APA Citation Style Examples for UWA

Reference formats Special conditions Author variations

Books and eBooks 3-5 authors repeated citations For 1, 2, 3-5 or 6-7 author/s see
examples under Book & eBooks
Chapter in book Article from CMO 8 or more authors
Conference proceedings and papers Author & publisher the same Author/year same, 2 or more works
Dictionary/encyclopaedia entries Citing a work that someone else has Editor/s
cited
images Direct quotes & paraphrases First author/year same, 3+authors &
2+ works
Journal articles Multiple citations in same parentheses Linking multiple authors: “&” or “and”
Multimedia & Software No date available (n.d.) No author- Article
Music resources Numbered edition other than 1st No author- Book
Newspapers & Magazines Retrieved from a database Organisation as author
Reports Retrieval date (if required) Parentheses () or brackets [] for extra
information
Standards & Patents Title which includes a subtitle
Tables & Figures (republished or
adapted)
Theses

Web sources (page, blogs, social media

etc.)

Rules for naming authors, in-text and the reference list, are given mainly under Books & eBooks but they apply to all reference
types. In most examples of in-text citations with multiple authors only the first iteration is given.

Books and eBooks [Top]

Material Type In-Text Citation
Book: Single author (Pegrum, 2009)
(Page & Stritzke, 2015)
But when outside parenthesis:
Book: Two authors
Page and Stritzke (2015)
suggested that ...
First citation:
(Ranzijn, McConnochie, &
Book: 3-5 authors Nolan, 2009)
Subsequent citations:
(Ranzijn et al., 2009)
Reference List & Notes
Pegrum, M. (2009). From blogs to bombs: The future of electronic technologies in
education. Crawley, W.A: UWA Publishing.
Page, A. C., & Stritzke, W. G. K. (2015). Clinical psychology for trainees: Foundations of
nd
science-informed practice (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ranzijn, R., McConnochie, K., & Nolan, W. (2009). Psychology and indigenous
Australians: Foundations of cultural competence. South Yarra, Vic: Palgrave
Macmillan.
If you have two or more references with the same first author and date, name as many authors as necessary to distinguish the
references in every iteration.

Book: – 6-7 authors Wolfe, J. M., Kluender, K. R., Dennis, L. M., Bartoshuk, L. M., Herz, R. S., Lederman, S.
(See Journal Articles for 8 or more (Wolfe et al., 2015) J., & Merfeld, D. M. (2015). Sensation & perception (4th ed.). Sunderland, MA:
authors) Sinauer Associates.
Book: Different Passer, M. W., & Smith, R. E. (2015). Psychology: The science of mind and behaviour
(Passer & Smith, 2015)
editions (2nd ed.). North Ryde, NSW: McGraw-Hill Education.

1
Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
(The Australian Oxford
Book: No author The Australian Oxford dictionary (3rd ed.). (1999). Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
dictionary, 1999)
Hallinan, M. T. (Ed.). (2006). Handbook of the sociology of education. New York:
Book: Editor (Hallinan, 2006)
Springer.
Book: 2 or more Day, D.V., & Antonakis, J. (Eds.). (2012). The nature of leadership (2nd ed.). Los
(Day & Antonakis, 2012)
editors Angeles, CA: Sage.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Population by age and sex, New South Wales,
Book: Organisation as (Australian Bureau of
30 June 2000 (ABS Cat. no. 3235.1). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author.
author Statistics, 2000)
Where the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.

Groundwater-Smith, S. (2007). As rain is to fields, so good teachers are to students. In

Book: Chapter [ie. (Groundwater-Smith,
S. Knipe (Ed.), Middle years schooling: Reframing adolescence (pp. 151-170).
article] in edited book 2007)
Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Education Australia.
Chisum, W. J. (2006). Crime reconstruction [Adobe Digital Editions]. Retrieved from
eBook: Entire book (Chisum, 2006)
Ebook Library.
Mitchell, H. W. (1913). Alcoholism and the alcoholic psychoses. In W. A. White & S. E.
eBook: Chapter (Mitchell, 1913) Jelliffe (Eds.), The modern treatment of nervous and mental diseases (Vol. 1, pp. 287-
330). Retrieved from PsycBOOKS.
Distinguish the works by placing ‘a’ ‘b’
Book: Different works ‘c’, etc after the publication date Glenn, W. H., & Johnson, D. A. (1964a). Calculating devices. London: John Murray.
by same author in (Glenn & Johnson, 1964a)
same year Glenn, W. H., & Johnson, D. A. (1964b). Graphs. London: Murray.
(Glenn & Johnson, 1964b)
Keyormarsi, K., O'Leary, N., & Pardee, A. B. (2007). Cell division. In McGraw-Hill
(Keyormarsi, O'Leary &
Reference book: Entry encyclopedia of science & technology (9th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 618-621). New York:
Pardee, 2007)
McGraw-Hill.
(Keyormarsi, O'Leary & Keyormarsi, K., & Pardee, A. B. (2014). Cell division. In McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of
eReference book: Entry
Pardee, 2014) science & technology. Retrieved from AccessScience.

