Thermodynamic

2019-2

NEDHER SÁNCHEZ RAMÍREZ

Properties of
substances_2_1
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TEMPERATURE_STATE PROPERTY
How many temperature scales do you know?

SI
Thermodynamics:
 ZERO’th LAW of Thermodynamics

Consequence of the zero’th law:

ENERGY_STATE PROPERTY
 ENERGY
• Since a system is a quantity of matter and it has energy, it is
logical to think about quantifying it.
 ENERGY
• Since a system is a quantity of matter and it has energy, it is
logical to think about quantifying it.
 ENERGY
A macroscopic amount of mass can possess energy in the form of internal energy inherent in its
internal structure, kinetic energy in its motion, and potential energy associated with
external forces acting on the mass (g).
✓ To understand that the thermodynamic properties
of a pure substance in equilibrium are found on
thermodynamic surfaces.
Why is it important to know the properties of the substances?

What would happen if instead of water we used a molten salt?

 Why is it important to know the properties of the substances?

Help us determine the They play a key role in energy

thermodynamic state of the system. balances.

• Therefore, a P-V-T relationship of

these substances would be
interesting.

• This is easier when we have pure

substances.
 ¿What is a pure substance?

A substance that has a fixed chemical composition

throughout is called a pure substance.

Single chemical element or compound Homogenous mixture of chemical

elements or compounds
¿ What is a pure substance?

?
?
 Phases of matter
• Depending on temperature,
water can exist as: Gas??? We will see it in
– vapor (in atmosphere), another section
– liquid (in rivers, oceans), or
– solid (iceberg!)

These phases are related in a PVT diagram

T-V diagram for water
Substance: Water: T-v diagram
 Substance: Water: T-v diagram

2. Satured liquid (Tsat). First drop of vapor

(Tsat) = is the T in which a substance change
phase.
(Tsat)
Psat _1 = 1 atm = 101.3 kPa↔Tsat_1 (100 °C),

3. Satured liquid + satured vapor.

4. Satured vapor. Last drop of liquid.

Substance: Water: T-v diagram_P2 > P1
What happens now?
Substance: Water: T-V diagram_P2 > P1
What happens now?

P=1 atm
 Substance: Water: T-v diagram

This properties of the critical point for pure substances will be used for the theory of
corresponding states in ideal gases. That is why all the critical properties are tabulated.
 Substance: Water: Tsat = f(Psat)

Consequences of Tsat and Psat Dependence?

 Substance: Water: T-v diagram

At supercritical pressures (P > Pcr), there is no distinct phase-change (boiling) process.

T-v Vs P-v Diagram

Activity!
Extending the Diagrams to Include the Solid
Phase

T1
T2< T1

P-v diagram of a substance that P-v diagram of a substance that

contracts on freezing. expands on freezing (such as water).
Substance: Water: P-v-T Surface
 Property Tables
• For most substances, the relationships among thermodynamic properties are too complex to be
expressed by simple equations. Therefore, properties are frequently presented in the form of tables.
• Some thermodynamic properties can be measured easily, but others cannot and are calculated by
using the relations between them and measurable properties.
• The results of these measurements and calculations are presented in tables in a convenient format.
• In the following discussion, the steam tables are used to demonstrate the application of
thermodynamic property tables. Property tables of other substances are used in the same manner.
• For each substance, the thermodynamic properties are listed in more than one table. In fact, a
separate table is prepared for each region of interest such as the superheated vapor, compressed
liquid, and saturated (mixture) regions. Property tables are given in the appendix in both SI and
English units.
Property Tables
ENTHALPY_STATE PROPERTY
 Enthalpy—A Combination Property
• In the analysis of certain types of processes, like heating or cooling at P =
constant, and open system we frequently encounter the combination of properties
u + Pv. For simplicity and convenience, was define:

• The entropy (s) is a property associated with the second law of thermodynamic we will
see later.
 How to use the steam tables ( water)?
1a) Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
 1a) Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
EXAMPLE 1: Pressure and Volume of Saturated Liquid in a Tank
A rigid tank contains 50 kg of saturated liquid water at 90°C. Determine the pressure ( kPa) in the tank and the volume( m3) of
the tank. Sketch T-v and P-v diagram.

P = Psat @ 90°C = 0.7014 bar = 70.14 kPa

 1a) Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
EXAMPLE: Pressure and Volume of Saturated Liquid in a Tank

The specific volume of the saturated liquid at 90°C is:

v x103 = vf @ 90°C x103 = 1.0360 m3/kg

vf @ 90°C = 0.0010360 m3/kg

Then the total volume of the tank becomes:

V = mv = (50 kg)(0.0010360 m3/kg) = 0.0518 m3

 1a) Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
EXAMPLE 2: Volume and Energy Change during Evaporation

A mass of 200 g of saturated liquid water is completely vaporized at a constant pressure of 100 kPa.
Determine (a) the volume change (m3) and (b) the amount of energy transferred to the water (kJ).

T= 96.61 °C
 1a) Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
EXAMPLE 2: Volume and Energy Change during Evaporation

1. vg-vf = vfg ?

200 g

200 g
 1a) Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
EXAMPLE 2: Volume and Energy Change during Evaporation

1. hg-hf = hfg ?
200 g
The amount of energy needed to vaporize a unit mass of a substance at a
given pressure is the enthalpy of vaporization at that pressure, which is hfg
200 g
 1b) Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture_Quality

In order to define completely the system we need to know other intensive property = x = quality
 1b) Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture_Quality
We can suppose that s. liquid and s. vapor form a homogeneous substance with an average volume (vavg )

Since V = Vf +Vg → mtvavg = mfvf + mgvg [m3]…….”v” is specific volume

mtvavg = (mt –mg)vf + mgvg

vavg = (1 –x)vf + xvg

vavg = vf + x(vg –vf)

(vfg)
 1b) Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture_ Quality
We can this result for the other properties:

The values of the average properties of the mixtures are always between the values of the saturated liquid and the
saturated vapor properties :
 1b) Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture_ Quality
EXAMPLE 3: Quality of a Mixture

A closed vessel contains 0.1 m3 of saturated liquid and 0.9 m3 of saturated vapor R-134a
in equilibrium at 30 ◦C. Determine the percent vapor on a mass basis.

V = Vf + Vg

V = mfvf + mgvg Tsat , Psat

1b) Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture_ Quality
 1c) Superheated Vapor
Unlike what happens in the saturation region, here P and T are independent, therefore the
table is different:

To know that we have

superheated steam we use:
 1c) Superheated Vapor

P, h

With the figure it seems obvious, but normally we don't have the P-v or the T-v
diagrams.
 1d) Compressed Liquid
Compressed liquid tables are not as commonly available, in general we approximate :
Thanks!