio) , Internal Rate of
Return and Payback Period .they are consistent with the lowest LCC measure of
evaluation if they use the same parameters and length of study period .

Different terms and definitions related to LCCA, the different costs related with the
LCCA and different steps involved in the LCCA are also discussed clearly in the analysis.
Some alternatives are designed for the proposed system and one for the conventional
A.C. System.

An economic comparison of three alternatives using the LCCA as a tool for comparison
has been done to assess the suitability of energy efficient building over the conventional
methods of construction and energy consumption equipments.

Following three designs are considered:-

1. Cooling Tube, Solar chimney and use of Air Blower only in Night Hours in a
facility.

41
2. Cooling Tube, Solar Chimney and use of Air Blower both in day and Night hours
in facility.

3. Use of Air-Conditioner for Cooling /Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning in

the same facility.

The first two alternatives are concerned with the proposed system, performance of which
compared with the third alternative i.e. A.C. system.

Designed alternatives of proposed system have the difference for the duration for use of
Air Blower.

5.2. SOME USEFUL DEFINITIONS RELATED TO LIFE CYCLE

COST ANALYSIS

1. Discount Rate - the rate of interest that balances an investor`s time value of
money.

2. Initial Investment Cost - any cost of creation of facility prior to its

occupation.

3. Life Cycle Cost - a sum of all costs of creation and operation of a facility over
a period of time.

4. Life Cycle Cost Analysis- a technique used to evaluate the economic

consequences over a period of time of mutually exclusive project alternatives,

5. Maintenance Cost - any cost of scheduled upkeep of building, building

systems, or building component.

6. Nominal Discount Rate - a discount rate that includes the rate of inflation.

7. Operation Cost- any cost of the daily function of a facility

8. Present Value - the current value of a past or future sum of money as a

function of investor’s time value of money.

42
9. Real Discount Rate - a discount rate that excludes the rate of inflation.

10. Repair Cost - any cost unscheduled upkeep of a building system that does not
required replacement of the entire system.

11. Replacement Cost - any cost of scheduled replacement of a building system

or component that has reached the end of its design life.

12. Residual Value -the value of a building or building system at the end of the
study period.

13. Study Period- the time period over which a life cycle cost analysis is
performed.

5.3. LIFE CYCLE COST CATEGORIES:-

The Life Cycle Cost Analysis of proposed system’s alternatives includes various heads of
expenses, some of which provides Life Cycle Costs {These major heads are further sub-
divided into sub-heads , the costs which are associated with the Life Cycle Costs are
described as following (State of Alaska-Department of Education,l999) :-

5.3.1. Components of Initial Expenses

Initial Investment Cost (one time start -up costs), Construction management, Land

Acquisition, Site -Investigation, Design services, Construction Cost, Equipment,

Technology, indirect/ Administration, Art, Contingency

5.3.2. Components of Future Expenses

A. Operational Cost (annual costs):-

Heating fuel, Electricity, Water and sewer, Garbage disposal, Custodial, Grounds, Lease,
and Insurance.

43
B. Components of Maintenance and repair cost (scheduled and
unscheduled upkeep costs):- Site improvements, Site utilities, Foundation/ sub-
structure, Super structure, I Exterior wall systems, Exterior windows, Exterior doors,
Roof systems, Interior partitions, Interior doors, Interior floor finishes, Interior wall
finishes, Interior ceiling finishes, Interior specialties, Conveyance systems, Plumbing
piping, Plumbing Hxtures, Fire protection systems, HVAC Distribution, HVAC
Equipment, HVAC Controls, Electric service/generation , Electrical distribution ,
Electrical lighting , Special electrical systems, Equipment and furnishings.

C. Components of Replacement costs (scheduled replacement of

building systems or components):-

Site improvements, Site utilities, Foundation / sub structure, Super structure, Exterior I
wall systems, Exterior windows, Exterior doors, Roof systems, Interior partitions. Interior
doors, Interior floor finishes, Interior wall finishes, Interior ceiling finishes , Interior
specialties, Conveyance systems , Plumbing systems , Plumbing fixtures , Fire protection
systems, HVAC Distribution , HVAC Equipments . HVAC Controls, Electric service

Generation, Electrical distribution. Electrical lighting, Special electrical systems.

Equipments and furnishings.

D. Components of Residual value (value of facility at end of study

period):-

Site improvements , Site utilities , Foundation /sub structure , Super-structure, Exterior

wall systems , Exterior windows , Exterior doors , Roof systems , Interior partitions ,
Interior doors, Interior floor finishes , Interior wall finishes, Interior ceiling finishes,
interior specialties, Conveyance systems, Plumbing piping, Plumbing fixtures, Fire
protection systems, HVAC Distribution, HVAC Equipments, HVAC Controls, Electrical
service/ generation, Electrical distribution, Electrical lighting , Special electrical systems
Equipment and furnishings.