Journal Articles [Top]

Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
Sohrabi, H. R., Weinborn, M., Badcock, J., Bates, K. A., Clarnette, R., Trivedi, D., …
Martins, R. N. (2011). New lexicon and criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's
Journal article in print: disease. Lancet Neurology, 10(4), 299-300.
(Sohrabi et al., 2011)
8 or more authors
Complete author list:
Sohrabi, H. R., Weinborn, M., Badcock, J. Bates, K. A., Clarnette, R.,
Trivedi, D.,Verdile, G., Sutton, T., Lenzo, N. P., Gandy, S. E., Martins, R. N.
(Gagné et al., 2015, p.
185) Gagné, M., Forest, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Crevier-Braud, L., van den Broeck, A., Aspeli,
A. K., . . . Westbye, C. (2015). The Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale:
Or Validation evidence in seven languages and nine countries. European Journal of
Journal article online: Gagné et al. (2015) Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(2), 178-196.
With direct quotation reported that “Results http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2013.877892
or paraphrase showed that the MWMS
had an invariant When paraphrasing text include page number/s in the in-text citation but do not use quotation marks. There is a right and a wrong
configuration in the three way to paraphrase. - see the Study Smarter guide at
http://www.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/rtf_file/0010/1861354/RT4.4_Paraphrasing.rtf
languages” (p. 185), ...
First citation:
(Almeida, Dickinson, Almeida, R. A., Dickinson, J., Maybery, M. T., Badcock, J. C., & Badcock, D. R. (2010).
Journal article online: Maybery, Badcock, & Visual search performance in the autism spectrum ii: The radial frequency search
Digital Object Identifier Badcock, 2010) task with additional segmentation cues. Neuropsychologia, 48(14), 4117-4124.
supplied Subsequent citations: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.009
(Almeida et al., 2010)
Journal article online:
Anderson, M., & Reid, C. (2009). Don't forget about levels of explanation. Cortex: A
No DOI supplied
(Anderson & Reid, 2009) Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 45(4), 560-561.
(Pheme authentication
Retrieved from ScienceDirect.
required)

2
Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
Thomas, K., & Bosch, B. (2005). An exploration of the impact of chronic fatigue
Journal article online:
syndrome and implications for psychological service provision. E-Journal of Applied
No DOI supplied (freely (Thomas & Bosch, 2005)
Psychology, 1(1), 23-40. Retrieved from
available on the Web)
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/article/download/4/13
Best, C. T., & Queen, H. F. (1989). Baby it's in your smile: Right hemiface bias in infant
Journal article online: emotional expressions. Developmental Psychology, 25(2), 264-276. Retrieved from
CMO electronic (Best & Queen, 1989) University of Western Australia Course Materials Online.
database [Note: This format only applies to articles actually housed in CMO. If the full text is in an external database other rules in this
section need to be applied e.g. the CMO article has a DOI or the link opens in in an external database such as Education Full Text.]

Goodhew, S. C., Edwards, M., Boal, H. L., & Bell, J. (2014). Two objects or one?
Journal article online: (Goodhew, Edwards, Similarity rather than complexity determines objecthood when resolving dynamic
Advance publication Boal, & Bell, 2014) input. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance.
Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000022
Martínez, M. (in press). Imperative content and the painfulness of pain.
Journal article online: Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. Retrieved from
(Martínez, in press)
In preprint archive http://cogprints.org/6899/1/Imperative_Content_and_
the_Painfulness_of_Pain.pdf
Delgado, M., Suriyagoda, L., Zúñiga-Feest, A., Borie, F., & Lambers, H. (2014). Divergent
Journal article Delgado, Suriyagoda,
functioning of Proteaceae species: The South American Embothrium coccineum
submitted for Zúñiga-Feest, Borie, &
displays a combination of adaptive traits to survive in high-phosphorus soils.
publication Lambers, 2014)
Manuscript submitted for publication.

