Unit II – Shear and Bending in Beams

Syllabus:
• Beams and Bending- Types of loads, supports - Shear Force and
Bending Moment Diagrams for statically determinate beam
with concentrated load, UDL, uniformly varying load.

• Theory of Simple Bending – Analysis of Beams for Stresses –

Stress Distribution at a cross Section due to bending moment
and shear force for Cantilever, simply supported and
overhanging beams with different loading conditions

• Flitched Beams

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

1
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Unit II – Shear and Bending in Beams

Objective:

• To know the mechanism of load transfer in beams and the

induced stress resultants.

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

2
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Unit II – Shear and Bending in Beams
References:
• 1. Rajput.R.K. “Strength of Materials”, S.Chand and Co, New
Delhi, 2007.

• Bhavikatti. S., "Solid Mechanics", Vikas publishing house Pvt.

Ltd, New Delhi, 2010.

• Junnarkar.S.B. andShah.H.J, “Mechanics of Structures”, Vol I,

Charotar Publishing House, New Delhi,1997.

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Unit II – Shear and Bending in Beams
Types of Loads:
2 kN
1. Point loads:
2. Uniformly distributed load (UDL):
The loads are uniformly applied over the entire length of the beam.
It can be shown as follows: 2 kN/m

3. Uniformly varying load (UVL):

Triangular or trapezoidal loads fall under this category. The variation
in intensities of such loads is constant.
It can be shown as follows:
2 kN/m 2 kN/m
2 kN/m 1 kN/m

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Unit II – Shear and Bending in Beams
Types of supports:
1. Roller support:

2. Hinged support:

3. Fixed support:

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Unit II – Shear and Bending in Beams
Statically determinate beams:
• 1. cantilever beams:
A cantilever beam which is fixed at one end and free at the other end.

• 2. Simply supported beams:

A simply supported beam rests freely on hinged support at one end
and roller support at the other end.

• 3. Overhanging beams:
If a beam extends beyond its supports it is called an overhanging beam.
Over hanging portion could be either any one of the sides or both the
sides.

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Unit II – Shear and Bending in Beams
Statically indeterminate beams:
• 1. Propped cantilever beam:
A cantilever beam with propped support at the free end.

• 2. Fixed beam:
A beam with both supports fixed.

• 3. Continuous beam:
A beam with more than two supports.

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Unit II – Shear and Bending in Beams
Shear force:
• Shear force at a section of a loaded beam may be defined as
the algebraic sum of all vertical forces acting on any one side
of the section.

Section line Section line

• Sign Convention:

+ ve - ve

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Unit II – Shear and Bending in Beams
Bending Moment:
• Bending moment at a section of a loaded beam may be
defined as the algebraic sum of all moments of forces acting
on any one side of the section.
• Sign Convention:
Sagging moment: Moments which Hogging Moment: Moments
bend the beam upwards and cause which bend the beam downwards
compression in the top fibre and and cause compression in the
tension in the bottom fibre are bottom and tension in the top
taken as positive. fibre are taken as negative.

+ve -ve

Sagging moment Hogging moment

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
1. Cantilever beam subjected to a point load at the free end:
• (i) Shear force (S.F.) Calculations:
Sign convention:
Section line Section line A X 𝑥 W
B
X
+ ve - ve ‘L’ m

W W
W
S.F. @ B= + W +ve
S.F. @ XX= +W
S.F. @ A= + W S.F.D.

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
1. Cantilever beam subjected to a point load at the free end:
• (ii) Bending Moment(B.M.) Calculations:
Sign convention:

A X 𝑥 W
+ve -ve
B
Sagging moment Hogging moment X
‘L’ m

B.M. @ B= 0
B.M. @ XX= -W𝑥 0
B.M. @ A= - WL -ve
W𝑥
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE B.M.D. 11
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
1. Cantilever beam subjected to a point load at the free end:
(iii) S.F.D. & B.M.D. Diagrams:
A W
B

‘L’ m
W W
+ve
S.F.D.