44
5.4. STEPS OF LCCA ANALYSIS

The Life Cycle Cost Analysis is not a simple method of calculation but it has to be done
in number of successive steps. Following steps are used to generate an effective LCCA
(Paldino and Company lnc. 2006).

Step- 1. Identify Alternatives:-

In this stage, the objectives for the measure are defined. lt is important to include
the individuals affected by the proposed alternatives (building owners,
occupations, design members, etc.) In the design of the alternative it is also
helpful to develop specific criteria to measure the effectiveness of the proposed
alternatives. This could be a required return on investment or payback period.

Step-2. Define Constant Parameters:-

The time period for the LCCA study is based on the investors interests often use
longer time period than private companies or developers since stewardship to tax-
payer resources is an issue.

The base date of analysis is the year of analysis is carried out and all time periods
start from this date. Frequently used periods of analysis are l0-25 years base
period for private sector while public sector owners may use as long as 50 years
for their studies. When in doubt. Use the service life of the longest lived alternates
as the period of analysis:

Step- 3. Identify Cots and Savings:-

There are typically two types of costs that must be estimated. Non-recurring and
recurring. Non-recurring cost appear as a lump sum cost in the present or at a fixed point
in the future. An example of non recurring cost is the capital expenditure for a new high
efficiency children unit, and example of a recurring cost is a capital cost that is spread out
over periodic payments. Repair or costs that occur on a regular basis are also considered
to be recurring costs.

45
Savings are expressed as positive cash flow, regard less of whether they occur one time
only (e.g. reduced annual energy bill). This logic can be extended so soft costs such as
worker productivity or reduced sick time. To enter this type of cost data you will need a
head count, salary data, and some estimates of the improvements that the alternates
provide.

Step - 4. Generate LCCS for Each alternative:-

Evaluate all project alternatives in a given category using the same time period and the
same discount rate.

Step - 5. Perform a LCCA comparison:-

Compare the net present value of each alternative and select the alternative or alternatives
I with the highest net present value. Compare the benefits, the benefit to cost ratio of the
best alternative in each category to select the most cost effective option that will fit in to
the project budget.

The Total Life Cycle Cost method of analysis:

TLCC = PV (I) + PV(R) + PV (A) + PV (N) + PV (E) - PV(S)

WHERE

I= Initial Costs

R= Replacement costs of building systems and /or components

A= Annual recurring program, operation. Maintenance, utility and other costs

N= Non-annual recurring program, operation, maintenance, utility and other costs,

E= Annual energy costs

S= Residual or salvage value.

For the Present Value of future onetime costs, the following formula is used:-

46
 PV =At x

Where

PV = Present Value

At = Amount of onetime cost at a time t.

d= Nominal Discount rate

T= Time (expressed as number of years)

To determine the Present Value of sum of future recurring costs the following formula is
used

PV=

Where

PV = Present Value

A0 = Amount of recurring costs

d= Nominal Discount rate ‘

t= Time (expressed as number of years)

47
Inflation and increasing costs:-

Formula for present value of future energy consumption and sum of Energy costs in n
number of years

PV=

Where,

e= Rate of escalation

d= Nominal Discount Rate

n= Number of years

5.5. METHOD OF ANALYSIS:-

The LCCA is based on the lowest LCC for the evaluation of savings of Energy cost
during the Life Cycle period. The analysis is performed, involves the same steps as
described in previous article. The evaluation is done by Total Life Cycle Cost Method in
the following way.

Alternatives are Identified and Selected: - Some alternatives are identified for
proposed system and few of them are selected. These are Facility with cooling tubes,
Solar Chimney and Air Blower used only at night hours for cooling heating, same system
with Air Blower which are used during day and night hours. The A.C. system installation
for the same facility is the third alternative. The criterion for the selection of these
alternatives is the saving of energy cost for the operation of the system during a particular
period of time.

48
Constant Parameters are defined:-The time periods for private project investors
are generally less than for public projects. Also the time periods should match with the
Life spans of system components. Generally periods of analysis are taken 10 to 25 years
for private sector and about 50 years for public sector. In the proposed system time
periods are selected as 10 years and 20 years for the analysis.

Assessment of Cost Components and Savings are Identified:-The analysis

involved two types of costs, Recurring Costs and Non-recurring Costs. The initial
investment costs are

identified as recurring costs which appears once in the analysis having fixed prices are
calculated for proposed system of cooling tube, solar chimney are worked out. Others are
non-recurring

costs or expenses which are repeatedly appears in the analysis and taken on Lump sum
basis such as repair and maintenance cost, occur on regular basis are also decided and
worked out in the proposed system and in the A.C. system. The systems are operated by
electricity have

recurring costs, The real annual electricity bill is also calculated for different designed
system alternatives.