Conference Proceedings [Top]

Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
Game, A. (2001). Creative ways of being. In J. R. Morss, N. Stephenson & J.
Paper in conference F. H. V. Rappard (Eds.), Theoretical issues in psychology: Proceedings of the
(Game, 2001)
proceedings in print International Society for Theoretical Psychology 1999 Conference (pp. 3-12).
Sydney: Springer.
Balakrishnan, R. (2006, March). Why aren't we using 3D user interfaces, and will we
Paper in conference
ever? Paper presented at the IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces.
proceedings online: (Balakrishnan, 2006)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vr.2006.148
Electronic database
Published in IEEE Explore but has doi. Conference is published regularly.

Santhanam, E., Martin, K., Goody, A., & Hicks, O. (2001). Bottom-up steps towards
Conference papers: (Santhanam, Martin, closing the loop in feedback on teaching: A CUTSD project. Paper presented at
Unpublished Goody & Hicks, 2001) Teaching and Learning Forum - Expanding horizons in teaching and learning, Perth,
Australia, 7-9 February 2001.

Reports [Top]

Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes

Government reports (Western Australia. Western Australia. Department of Health Nursing and Midwifery Office. (2013).
Department of Health Aboriginal Nursing and Midwifery Strategic Plan 2011-2015. Retrieved from
Nursing and Midwifery http://www.nursing.health.wa.gov.au/projects/
Office, 2013).

Non-government (Kendall, 2011) Kendall, C. (2011). Report on psychological distress and depression in the legal
reports profession: Prepared for the Council of the Law Society of Western Australia. Retrieved
from http://www.mhlcwa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Psychological-distress-
depression-in-the-legal-profession-16-May-2011.pdf

Newspapers [Top]
Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
Newspaper article in Hatch, B. (2006, July 13). Smoke lingers for those who keep hospitality flowing.
(Hatch, 2006)
print Australian Financial Review, p. 14.

3
Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
Use first few words of article title in
quotation marks
Newspaper article: Comstock drill plans reined in. (2009, January 9). Upstream: The International Oil and
No author ("Comstock drill plans," Gas Newspaper. p. 20.
2009)
Newspaper article
O'Leary, C. (2006, June 29). Landmark study to aid push for public smoking ban. The
online: (O’Leary, 2006)
West Australian, p.14. Retrieved from Factiva.
Electronic database
Newspaper article
Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out.
online:
(Hilts, 1999) The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
freely available on the
Some online newspapers are un-paginated, so no page numbers can be given in the reference
Web

Multimedia formats & Software [Top]

Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
Films or
De Heer, R. (Director), & Djigirr, P. (Co-Director). (2007). Ten canoes [Motion picture].
videorecordings and (De Heer & Djigrr, 2007)
Australia: The AV Channel.
DVDs of films.
Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour
Television programme (Crystal, 1993)
[Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.
Zijlstra, M. (Presenter). (2011, May 28). Natural semantic metalanguage [Audio
Audio podcast (Zijlstra, 2011) podcast]. Retrieved from
http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/2011/05/lin_20110528.mp3
Kloft, M. (Producer/Director). (2006). The Nuremberg trials
[Motion picture]. In M. Samuels (Executive Producer), American experience.
Video podcast (Kloft, 2006)
Podcast retrieved from WGBH:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rss/podcast_pb.xml

YouTube video (PsycINFO, 2013) PsycINFO. (2013, March 5). Sample PsycINFO search on OVIDSP [Video file]. Retrieved
from http://www.youtuebe.com/watch?v=jlb_84ykXj0
Skyscape. (2011). Skyscape Medical Resources (Version 1.14.8) [Mobile application
Software (Skyscape, 2011) software]. Retrieved from
http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/id293170168?mt=8&ign-mpt=uo%3D4

Music resources [Top]

Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
Liner notes from a Hogwood, C. (1993). [Liner notes]. On My Ladye Nevells booke [CD]. London, England:
(Hogwood, 1993)
sound recording I'Oiseau-Lyre.
Mahler, G. (1984). Symphony no. 1 in D Major [Recorded by Chicago Symphony
Sound recording: CD (Mahler, 1984)
Orchestra, conducted by Sir Georg Solti; CD]. London: Decca.

Track from a sound (Vine, 1996, track 1) Vine, C. (1996). 5 bagatelles [Recorded by I. Munro; CD]. On Mere bagatelles. Australia:
In text citations include side and band
recording or track numbers
Tall Poppies.