-ve

WL B.M.D
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
2. Cantilever beam subjected to point loads as shown in Fig.
Draw S.F.D. & B.M.D.:
• (i) Shear force (S.F.) Calculations:
Sign convention: 3 kN 2 kN
A D
Section line Section line C
B
1m 2m 1m
+ ve - ve
5 kN 5 kN
S.F. @ B= 0
S.F. @ C= +2 kN 2 kN 2 kN
S.F. @ D (without Pt. Load at D)=+ 2 kN +ve
0
S.F. @ D (with Pt. Load at D)=+ 5 kN S.F.D.
S.F. @ A= + 5 kN
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
2. Cantilever beam subjected to point loads as shown in Fig.
Draw S.F.D. & B.M.D.:
• (ii) Bending Moment(B.M.) Calculations:
2 kN
Sign convention: 3 kN
A D
C
+ve -ve B
1m 2m 1m
Sagging moment Hogging moment
0 0
B.M. @ B= 0 -ve
B.M. @ C= 0
4 kNm
B.M. @ D = −2 × 2 = −4 kNm
9 kNm
B.M. @ A= − 2 × 3 − 3 × 1 = −9 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor, B.M.D
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
2. Cantilever beam subjected to point loads as shown in Fig.
Draw S.F.D. & B.M.D.: 3 kN 2 kN
A D
• (i) S.F.D. & B.M.D. C
B
1m 2m 1m

5 kN 5 kN
2 kN 2 kN
+ve
0
S.F.D.
-ve
4 kNm
9 kNm B.M.D.
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
3. Cantilever beam subjected to u.d.l as shown in Fig. Draw
S.F.D. & B.M.D.:
• (i) Shear force (S.F.) Calculations: 𝑤/𝑚 X 𝑥
Sign S.F. @ A= +
Section line A B
: Section line
‘L’ m X

+ ve - ve 𝑤𝐿

S.F. @ B= 0 𝑤𝑥
+ve
S.F. @ XX= +𝑤𝑥
S.F.D.
S.F. @ A= +𝑤𝐿

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

16
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
3. Cantilever beam subjected to u.d.l as shown in Fig. Draw
S.F.D. & B.M.D.:
• (i) Bending Moment(B.M.) Calculations: W /m X 𝑥
A B
Sign convention:
-ve ‘L’ m
+ve X
Hogging moment
Sagging moment

B.M. @ B= 0 -ve 𝑤𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑤𝑥 2
B.M. @ XX= --𝑤𝑥 × = 2
2 2
𝐿 𝑤𝐿2
B.M. @ A= −𝑤𝐿 × = −
2 2
𝑤𝐿2
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor, 2 B.M.D.
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
3. Cantilever beam subjected to u.d.l as shown in Fig. Draw
S.F.D. & B.M.D.:
• (iii) S.F.D & B.M.D: W /m X 𝑥
A B
‘L’ m
𝑤𝐿 X

𝑤𝑥
+ve
S.F.D.
-ve 𝑤𝑥 2
2
𝑤𝐿2
B.M.D.
2
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
3. Cantilever beam subjected to u.d.l as shown in Fig. Draw
S.F.D. & B.M.D.:
4 kN/m
A B
1.5 m 1.5 m

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
3. Cantilever beam subjected to u.d.l as shown in Fig. Draw
S.F.D. & B.M.D.:
4 kN/m
A B
1.5 m 1.5 m

6 𝑘𝑁 6 𝑘𝑁
+ve
S.F.D.
-ve 4.5 kNm

13.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚
B.M.D.

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
4. A simply supported beam of span ‘L’ carries a central concentrated
load ‘W’. Draw S.F.D. & B.M.D.:
W

‘L’ m

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
4. A simply supported beam of span ‘L’ carries a central concentrated
load ‘W’. Draw S.F.D. & B.M.D.:
W

‘L’ m
W/2 W/2
W/2 +ve
-ve
S.F.D. W/2
𝑊𝐿/4
+ve

B.M.D.
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
4. A simply supported beam of span ‘L’ carries a eccentric
concentrated load ‘W’ as shown in Fig. Draw S.F.D. & B.M.D.:
W

𝑎 𝑏
‘L’ m

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
Solution: W
A C B
(i) Calculation of reactions:
𝑎 𝑏
𝑀𝐴 = 0 +ve ‘L’ m
𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵
−𝑅𝐵 × 𝐿 + 𝑊 × 𝑎 = 0
𝑾𝒂
∴ 𝑹𝑩 =
𝑳