Generation of LCC from each system alternatives: - The Life Cycle Cost of
all the designed alternatives are thoroughly analyzed by calculation in which same time
periods and same discount rates are considered which are l0 and 20 years and l0 %
respectively All the cost components of alternative such as initial cost maintenance, cost,
repair cost, energy cost and replacement cost during the selected time periods are
summed up to get life cycle costs. In this analysis escalating rate of energy prices are also
considered for all alternatives.

49
LCCA Comparisons are performed: - The present values of each alternative are
calculated during the study periods of l0 years and 20 years .which spread as life cycle
cost for the study periods. Now these present values (or LCCs) of all alternatives are
compared and alternative with the least PV is selected for economic evaluation for
savings.

Formulation Of LCC: - LCC of a project alternative is the sum of its initial

investment costs I, present value (PV) of replacement costs (R), present value of energy
costs (E) the present value of annual maintenance and repair costs (A) and (N) minus the
present value of residual or salvage(S) , which is sometimes referred to as resale value.
This value is very less as compared to Energy Costs and negligible in the TLCC cost
hence neglected.

LCC=PV (I) +PV(R) +PV (A) +PV (N) +PV (E)-PV(S)

Following equation is an alternative formulation showing mathematically the discounting

of future costs to present value and their summation into a single LCC equation

LCC=

Where Ct = Sum of all relevant costs, less any positive cash flows such as salvage ,
occurring in time period t.

N= Number of time periods in the study period.

d= Investor’s discount rate for adjusting cash flows to present value

The most cost effective option is that which has given lowest present value.

Where

I= Initial cost of investment

50
R= Replacement costs of system or component

A= Annual recurring cost, operation. Maintenance and other costs.

N= Non- annual recurring cost, operation, maintenance and other Costs.

E= Annual energy costs,

S= residual or salvage values

5.6. CALCULATIONS FOR LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS

The computations for LCCA are divided into two parts. In the first part, all cost
components of the various alternatives are determined and in second part, total Life Cycle
Costs of alternatives are calculated. Below are given nomenclature of different terms used
in these calculations for clarification,

5.6.1. Nomenclature

Various formulae are used for air discharge, cooling and heating calculation and for
LCCA for the proposed system consisting of Solar Chimney and Earth Air Cooling Tube.
These terms are used in various formulae of cooling/heating calculation and Life Cycle
Cost Analysis, Different terms of the formulae are clarified as given below (Wang et al,
2004):-

Asc surface area of solar collector that receives solar radiation, m2;

C flow coefficient of envelope air leakage, m3/s, Pa ;

Cc pressure loss coefficient of fittings through solar collector and Chimney;

Ct pressure loss coefficient of fittings through cooling tube;

Cp air constant pressure specific heat, J/kg·oC;

dc diameter of chimney, m;

dt diameter of cooling tube, m;

51
Dac chimney available draft, Pa;

Dtc chimney theoretical draft, Pa;

Dtr room air stack affect (negative value), Pa;

Dtt cooling tube stack affect (negative value), Pa;

▲ Psys cooling tube system required draft, which includes pressure loss
and negative stack affect, Pa;

p Density of Dry Air

pc Chimney air density, kg/m3;

pt air density at the 0utlet 0f c00ling tube, kg/m3;

pO outside air density, kg/m3;;

pr room air density, kg/m3.

AO Amount 0f annual cash flow, a recurring cost

PV Present value of a Sum

n No. of years for comparison periods.

Qout Rate at which heat is exchanged between hot Air and Cooler soil

Cp Specific heat of air (J/KgOC)

ma Mass fl0w rate

Ti Temperature of air entering the tube (OC)

To Temperature of air at the outlet (OC)

d Rate of Discount

e Rate of escalation

52
5.6.2. Life Cycle Cost Analysis

In the life cycle cost analysis vari0us design alternatives are formulated which consist of,
two for the proposed system and one for the A.C, system. Two alternatives of proposed
system are the solar chimney and cooling tube with air blower in a facility using only at
night hours and other is the solar chimney and cooling tube with air blower in the same
facility using both for day and night hours to provide heating during winter season and
cooling during summer season Each Alternative has its component pans such as initial
cost of installation maintenance cost, energy A cost, replacement etc. These components
are thoroughly calculated for each alternative and summed up to get life cycle costs.

Various formulae used in the LCCA are given in the table 5.1; Cooling /1-1eating
Capacity of A each alternative of proposed system are shown in the table 5,2 and 5.3. All
calculated costs and life cycle costs are represented in the tabular form in the comparison
table no 5.4 and energy savings due to proposed system are also shown in the table
number 5.5 while table number 5.6 shows calculation of escalation of energy prices per
year.