Track from a sound Vine, C. (1996). 5 bagatelles [Recorded by I. Munro; CD]. On Mere bagatelles. Australia:
(Vine, 5 bagatelles, 1996)
recording: Online Tall Poppies. Retrieved from Naxos Music Library.
Music score: Print (Stravinsky, 1975) Stravinsky, I. (1975). Rite of spring [Musical score]. London: Hansen House.
Stravinsky, I. (1975). Rite of spring [Musical score]. London: Hansen House. Retrieved
Music score: Online (Stravinsky, 1975)
from Classical Scores Library.
Verdi, G. (1983). Rigoletto: Melodrama in three acts. In P. Gossett (Series Ed.) & M.
Music score in set of
(Verdi, 1983) Chusid (Vol. Ed.), The works of Giuseppe Verdi: Series 1, Operas (Vol. 17) [Musical
complete works
Score]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Schumann, R. (1988). Kennst du das Land [Knowest thou where], Op. 79 [Vocal score].
Music score in an
(Schumann, 1849/1988) In C. V. Palisca (Ed.), Norton Anthology of Western Music (2nd ed., pp. 338-342).
anthology
New York: Norton. (Original work published in 1849)
Libretto (Sondheim, 2008) Sondheim, S. & Lapine, J. (2008). Into the woods [Libretto]. New York: Theatre

4
Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
Communications Group, Inc.

Standards & Patents [Top]

Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
Standards Australia. (1994). Information Processing - Text and office systems - Office
(Standards Australia/New
Standard: Print Document Architecture (ODA) and Interchange format: Part 10: Formal
Zealand Standard, 1994)
Specifications (AS/NZS 3951.10:1994). Homebush, NSW: Standards Australia.
Standard online: (Standards Australia, Standards Australia. (2008). Personal flotation devices – General requirements (AS
Electronic database 2008) 4758.1-2008). Retrieved from Standards Online.
(U.S. Patent No. Hornak, P. (1996). Resonator for magnetic resonance imaging of the ankle. U.S. Patent
Patent
5,641,424.7, 1996) No. 5,641,424.7.
Clark, J. M. & McCallum, J. M. (2008). Method for and composition of excipient suitable
Patent online: (Australian Patent No. AU
for use in herbal formulations and formulations derived therefrom. Australian
Electronic database 2008100919, 2008)
Patent AU 2008100919. Retrieved from SciFinder.

Theses [Top]
Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
Lockhart, E. (2009). The physical education curriculum choices of Western Australian
Thesis in print:
(Lockhart, 2009) primary school teachers (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Western
Unpublished
Australia.
Thesis in print: May, B. (2007). A survey of radial velocities in the zodiacal dust cloud. Bristol, UK:
(May, 2007)
Published Canopus Publishing.
Rich, P. D. (1989). The rule of ritual in the Arabian Gulf, 1858-1947: The influence of
Thesis online:
(Rich, 1989) English public schools (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest
Electronic database
Dissertations and Theses - UK & Ireland. (AAT 8918197)
Brydges, C. (2014). The development of executive functions: Evidence from behavioural
and electrophysiological perspectives. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Western
Thesis online: Australia, Crawley, WA). Retrieved from http://research-
(Brydges, 2014)
Institutional repository repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/the-development-of-executive-functions-
evidence-from-behavioural-and-electrophysiological-persepctives(6dce2f55-4ab2-
4bfe-85c7-5fba8545f186).html

Web Sources [Top]

Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
Australian Psychological Society. (2008). Substance abuse: Position statement.
(Australian Psychological Retrieved from
Web page http://www.psychology.org.au/publications/statements/substance/
Society, 2008)
Note: When citing an entire website and not a particular document on the website give the address in-text only. No reference list
entry required (See APA Style Guide to Electronic Sources, 2013, p. 32)

(“Improve indigenous
housing”, 2007) Improve indigenous housing now, governments told. (2007). Retrieved from
Web page: No author
Use the first few words of the page http://www.raia.com.au/i-cms?page=10220
title

Jones, M. D. (n.d.). Commentary on indigenous housing initiatives. Retrieved from

Web page: No date (Jones, n.d.)
http://www.architecture.com.au
(“Mindfulness
Webpage: No author or Mindfulness meditation. (n.d.). Retrieved from
meditation”, n.d., para 8)
date: With quote http://www.freemeditations.com/mindfulness-meditation.html
Count paragraphs if not numbered