𝐹𝑉 = 0 +ve

𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 − 𝑊 = 0
𝑊𝑎 𝑾𝒃
𝑅𝐴 + −W=0 ∴ 𝑹𝑨 =
𝐿 𝑳
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
Solution (contd…): W
A C B
(ii) Shear force (S.F.) Calculations:
𝑎 𝑏
Sign Convention: 𝑊𝑏 ‘L’ m 𝑊𝑎
Section line Section line 𝐿 𝐿
𝑊𝑏
+ve
+ ve - ve 𝐿

𝑊𝑏
-ve 𝑊𝑎
S.F. at A=
𝐿
𝑊𝑏
𝐿
S.F. at C (between A and C)= S.F.D.
𝐿
𝑊𝑎
S.F. at C(between C and B)=
𝐿
𝑊𝑎
S.F. at B=
𝐿
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
Solution: W
A C B
(ii) Bending Moment(B.M.) Calculations:
𝑎 𝑏
Sign Convention: 𝑊𝑏 ‘L’ m 𝑊𝑎
+ve 𝐿 𝐿
-ve 𝑊𝑎𝑏
Sagging Hogging 𝐿
+ve
𝑀𝐴 =0

𝑊𝑏 𝑊𝑎𝑏
𝑀𝐶 = ×𝑎 = B.M.D.
𝐿 𝐿

𝑀𝐵 = 0

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
5. A simply supported beam of span ‘L’ carries two point loads as
shown in Fig. Draw S.F.D. & B.M.D.:

4 kN 3 kN

1.5 𝑚 3.5 𝑚 1m

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
Solution: 4 kN 3 kN
(i) Calculation of reactions: A B
1.5 𝑚 3.5 𝑚 1m
𝑀𝐴 = 0 +ve 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵
−(𝑅𝐵 × 6) + (3 × 5) + (4 × 1.5) = 0
∴ 𝑹𝑩 = 𝟑. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵

𝐹𝑉 = 0 +ve

𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 − 4 − 3 = 0

𝑅𝐴 + 3.5 − 4 − 3 = 0 ∴ 𝑹𝑨 = 𝟑. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
(ii) Shear force (S.F.) Calculations: 4 kN 3 kN
Sign Convention: A C D B
Section line Section line 1.5 𝑚 3.5 𝑚 1m
3.5 kN
3.5 kN
- ve 3.5 kN
+ ve
S.F. at A=3.5 𝑘𝑁 +
-
S.F. at C (between A and C)=3.5 𝑘𝑁 0.5 kN
S.F. at C(between C and D)=−0.5 𝑘𝑁
S.F.D. 3.5 kN
S.F. at D (between D and B)=-3.5 kN

S.F. at B=−3.5 𝑘𝑁
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
(iii) B.M.Calculations:
4 kN 3 kN
Sign Convention: A C D B
+ve -ve 1.5 𝑚 3.5 𝑚 1m
Sagging Hogging 3.5 kN 3.5 kN
5.5 kNm
3.5 kNm
𝑀𝐴 =0 +
𝑀𝐶 =3.5 × 1.5 = 5.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚 B.M.D.
𝑀𝐷 = 3.5 × 1 = 3.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝐵 = 0
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
5. A simply supported beam of span ‘L’ carries u.d.l throughout the .
Draw S.F.D. & B.M.D.:

𝑤 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

′𝐿′ 𝑚

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
5. A simply supported beam of span ‘L’ carries u.d.l throughout the .
Draw S.F.D. & B.M.D.: X 𝑤 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
A B
𝑥
X ′𝐿′ 𝑚
S.F. @ XX=0 wL/2
wL/2
𝑤𝐿
− 𝑤𝑥 = 0 wL/2
2 +
∴ 𝑥 = 𝐿/2 S.F.D. 2 -
𝑤𝐿 wL/2
8
𝑤𝐿2
M @ L/2 = +
8

B.M.D.
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,
32
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
Over hanging beams:
Problem:
An over hanging beam of length 10 m is loaded as shown in Fig. Draw
the S.F.D. and B.M.D. Mark the values at salient points.