Whole Life Cycle Cost Analysis is divided into three parts -in part (A) all cost
calculations for various cost components are exercised related to all the three alternatives,
in part (B) these costs are summed up to get Life Cycle Cost for each alternative , in part
(C) the results are shown in the tabular form for comparison of alternatives. All cooling
and heating calculations are A performed of the basic of the 12 years old temperature
record obtained from the Meteorological department. Averages of these data for each
month are taken as the base for these calculations. The temperature deference between
room and ambient is taken as 4°C as practically obtained by thermometer.

LCC for each alternative are given below:-

5.6.2.1. Part (A):- Calculation for cost components

5.6.2.1.1. Cost components of A.C. System (Alternative-3)

53
(a)(i) Calculation for Size/Capacity of A.C. Required
(Calculation as per A.C. Manual). Calculation for determination of capacity of air
conditioner required is done by using A.C. manual titled ‘Owner’s manual’ of LG
Company in which rules and instructions about air conditioner are given.

The tonnage of A.C. required for facility is calculated on the basis of scores for the
facility.

Calculation for number of scores

Volume of facility = 400m3x35.75 = 14300 Cu.ft.

Counting Scores for Tones of A.C.:-

Step-1

For Room Volume -3000-4000 (or 3500), Scores = 5

For volume 14300 cu.ft, score = (14300 /3500) X5 = 20 Scores

Step-2

Window area exposed to sun (west direction)

3 number windows x 12 Sqft. = 36 Sqft.

Rule

For 21-30 Sq.ft, score = 3.

For 36 Sq.ft. score = 04 Scores

Step-3

Window area exposed to sun other direction

Rule

For window area (11-20 Sq.ft), score =1

54
Therefore for area of window = l2 sq.ft., Score, = 01 Score

Step-4

Wall area exposed to sum (west direction)

=20x4 = 80 sqm x10.75

= 900 Sqft.

Rule

For 300 Sq.ft., score = 4.

For 900 Sq.ft., Score = (900/300)x4 = 12 Scores

Step-5

Wall area exposed to sum (other direction)

= 20x4 = 80m2= 900 Sq.ft.

Rule

For 300 Sq.ft., score = 2

For 900 Sq.ft., score = (900/300) x2 = 06 Scores

Step-6

Wall area not exposed to Sun

Rule- for area = 600 Sqft Score =2

Therefore for 2 walls - Area = 2x5x4 = 40 Sqm .

= 40x 10.75 = 430 Sqft. = 02 Scores

Step-7

No. of persons occupying the facility room

55
Rule -

For every 2 persons, Score = I

Assuming I2 persons, Score = 06 Scores

Step-8

Ceiling area exposed to sum = 20x5

= l00m2 = l00xl0.75

= l075 Sqft.

Rule- For 400 Sqft. score =3

For l075 Sqft. Score =(l075 /400)x3 = 8.06 Scores

Number of scores = 08 Scores

Step-9

Ceiling area if not exposed to Sun = 00 Scores

Step-10

Total appliances

5 No. Tube Lights = 5x40 =200w = 03 Scores

Total Scores = 62 Scores

For scores from IS to 25. tonnage = 2.0

For 62 scores

Tonnage = 62 x (2l.5/2.0)

Tonnage = 6.6, say 6

3 Air-conditioners each of 2 tone capacity are required

56
Cost of Air -Conditioner (2 tone) =Rs. 33500/—

Cost of 3 Air-Conditioners (2 tons each) =Rs. 33500x3 = Rs.100500/-

5.6,2.1.2. (a)(ii) Initial Cost of A.C. System

6 tone I 3 number of A.C. x 2 tone@Rs 33500 = Rs.

100500/-

(b) Maintenance Cost of A.C. System

Present value of sum of maintenance cost in "n` years at discounted rate, d

PV = (taken from formulae table 5.1, formula 4(c))

In which is the multiplying factor for sum of present value over ‘n’
years

For d=0.l, n=10 years, multiplying factor = = 6.1446

For d=0.1, n=20 years, multiplying factor = = 8.5136

Ao = Annual Maintenance Cost of one A.C. System.

Rs. 600 for each A.C. per year or Rs. 1800 for three AC

PV of Maintenance Cost in 10 years, PV10= 1800(6.1446) = Rs. 11060/-

PV of Maintenance Cost in 20 years, PV20= 1800(8.5136) = Rs. 15324/-

(c) PV of Replacement Cost (Replacement period 15 years)

Formula for Present Value of onetime non-recurring cost (taken from

Formula table5.1, formula 4(b))

In which is the discounting factor for replacement cost

For d=0.10 and t=15 years, discounting factor = =0.2395

57
Here At = Cost of AC system = Rs.100500/-

PV of Replacement Cost in 10 years, PV10 = Nil

PV of Replacement Cost in 15 years, PV20= 100500(0.2395) = Rs. 24070/-

(d) Energy Cost for A.C. System

(i) Annual energy consumption:-

Operating Hours of A.C. per day = 16 hours.

No. of day in a year for Operation of A.C. = 330 days

As per LG user’s manual energy consumption for 15 tone A.C. = 1870 watts/hours

Energy consumption for 6 Tone = 4 x 1870 watts

Total = 7480 Watts/hour

Total annual energy consumption = 16 hours x 330 days x 7480 Watts

= 39494400 Watts hours = 39495 kWh

(ii) PV of sum of energy cost - the present value of energy cost is calculated by using
formula 4(d) given in Table 5.1

Formula for sum of Present Value of energy cost over ‘n’ years =

Ao = Annual Energy Cost at Present rate

e=Energy escalation factor from table 5.4 = 4.5 %( or 0.045)

(Taken from formulae table 5.1, formula 4(d)) in which is the

multiplying Factor for sum of present value of
Energy over ‘n’ years

For d= 0.10, e = 0.045, n = 10 years, multiplying factor =

= 7.624

58
For d= 0.10, e = 0.045,n = 20 years, multiplying factor =

= 12.189

Taking Discounting rate = 0.1

Total annual energy cost Rs. 5.42 per unit = 39495 x 5.42 = Rs. 214063/-

AO= Rs.2,14.063/-

(d) (i) PV of sum of Energy cost in 10 years = 214063 x [7.624] =Rs. 1632016/-

(d) (ii) PV of sum of Energy Cost in 20 year = 214063 [12.189] = Rs. 2609214/-

(e) Design of Air Blower

(i) Calculation of air circulation required

For the similarity of the two systems i.e. proposed system and A.C. system, the discharge
of air given by the Air Blower through the Cooling tube is made similar to the discharge
of air given by the A.C. system. Hence by equating the air discharges of the two systems
will give the capacity of Air Blower required for the proposed system. The air discharges
of A.C. used for calculation are taken from A.C. Manual provided by Company. The
calculations for the Air Blower are given below.

Air Circulation Provided by the A.C. System

(As per the performance details provided by Company)

l.5 Tone A.C. provides 800 m3 per hour air circulation.

Air Circulation provided by 6 tonnes A.C.

= [(800x6)/1.5]

= 3200 m3/hour

= 3200/3600 m3/ Sec.

= 0.89m3/Sec., Say 0.90 m3/sec

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For the similarity of the proposed system with the electrically powered air conditioner Air
circulation provided by the proposed System = Air circulation provided by the Air-
Conditioner system

Q = 0.90 m3 Sec.

Velocity of air (v) = discharge (Q) / Area (A)

A = (π /4) dc2 or (π /4) dt2

V = Q/A

= [0.90/ (π /4) x (.0457)2]

= 5.485 m/sec., say 5.5 m/sec

(ii) Calculation for head lost through Cooling Tube

(Head Lost in terms of Velocity Head i.e. V2/2g) (Garg SK. l984)

a) Loss in Entrance = 0.5 x V2/2g

b) Loss at Exit = 1.00 x V2/2g

c) Losses in fittings

(i) Standard 90° Elbow (4 Number) = 0.9 x V2/2g x 4 No. = 3.6 X V2/2g

(ii) Standard Tee (3 Number) = (1.8 x V2/2g) x 3 = 5.4 V2/2g

d) Head Loss in Friction in Pipe line (Cooling Tube)

hf = (f lV2/2gd)= (fl/d)x(V2/2g)

Where f= friction factor, 4f = 0.03, l= 57m, d= 0.4572m

hf = [(0.03857)/0.4572]V2/2g = 3.74 V2/2g

TOTAL Losses = 14.24 V2/2g = Head for Air Blower

 H= 14.24 V2/2g = 14.24 x (5.5)2/2 x 9.81 = 21.96 Meters of Air,

60
 Horse Power of Air Blower =QH / 75 x (1 /η )

= 1.03355 x 0.90 x 21.96 x 1/0.90 = 0.337 hp

Where

p = density of air in kg/m3

H = Total Head loss or head required for design of air blower

η = Efficiency of the motor

Select 0.50 hp Pump. Electric Consumption = 0.34 x 746 Watts = 254 Watts

5.6.2.1.2. Cost Components of Proposed System (Alternative-1 &Alternative-2):-

(a) Initial Investment Cost Calculation

1. Cooling Tube Diameter 0.4572m Concrete Hume Pipes, NP3 (Plain Ends)

Length 60m @ 900/- per m. = Rs. 54000/-

Collers Rs. 70 each, NP2 20 Numbers = Rs. l400/-

Elbow (Cast Iron) 4 Numbers@3000/- each = Rs. 12000/-

Tee (Cast Iron) 3 Numbers@3500/- each = Rs.10500/-

Transportation Cost, 15 % (up to 100 km) = Rs. 11665/-

Labour Charges 25% on cost of materials (Rs. 78000/-) = Rs. 19500/-

Cost of Excavation for pipe laying

(10 Pipes x 6m length) of excavation for a depth of 4m below ground level

25m x 1.20x4.00 = 134.4 m3 @ Rs. 200 per m3 = Rs. 26880/-

2. Solar Collector (2m x 2m x 2m) made of glass and

Plywood and pipes on both sides, L.S. = Rs. 15000/-

61
3. Solar Chimney (steel pipes 0.4572m diameter)

Weight calculation:-

(a) Chimney Pipe -

(b) Outer Rings

(c) Nut- Bolts =16 kg

Total weight = 770 kg

Cost = 770 kg @ Rs 60 per kg = Rs. 46200/-

(d) Solar Chimney Guy string System = Rs. 10000/-

4. Air Blower System = Rs. 20000/-

5. Foundation of Chimney

(i) Excavation (2.2m Dia.)2 x (π/4) x 2.00m = 7.60m3 200/- = Rs. 1520/-

(ii) Base Concrete 1:4:8 - 100mm thick

0. l0(2.2)2 x (π/4) x 1 = 038m3@ 2000/- = Rs. 760/-

(iii) RCC Work Circular base

= 3.405 m3 @ 2800/- = Rs. 9534/-

62
(iv) Centering & Shuttering πx2.00x2.00 = 12.50 m2 @ 200/- = Rs. 2520/-

(v) Reinforcement Steel for Chimney Foundation@60kg per m3of concrete

= 3.405x60=204 kg@Rs.40 per kg = Rs.8160/-

6. Air Inlet Chamber = Rs.5000/-

Total Initial Cost of Proposed System Rs. 2, 52,119/-

(b) Annual maintenance cost of the System (for Cleaning of

Cooling Tube, Air Blower, Chimney Painting etc.) Assumed Rs. 5,000/-

Present value of sum of maintenance cost in ‘n’ years @ Discounted rate = d

Formula, PV =

For n = l0 years. Ao= Rs 5000/-, d= l0 %

PV10 = = = 5000x(6.1446) = Rs 30,723/-

Present value of sum of maintenance cost

For n = 20 years, Ao = 5000/-, d= 10% .

PV20 = =5000 x (6.1446) = Rs 42568/-

(c

Replacement Cost Of Proposed System:-

Using the formula of table 5.1

PV = AO [1/ (1+d)n]

For n = 15 years

d = 0.10, Present value factor = [1/ (1 +d)n ]

63
 = 0.2394

In 10 years =Nil

In 20 years (For air blower for 15 years replacement period)

PV= 10,000 (0.2395)= Rs. 2395/-

(d) Energy Cost for Air Blower

(i) Alternative-1:- For use of air blower only in night hours.

Night hours = 8, Number of days =330, Blower energy per hour = 0.187 KWh

Annual energy consumption = 0.254 x8 8330 =670 KWh@Rs5.42 per unit = Rs 3632/-

Using the formula 4 (d) of table 5.1

Formula of Present Value multiplying factor =

For n = 10 years, d= 0.1 and e = 0.045. Multiplying factor =

= 7.624

Similarly, for n= 20 years, d=0.1 and e = 0.045, multiplying factor =

= 12.189

PV for 10 years, PV l0=3632(7.624) = Rs. 27690/-

PV for 20 years, PV20=3632(12.l89) = Rs. 44270/-

(ii) Alternative-2:-For use of air blower in clay and night hours.

Day and Night hours =16, Number of days =330, Blower energy per hour =0.254 KWh

Annual Energy Consumption=0.254x 16x330 = 134l KWh @ Rs.5.42unit = Rs.7268/-

PV for 10 years, PV10 =7268(7.624) = Rs.55411 /-

64
 PV for 20 years, PV20 = 7268(l2.l89) = Rs. 88590/-·

5.6.2.2. Part (B)-Calculation for Life Cycle Costs of various Alternatives

TLCC = PV (I) + PV(R) +PV (A) + PV (N) + PV (E) - PV(S)

5.6.2.2.1. LCC for Alternative-l: - Air Blower used in night hours only:-

Total life cycle cost in years = Initial cost 3+maintenance cost +Air blower Energy cost

+ Replacement cost

(a) Total life Cycle cost in 10 years

= 2, 52,119 + 30723 + 27690+ NIL = Rs. 3, 10,532/-

(b) Total life cycle cost in 20 years

= 2, 52,119 + 42568 + 44270 + 2395 = Rs. 3, 41,352/-

5.6.2.2.2. LCC for Alternative-2:- Air blower is used for 8 hours in day
and 8 hours in night = 16 hours per day

Annual energy cost = 2 x 3632 = Rs. 7,264/-

PV 10 years = 2 x 27690 = Rs. 55,380/-

PV 20 years = 2 X 44270 = Rs. 88,540/-

Total life cycle cost of the system in 10 years = 2, 52,119+ 30,723+ 55380+ nil

= Rs. 3, 38,222/-

Total life cycle cost of the system in 20 years= 2, 52,1 19 + 42568+ 88540+2395

= Rs. 3, 85,622/-

5.6.2.2.3. LCC for Alternative-3:- Cooling by A.C. using Electric Power

(a) Initial cost of 3 No. of Air Conditioners (of Total 6 Tone) = Rs.100500/-

65
PV of Sum of maintenance cost in 10 years = Rs. 11060/-

PV of Sum of maintenance cost in 20 years = Rs. 15324/-

Replacement cost of A.C.