Perth Zoo. (2014, March 11). Meerkat kits born at Perth Zoo [Press release]. Retrieved
Press release (Perth Zoo, 2014) from http://www.perthzoo.wa.gov.au/meerkat-kits-born-at-perth-zoo-19406/

Fact sheet (CSIRO Minerals Down
Under National Research
CSIRO Minerals Down Under National Research Flagship. (2011). Driving sustainability
through system innovation [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from
http://www.csiro.au/Outcomes/Climate/Reducing-GHG/driving-sustainability-
factsheet.aspx
5
Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
Flagship, 2011)

Malissa, A. (2008, October 2). Re: Egypt planning DNA test on 3,500 year old mummy
[Online forum comment]. Retrieved from
Discussion forum (Malissa, 2008)
http://www.topix.com/science/anthropology/ 2008/05/egypt-planning-dna-test-
for-3-500-year-old-mummy
Brown, M. (2008, November 1). A royal pardon for the British witches? [Web log post].
Blog (Brown, 2008)
Retrieved from http://www. worldhistoryblog.com/
Anderson, O. (2005, June 2). Re: Psychology of terrorism [Electronic mailing list
Electronic mailing list (Anderson, 2005) message]. Retrieved from http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/theory-
frankfurt-school/2005w22/msg00000.htm
Sports psychology. (n.d.). In The psychology wiki. Retrieved December 2, 2008, from
Wiki (Sports psychology, n.d.)
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/ Sports_psychology

Tables & Figures [Top]

Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
Figure 6. Adapted from
“A Conceptual Validation
Study of the Texture
Response on the
All or part of a table, Rorschach, " by A. Marsh Marsh, A., & Viglione, D. J. (1992). A Conceptual validation study of the texture
figure, or data used in and D. J. Viglione, 1992, response on the Rorschach. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58(3), 571-579.
text: Journal of Personality Republished or adapted tables, figures or data must be clearly marked and the original source provided in text and appended to
From a print journal Assessment, 58(3), p. 576. the caption of the table or figure.

Copyright 1992 by Society

for Personality
Assessments. Adapted
with permission.
Note. From
Thermophysical
Properties of Fluids, p.
All or part of a table, Assael, M. J. (1998). Thermophysical properties of fluids. London: Imperial College
113, by M.J. Assael, 1998,
figure, or data used in Press.
London: Imperial College
text:
Press. Copyright 1998 by
From a book Add in-text citation to the text of the illustration’s caption.
Imperial College Press.
Reprinted with
permission.
Note. The data in column
# are from International
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2009). International merchandise imports Australia,
All or part of a table, Merchandise Imports,
January 2009 (No. 5439.0), Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats
figure, or data used in Australia, Jan 2009,
/abs@.nsf/mf/ 5439.0?OpenDocument
text: Australian Bureau of
From the Web. Statistics. Copyright 2009
Add in-text citation to the text of the illustration’s caption.
by ABS. Reprinted with
permission.

Images [Top]
Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
Image original:
(Van Gogh, 1888) Van Gogh, V. (1888). Van Gogh's Chair [Painting]. London: The National Gallery.
Citation only in text
...the painting 'Mona Lisa'
Image reproduction:
(Gombrich, 1995, p. 203) Gombrich, E. H. (1995). The story of art (16th ed.). London: Phaidon.
Citation only in-text
...
Image used in text: Primal Pictures. (2009). Regional anatomy: Head and neck: Meninges (layer 4, frame
(Primal Pictures, 2009)
Electronic database 19) [Image]. Retrieved from anatomy.tv.

6
Material Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
linzart120 (2008). Illusions [Image]. Retrieved from
Image used in text:
(linzart120, 2008) http://browse.deviantart.com/?qh=&section=&q=optical+illusions#/d1g5qs9
Freely available online
If no artist name is available, use the first few words of the image title

Multiple citations in same parentheses [Top]

Citation type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
Anderson, M., & Reid, C. (2009). Don't forget about levels of explanation. Cortex: A
Multiple citations in (Anderson & Reid, 2009; Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 45(4), 560-561.
one parentheses Howitt & Cramer, 2008) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2008.06.005
reference [Same order as reference list] Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2008). Introduction to research methods in psychology (2nd
ed.). Harlow, England: FT Prentice Hall.

Citing information that someone else has cited [Top]

Citation Type In-Text Citation Reference List & Notes
O'Reilly (as cited in Byrne, Byrne, A. (2008). Web 2.0 strategies in libraries and information services. The
Secondary citation
2008) argues that … Australian Library Journal, 57(4), 365-376.