15 kN/m 25 kN
20 kN/m
A C D B E
3m 1m 4m 2m

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
(i) Support Reactions:
15 kN/m 25 kN
20 kN/m
A C D B E
𝑀𝐴 = 0 +ve
3m 1m 4m 2m
𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵
1 2
− 𝑅𝐵 × 8 + 20 × 2 × 9 + 25 × 4 + × 3 × 15 × × 3 = 0
2 3
∴ 𝑹𝑩 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵
𝐹𝑉 = 0 +ve

1
𝑅𝐴 + 63.125 − × 3 × 15 − 25 − 20 = 0
2
∴ 𝑹𝑨 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐍
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
(ii) S.F. calculations: 15 kN/m 25 kN
X 20 kN/m
𝑆. 𝐹. @ 𝐴 = +24.37 𝑘𝑁 A C D B E
𝑆. 𝐹. @ 𝑋𝑋 3m X 1m 4m 2m
= +24.37 24.37 kN 63.13 kN
1
− × 𝑥 × 5𝑥
2 24.37 Parabola
= 24.37 − 2.5 𝒙𝟐
S.F. @ C= 1.88
1
24.37− × 3 × 15
2
=1.88 kN

S.F. between C&D=1.88 kN

Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
(ii) S.F. calculations: 15 kN/m 25 kN
20 kN/m
S.F. between D&B= A C D B E
1
24.37− × 3 × 15 −25
2 3m 1m 4m 2m
=−23.13 𝑘𝑁
𝑅𝐴 =24.37 𝑅𝐵 = 63.13

S.F. @B (including Parabola

40
24.37
reaction at B)=
-23.13+63.13=+40 kN 1.88 +
+
-
S.F. @ E=40 − 20 × 2 = 0
23.13 23.13
S.F.D.
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
(iii) B.M. calculations: 15 kN/m 25 kN
20 kN/m
𝑀𝐴 = 0 A C D B E

𝑀𝐶 = 3m 1m 4m 2m
+ 24.37 × 3 − 𝑅𝐴 =24.37 𝑅𝐵 = 63.13
1 1
× 3 × 15 × × 3
2 3 50.68 52.5 kNm
=50.68 kNm

𝑀𝐷 =24.37× 4 −
1 1
× 3 × 15 × 1 + 3
2 3
=52.5 kNm

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
(iii) B.M. calculations: 15 kN/m 25 kN
X 20 kN/m
𝑀𝐵 = −(20 × 2 × 1) A C D B E
= −40 kNm 3m 1m 4m 2m
𝑀𝐸 =0 𝑅𝐴 =24.37 𝑅𝐵 = 63.13

50.68 52.5 kNm 𝑥

𝑀𝑋𝑋 = 0 Cubic
− 20 × 2 × 𝑥 − 1 + parabola X
Point of
63.13 × (𝑥 − 2) =0 contraflexure
+
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟑 𝒎 -
B.M.D. Parabola
40 kNm

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38
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
Simply supported beam:
Problem:
A simply supported beam is loaded as shown in Fig. Draw the S.F.D.
and B.M.D. Mark the values at salient points.

2 kN
2 kN/m 3 kNm
A C D E B

1.5 m 0.5 m 1m 1m

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
S.F.Diagram: X 2 kN
2 kN/m 3 kNm
A C D E B

S.F. @ XX=0 2.18 kN 2.82 kN

1.5 m 0.5 m 1m 1m
2.18 − 2𝑥 = 0 𝑥
2.18
∴ 𝑥 = 1.09 𝑚 X
+

0.82 0.82 -

S.F.D
. 2.82 2.82
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
B.M.Diagram: X 2 kN
2 kN/m 3 kNm
A C D E B

2.18 kN 2.82 kN
1.5 m 0.5 m 1m 1m
M @ 1.09 m from A 1.09 𝑚
=1.18 kNm
X 3.62 kNm
2.82 kNm
1.18 1.05
0.62
+

B.M.D.
Dr.P.Venkateswara Rao, Associate Professor,
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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
 Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for
Statically determinate beams
Over hanging beam:
Problem:
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for the
overhanging beam shown in Fig. Indicate the salient values on them.

5 kN 20 kN
5 kN/m 2 kNm
A B C D E

1m 2m 3m 2m

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Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE