 Endurance Limit Modifying Factors

The experiments results of endurance limit in laboratory

are not matched with a mechanical or structural member.
Some difference include
o Material: composition, basis of failure, variability.
o Manufacturing: method, heat treatment, fretting
corrosion, surface condition, stress concentration.
o Environment: corrosion, temperature, stress state,
relaxation times.
o Design: size, shape, life, stress state, speed, fretting,
galling

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 A Marin equation is therefore written as

Se  ka kb kc kd ke k f S'e
Where,
ka: surface condition modification factor
kb: size modification factor
kc: load modification factor
kd: temperature modification factor
ke: reliability factor
kf: miscellaneous-effects modification factor (In this course, Kf
will not be included)
S′e: rotary-beam test specimen endurance limit
Se: endurance limit at the critical location of a machine part in
the geometry and condition of use. (Se < S′e)
 When endurance tests of parts are not available,
estimations are made by applying Marin factors to the
endurance limit.

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 Surface Factor ka

K a  aSutb
Where, Sut is the minimum tensile strength and a and b are to be found in
below Table 6–2.

Example: A 1030 CD steel has a machined surface. Estimate

surface factor ka.

Solution: From Table 6–2, a = 4.51 and b =−0.265.

K a  aSutb  4.51( 520 )0.265  0.858
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 Size Factor kb
 For axial loading there is no size effect,
Kb  1

 For bending and torsion,

 Rotating

 Nonrotating
It’s depending on an equivalent diameter de ... Table 6–3

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 Table 6–3

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Example: A steel shaft loaded in bending is 32 mm in
diameter, abutting a filleted shoulder 38 mm in diameter.
The shaft material has a mean ultimate tensile strength of
690 MPa. Estimate the Marin size factor kb if the shaft is
used in (a) A rotating mode, (b) A nonrotating mode.

Solution:
(a) Since, 2.79 ≤ (d=32) ≤ 51 mm
d 0.107 32 0.107
 Kb  ( ) ( )  0.858
7.62 7.62

(b) From Table 6–3,

d e  0.37d  0.37(32)  11.84mm, 2.79  (d e  11.84)  51 mm
11.84 0.107
 Kb  ( )  0.954
7.62
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 Loading Factor kc

1 bending
Kc  0.85 axial
0.59 torsion

 Temperature Factor kd

ST
Kd  Where,
ST = tensile strength at operating temperature
S RT SRT = tensile strength at room temperature

K d  0.975  0.432( 10 3 )TF  0.115( 10 5 )TF2

 0.104( 10 8 )TF3  0.595( 10 12 )TF4

70  TF  1000 F

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Table 6–4

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Example: A 1035 steel has a tensile strength of 70 kpsi
and is to be used for a part that sees 450°F in service.
Estimate the Marin temperature modification factor and
(Se)450◦ if
(a) The room-temperature endurance limit by test is
(S′e)70◦ = 39.0kpsi.
(b) Only the tensile strength at room temperature is
known.

Solution:
(a) Using , K d  0.975  0.432( 10 3 )TF  0.115( 10 5 )TF2
 0.104( 10 8 )TF3  0.595( 10 12 )TF4

 K d  0.975  0.432( 10 3 )( 450 )  0.115( 10 5 )( 450 )2

 0.104( 10 8 )( 450 )3  0.595( 10 12 )( 450 )4  1.007
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 Thus, ( Se )450  K d ( S'e )70  1.007( 39 )  39.3 kpsi

(b) Interpolating from Table 6–4 gives,

( ST / S RT )450  1.018 450  400

  ( ST / S RT )450  1.007
0.995  1.018 500  400

Thus, the tensile strength at 450°F is estimated as

( Sut )450  ( ST / S RT )450 ( Sut )70  1.007( 70 )  70.49 kpsi

Then, ( Se )450  0.5( Sut )450  0.5( 70.49 )

( Se )450  35.245kpsi

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 Reliability Factor ke

Ke  1  0.08 za

Table 6–5

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Example: A 1015 hot-rolled steel bar has been machined to a
diameter of 1 in. It is to be placed in reversed axial loading
for 7(104) cycles to failure in an operating environment of
550°F. Using ASTM minimum properties, and a reliability
of 99 percent, estimate the endurance limit and fatigue
strength at 7(104) cycles.

Solution:
From Table A–20, Sut = 50 kpsi at 70°F.
Using , K d  0.975  0.432( 10 3 )TF  0.115( 10 5 )TF2
 0.104( 10 8 )TF3  0.595( 10 12 )TF4

 K d  0.975  0.432( 10 3 )( 550 )  0.115( 10 5 )( 550 )2

 0.104( 10 8 )( 550 )3  0.595( 10 12 )( 550 )4  0.98

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The ultimate strength at 550°F is then
( Sut )550  K d ( Sut )70  0.98( 50 )  49.0 kpsi
The rotating-beam specimen endurance limit at 550°F is then
estimated as
( S'e )550  0.5( Sut )550  0.5( 49 )  24.5 kpsi

Next, we determine the Marin factors. For the machined

surface, Eq. (6–19) with Table 6–2 gives,
K a  aSutb  2.70( 49 )0.265  0.963

The size factor kb = 1.

The loading factor is kc = 0.85.
The temperature factor kd = 1, since we accounted for the
temperature in modifying the ultimate strength and
consequently the endurance limit.
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For 99 percent reliability, from Table 6–5, ke = 0.814.
The endurance limit for the part is estimated by Eq. (6–18)
as
( Se )550  ka kb kc kd ke ( S'e )550
 0.963(1)(0.85)(1)(0.814)24.5  16.3 kpsi

For the fatigue strength at 7(104) cycles,

(Sut)550̊ = 49 < 70 kpsi, then f = 0.9.
( f Sut )2 ( 0.9 * 49 )2
a   119.3kpsi
Se 16.3
1 f Sut 1 0.9( 49 )
b   log( )   log( )  0.1441
3 Se 3 16.3

Sf = aNb= 119.3(7*104)-0.1441 = 23.9 kpsi

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