(a) In 10 years = NIL

(b) In 15 years (1 Time) = Rs. 24070/-

5.6.2.2.3. (A) Life Cycle cost of A.C. in 10 years

= Initial Cost + Maintenance Cost + Replaced Cost + Energy Cost

= 100500+1l060+NIL+1632016 = Rs 17, 43,576/-

5.6.2.2.3.(b) Life Cycle Cost of A.C. in 20 years=

100500+15324+24070+2609214

= Rs. 27, 49,108/-

5.7. The Life Cycle Cost Analysis of the proposed energy efficient system explained
with the help of tables. These tables are given as from 5.1 to 5.7. The study of these
tables helps to understand the working of the system. The contents of these tables
are explained as under:-

(a) Table 5.1 (formulae Table) :-All the formulae used in the Life Cycle Cost
Analysis are Summarized into this table, Formula for change of density of air with
change of temperature (formula No. l) , Formula for air discharge through cooling tube
due to the temperature difference between room and ambient, formula for calculating
Present Values of sum of Maintenance Cost, Replacement Cost, sum of Escalating
Energy Costs during the comparison Life Cycle period "n" (10 and 20 years in the
calculation) , formula for calculating Total Life Cycle Costs of Various design
alternatives for comparison over comparison period , formula for calculating cooling and
heating capacity of the proposed system’s alternatives.

66
(b) Table 5.2 (Table for Cooling and Heating Capacity calculation for
Alternative-1) :- This table is harmed for Cooling / Heating calculations for system
alternative No. 1, i.e. use of Air Blower only in night hours. In this table, the cooling and
heating provided by the proposed system in summer and winter season respectively are
entered after calculating for each month, The said cooling and heating are represented in
terms of Kwh of electricity and also in terms of rupees. In this table, the temperature
taken for calculation are the average month ambient temperatures of concerning month,
which are taken from the l2 years old records provided by the Meteorological
Department. The temperature Tr is the room temperature taken as 4°C more or less than
the ambient air temperature To ( here 4°C is the maximum temperature difference
between room and ambient and is practically observed by the author by room
thermometer). In the summer season the ambient temperature is more than the room
temperature, while in winter, the ambient temperature is less than the room temperature,
Temperature Tt is the constant temperature provided by the cooling tube which is 26 OC,
Tc is the temperature of the Chimney due to heating through solar radiations which is
interpolated from Tc. The difference between two temperatures (Tc and To) taken from
the study of Gang Wang et al (Reference No. 12). The above temperature, the co-efficient
Cc, Ct etc, air densities po, pc, pr, pt corresponding to.

Temperatures To, Tc, Tr and Tt are put into the formula No.1 of Table No. 5.1 to calculate
air discharge through the cooling tube Formula (Column No.12 of table). The values of
temperatures Tt, Tr the air discharge Q (t), air density pr and specific heat of air Cp and
number of days are put up into

Temperatures To, Tc, Tr and Tt are put into the formula No. J.of Table No. 5.1 to
calculate air discharge through the cooling tube Formula (Column No. 12 of table). The
values of temperatures Tt, Tr, the air discharge Q (t). Air density pr and specific heat of
air Cp and number of days are put up into the formulae No.3 of Table No.5.1 to find
Cooling are heating Capacity in that month. Cooling / Heating Capacity for day and
Night hours are calculated separately. Sum of day and night Cooling! Heating will give
Cooling / Heating in that month Column No. 10. Sum of 12 months will give total
cooling and heating provided by the proposed system in a year in terms of Kwh (or

67
units) of electricity. The discharge of air in day hours through the heated solar chimney
is limited to 0.11 m3/second which is insufficient to provide comfort of ventilation and
cooling/heating so that alternative-1 for proposed system cannot be compared with the
air conditioner system.

(c) .Table 5, 3(Table for cooling/heating capacity calculation for

alternative 2):- This table is framed for calculating cooling and heating provided by
the alternative-2 i.e. Use of air blower in both, days and night hours of the proposed
system. This table is almost same as the table 5.2 with the difference that air discharge in
day hours in this alternative-2 is a sum of air discharge due to heating of Solar Chimney
and also with the use of Air Blower and not: only through the heating of Solar Chimney.
Air discharge in night hours in alternative-2 is the same (due to use of Air Blower) as
alternative--2. The discharge of air with the use of air blower is sufficient to provide
comfort and cooling/heating, so that alternative-2 can be compared with the air
conditioner.

(d) Table No. 5.4:- This table provides calculating of escalation rate of domestic
electrical supply. As per the calculations, the annual escalations in energy prizes are
worked out as 14.5%.

(e) Table 5.5:- This is the comparison table providing Total Life Cycle Cost of all
alternatives of proposed system and AC system for comparison to find cost effectiveness
of the proposed System. The sum of Initial Cost will provide Total Life Cycle Cost of
each alternative. Two alternatives of the proposed system are the cooling tube + Solar
Chimney & use of Air Blower only in night hours , and cooling tube + Solar Chimney &
use of Air Blower in both day and night hours, the table shows that the Cooling / Heating
capacity of alternative-2 is almost same as the energy consumption of third alternative
i.e. A.C. System. The third alternative is the A C System which is compared with the
first two proposed system’s alternatives,

(f) Table No. 5.6:- This table shows the cooling/heating capacities of various
alternatives of the proposed system against AC System in terms of units of electricity and
68
rupees.; The maximum yearly saving by the proposed system is about Rupees Two Lakhs
while savings in Life Cycle periods 10 and 20 years are about l6 and 26 Lakhs.

(g) Table No. 5.7:- This table shows saving of energy due to the use of Alternative-2
of the proposed system over comparison periods IO and 20 year with respect to the use
o1"Air- conditioner system. Alternative-2 may be the better substitute of A.C. system.

69
 CHAPTER-6

Conclusion and Future Scope

CHAPTER-6

Conclusion and Future Scope

70
6.1. Conclusion

The proposed system is practically applicable and reliable since it can be operated in
normal conditions as well as in all types of worst weather conditions like clouds, rains,
storms and at night.

The cost effectiveness of the system is analyzed by total life cycle cost method by
comparing three design alternatives, first two are related with the proposed system and
the third is the A.C. system.

The proposed energy efficient system has many advantages over all benefits are as given
below-

Alterative-l does not provide required heating or cooling and therefore not considered for
comparison with electrically powered A.C. system

Draft of air provided by Alternative-2 of energy efficient system is same as that of A.C.
system.

Saving of energy provided by Alternative-2 in l0 year’s duration is 425950 Kwh

Saving of energy provided by Alternative-2 in 20 years duration is 851900 Kwh

Cost of energy saved by using Alternative-2 in l0 years duration is Rs. l5, 76,602/-

Cost of energy saved by using Altemative-2 in 20 years duration is Rs. 25,20,620/-

The initial cost of proposed energy efficient system is higher than the usual electrically
powered A.C. system, but due to saving in cost of energy, proposed energy efficient
system given advantage.

In addition to the monitory benefits, use of proposed energy efficient system also provide
other benefits by saving environment from pollution due to toxic gases and carbon di
oxide produced by use of A.C. system.

Functioning of the proposed energy efficient system is less dependent on availability of

electric power.

71
Bacterial load inside the facility also get reduced.

More fresh air is circulated inside the facility as compared to AC. system.

Use of energy efficient system saves natural resources like coal used for generating
electricity.

6.2. Future Scope of the Work

Future work can be done for similar other energy efficient techniques for cooling,
heating, ventilating, air conditioner and insulation the buildings to develop more other
energy efficient systems to prove cost effectiveness of these techniques in comparison to
conventional methods using electrical energy so that adoptability of energy efficient
system in building can be increased to made them acceptable for public, thereby goal of
energy saving at global level can be achieved

The air blower is used in the proposed system to draw cool air during the night hours and
in day hours as per the requirements, is operated by external source of energy can also be
operated by the photovoltaic scalar panels. At present, the P.V, system have very high
initial cost (about Rs. l7O per watt) so air blower cannot be feasible to operate through
PV system. But with the continuous reduction of the cost of PV every year, it can be
provided in future.

REFERENCES

1 Garg S. K. (1984), "Water Supply Engineering"’ Published by Khanna Publishers,

2- B,Nath Market, Nai Sadak, Delhi -110006.

72
2 Majumdar Milli, (2002), "Energy Efficient Buildings in India", Published by Tata
Energy Research Institute (TERI) and Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy
Sources, New Delhi.

3 www.energystar.gov. "Energy Star Ceiling Fans" (2010) Updated l3.0l.20l0

4 www.export.rehau.com (2008) "Some Notes on Earth Tubes”. Updated 22 may

2008

5 Yadav Dharmendra Singh (2006), Dissertation Titled "Life Cycle Cost Analysis",
MITS Gwalior,

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