Klamath River

9/8/2019 Klamath River - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 41°32′49″N 124°5′0″W
Klamath River
The Klamath River (Karuk: Ishk êesh,[6] Klamath: K ok e,[7]
Klamath River
Yurok: Hehlk eek 'W e-Roy [8]) flows 257 miles (414 km)[5]
Link River, Everglades of the West[1]
through Oregon and northern California in the United States,
emptying into the Pacific Ocean. By average discharge, the
Klamath is the second largest river in California after the
Sacramento River. It drains an extensive watershed of almost
16,000 square miles (41,000 km2) that stretches from the arid
country of south-central Oregon to the temperate rainforest of
the Pacific coast. Unlike most rivers, the Klamath begins in the
high desert and flows toward the mountains – carving its way
through the rugged Cascade Range and Klamath Mountains
before reaching the sea. The upper basin, today used for
farming and ranching, once contained vast freshwater marshes
that provided habitat for abundant wildlife, including millions
of migratory birds. Most of the lower basin remains wild, with
much of it designated wilderness. The watershed is known for
this peculiar geography, and the Klamath has been called "a
river upside down" by National Geographic magazine.[9]
The Klamath is the most important North American river south

of the Columbia River for anadromous fish migration.[10] Its
salmon, steelhead and rainbow trout have adapted to unusually
high water temperatures and acidity levels relative to other
rivers in the Pacific Northwest. The numerous fish were a
major source of food for Native Americans, who have inhabited The Klamath River in California
the basin for at least 7,000 years. The first Europeans to enter
the Klamath River basin were fur trappers for the Hudson's Bay
Company in the 1820s; they established the Siskiyou Trail
along the Klamath and Trinity rivers into the Sacramento
Valley. Within several decades of white settlement, native
peoples were forced into reservations. During the latter days of
the California Gold Rush, increasing numbers of miners began
working the Klamath River and its tributaries, causing
considerable harm to the environment. Conflict and introduced
diseases left indigenous tribes with only 10% of their original
population.
Steamboats operated briefly on the large lakes of the upper

basin, contributing to the growth of towns such as Klamath
Falls, Oregon, before they were replaced by railroads in the late
Map of the Klamath River watershed
19th century. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the upper basin
Etymology For the Indian tribe called
became a productive agricultural region, and many dams were
"Klamath" by early 19th-century
built to provide irrigation and hydroelectricity. In the 1960s,
white travelers[2]
the Klamath River was targeted by much larger, but ultimately
unsuccessful schemes to augment water supplies in other parts Native name Ishkêesh
of California. One of these projects, the Klamath Diversion,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_River 1/17
would have reversed the entire flow of the Klamath River to Location
supply farms and urban areas in central and southern Country United States
California. State Oregon, California
City Klamath Falls
Today, the Klamath is a popular recreational river as well as an
Physical characteristics
important source of water for agriculture. It includes many of
the longest free-flowing stretches of river in California, Source Upper Klamath Lake
including excellent stretches of whitewater. However, dams ⁃ location Klamath Falls, Oregon
and diversions in the upper basin have often caused water ⁃ coordinates 42°11′29″N 121°46′58″W[4]
quality issues in the lower half of the river. Environmental ⁃ elevation 4,090 ft (1,250 m)[3]
groups and native tribes have proposed broad changes to water Mouth Pacific Ocean
use in the Klamath Basin, including the removal of some dams
⁃ location Requa, California
on the river to expand fish habitat. They put forth their
⁃ coordinates 41°32′49″N 124°5′0″W[4]
concerns in what is now the Klamath Basin Restoration
⁃ elevation 0 ft (0 m)
Agreement, a water management plan signed by local
Length 257 mi (414 km)[5]
communities, governments, tribal groups, environmentalists,
Basin size 15,689 sq mi (40,630 km2)
and fishermen. The proposal has been endorsed by the U.S.
Department of the Interior but has not been authorized by the Discharge
United States Congress. ⁃ location near mouth (Klamath, CA)
⁃ average 16,780 cu ft/s (475 m3/s)
⁃ minimum 1,310 cu ft/s (37 m3/s)
⁃ maximum 557,000 cu ft/s (15,800 m3/s)
Contents Basin features
Course Tributaries
Watershed ⁃ left Shasta River, Scott River,
Tributaries Salmon River, Trinity River
Flooding
National Wild and Scenic River
Geology
Type Wild, Scenic, Recreational
History
Early inhabitants and settlers
Industry and development in the 20th century
Fish and wildlife
Salmon controversy and proposed dam removal
Water rights dispute
Recreation
Klamath Salmon Festival
See also
References
Notes
Works cited
External links
Course
Upper Klamath Lake, filling a broad valley at the foot of the eastern slope of the southern High Cascades, is the source
of the Klamath River. The lake is fed by the Williamson River, which originates in the Winema National Forest, and the
Wood River, which rises near Crater Lake National Park. The Klamath River issues from Klamath Lake at Klamath
Falls as a short 1-mile (1.6 km) stream known as the Link River, which flows into the 18-mile (29 km) long Lake
Ewauna reservoir formed by Keno Dam. Here, the Klamath is connected by

the B canal to the Lost River; as part of the federal Klamath irrigation
project, the canal is capable of diverting water between the rivers in either
direction as needed.
Below the dam the river flows west, passing the mostly dry Lower Klamath
Lake bed[4][11][12][13] and the hydroelectric John C. Boyle Dam. The
Klamath River then enters California, where it passes through three more
hydroelectric plants[14] and turns south near the town of Hornbrook
The Klamath River approaching its towards Mount Shasta. However, the river soon swings west to receive the
mouth on the Pacific, near Klamath, Shasta River and the Scott River, entering a long canyon through the
California
Klamath Mountains.[15]
The route through the Cascade Range and the Klamath Mountains
constitutes the majority of the river's course and takes it from the arid high desert climate of its upper watershed
towards a temperate rainforest nourished by Pacific rains. Below the Scott River confluence, the Klamath runs
generally west along the south side of the Siskiyou Mountains until it takes a sharp southward turn near the town of
Happy Camp. From there, it flows southwest over whitewater rapids through the Klamath National Forest and Six
Rivers National Forest, receives the Salmon River from the east, and passes the community of Orleans. At Weitchpec,
the river reaches the southernmost point in its course and veers sharply north as it receives its principal tributary, the
Trinity River. Below this point, the Klamath's current slows as it approaches sea level. For the remainder of its course,
the Klamath flows generally northwest, passing through the Yurok Indian Reservation and the town of Klamath (where
it is bridged by Highway 101), and meeting the sea at a large tidal estuary 16 miles (26 km) south of Crescent
City.[11][16] The mouth of the Klamath River is at Requa,[17] in an area shared by the Yurok Reservation and Redwood
National Park.[18] The Klamath River estuary is recognized for protection by the California Bays and Estuaries
Policy.[19]
Watershed
Extending from arid eastern Oregon to the cold and rainy Northern
California coast, the Klamath River watershed drains parts of three Oregon
counties and five counties in California and includes a diversity of
landscapes. The northernmost part of the watershed is high desert country
drained by the Williamson River and the Sprague River, both which flow
generally southwest into Upper Klamath Lake. The middle basin is
characterized by extensive wetland, grassland, and agricultural areas, and is
partially filled by two major bodies of water: Upper and Lower Klamath
Lake. The extensive lower basin, which encompasses over one half of the
15,689-square-mile (40,630 km2) watershed, is composed mainly of rugged
mountains, forests and canyons.[16][20][21][22][15]
Several other West Coast and interior drainage basins border on that of the
Klamath River. On the northwest are the Rogue River and Umpqua River in
Oregon and the Smith River in California. On the east there is the closed
Klamath River watershed
Harney Basin and a small portion of the Great Basin. The south side of the
boundaries
Klamath River watershed is bounded by the Sacramento River and its
upper tributaries, including the Pit River, and on the southwest side are the
Mad River and Redwood Creek.[23] The western boundary of the upper Klamath Basin is formed by the High Cascades
and the Klamath Mountains, one of the southernmost extents of the Cascade Range, and the California Coast Ranges
cover the southwestern watershed. The Klamath is one of only three rivers that begins east of the Cascades and flows
into the Pacific Ocean; the other two are the Columbia and the Fraser.[24]
Most human use of the watershed is limited to the upper basin. Despite the semiarid climate, dams have been built,
irrigation water has been supplied from the Klamath and Lost rivers, and plentiful groundwater has been drawn to
transform most of the upper Klamath Basin to farmland. At least 11,000 years ago, Lower Klamath and Tule Lakes in
the rainy season would combine into one giant freshwater marsh that was nearly 290 square miles (750 km2) large.
This, combined with the over 100 square miles (260 km2) of Upper Klamath Lake, formed a temporary habitat for
millions of migratory birds.[25][26] These lakes are all remnants of a large Ice Age lake, Lake Modoc, that covered about
1,100 square miles (2,800 km2). Although all of the marshlands have been developed with the exception of Upper
Klamath Lake,[27] about 3.7 million migrating birds still pass through the watershed each year.[28]
Despite its plentiful flow in California, the Klamath does not supply
significant amounts of water to irrigators and municipal users in central
and southern portions of the state. The Klamath Reclamation Project in the
Klamath Falls area supplies water to local irrigators, and the Central Valley
Project diverts water from the Trinity River to supply irrigation water to the
Sacramento Valley.[29] Other tributaries of the Klamath, including the Lost
and Shasta rivers, are also diverted for irrigation. Water use of the lower
Klamath—one of the last relatively free-flowing rivers in the state of
California—has been debated for decades among conservationists, tribes, Marshlands in the Upper Klamath
Basin today are remnants of the
irrigators, and government agencies, and its eventual fate is still unclear.
vast Lake Modoc. Mount Thielsen in
the background.
Tributaries
Tributaries of the Klamath River are listed below. Numbers (RM/RKM) after the tributary names denote the river
miles (river kilometers) where they enter the Klamath, or the specific tributary under which it is listed.[30]
Blue Creek (15.8/25.4)

Trinity River (43.5/70.0)
South Fork Trinity River (31.2/50.2)
Hayfork Creek (30.0/48.3)
New River (42.6/68.6)

North Fork Trinity River (72.5/116.7)
Canyon Creek (79.3/127.7)
Reading Creek (93.8/151.0)
Stuart Fork Trinity River (121.5/195.6)
East Fork Trinity River (135.2/217.7)
Coffee Creek (143.4/230.9)
Red Cap Creek (52.5/84.5)

Boise Creek (55.4/89.2)
Salmon River (California) (66.0/106.3)
Wooley Creek (5.0/8.1)
North Fork Salmon River (19.6/31.6)
Russian Creek (20.1/32.4)
South Fork Salmon River (19.6/31.6)

East Fork South Fork Salmon River (19.9/32.0)
Copper Creek (86.2/138.8)

Clear Creek (98.5/158.6)
Elk Creek (105.5/169.8)
Indian Creek (106.8/171.9)
Scott River (142.0/228.5)
South Fork Scott River (56.3/90.6)
East Fork Scott River (56.3/90.6)
Shasta River (176.3/283.7)

Little Shasta River (14.0/22.5)
Willow Creek (185.0/297.9)

Jenny Creek (194.5/313.1)
Lost River Diversion Channel (249.6/401.6)
Lost River (12.0/19.3)
Miller Creek
Link River
Upper Klamath Lake

Wood River
Annie Creek
Sun Creek
Crooked Creek
Williamson River
Sprague River (10.9/17.5)
Sycan River (75.0/120.8)
Klamath Marsh
Big Springs Creek
Flooding
The lower and middle sections of the Klamath River are vulnerable to flooding, and major floods have occurred in
years where major flooding has taken place in Northern California, particularly in the wake of Pineapple Express
storms that bring large amounts of warm rain to Northern California. Fort Ter-Waw, located at what is now the town of
Klamath Glen, was destroyed by the flood in December 1861 and abandoned on June 10, 1862.[31] Other significant
floods on the Klamath River have occurred in 1926–1927, 1955, 1964, 1997, and 2005, in several cases changing the
course of the river.[32][33][34][35] The Christmas flood of 1964 was particularly devastating. The Klamath River reached
flows of 557,000 cubic feet per second (15,800 m3/s),[36] submerging the town of Klamath under 15 feet (4.6 m) of
water, with a high water reaching 55 feet (17 m), inundating the towns of Klamath and Klamath Glen under as much as
15 feet (4.6 m) of water,[37] and destroying most of the Highway 101 bridge crossing the river. The highway bridge was
rebuilt in a different location, though entrances to the old bridge still stand.[32][38]
The mouth of the Klamath and nearby sections of the river are susceptible to oceanic tsunami surges, and fatalities
have occurred there during the 1964 and 2011 Japanese tsunami.[39][40][41][42]
Geology
The Upper Klamath Basin, defined by the drainage area of the Klamath River above Iron Gate Dam, is a unique
transitional area between the Cascade Range to the west and the Basin and Range Province of the northern Great Basin
to the southeast. This region extends from the southern Lower Klamath Lake area into the Lost River and Upper
Klamath Lake basins. Crustal stretching and block faulting created a topography with characteristics similar to both
regions. Almost the entire basin is a graben region, bearing basin and range characteristics, formed by uplifting and
subsidence along several north–south faults.[43]
Pre-Quaternary, igneous and sedimentary rock compose the Yonna Formation, which crosses much of the region and
rises above the surface in large outcroppings of solid rock in many of the ridges.[44] Underlying rocks are generally
younger from east to west. The many ridges crossing the upper Klamath Basin divide it into valleys with up to 330 feet
(100 m) of vertical relief, and drainage patterns generally follow the topography. An extensive geothermal system
occurs deep underground within the upper basin, creating hot springs and
artesian springs, but is not well understood.[45] Further south, in the Shasta
River area in Siskiyou County, much of the underlying rock is composed of
lava flows issuing from the Mount Shasta volcanic region.[46]
The same age pattern is true in the Cascade Range and Klamath Mountains
that cover the western half of the Klamath River watershed. As the North
American Plate moved slowly southwestward over the past 10 million years,
successive oceanic terranes dating from the Cambrian to the late Jurassic Lower Klamath Lake was formed in
were added to the bulk of the North American continent. There are four the "basin and range" area of the
upper Klamath River watershed.
distinct terranes from west to east. While the coastal mountains date to less
than 3 million years ago, the farther inland High Cascades are as old as
7.5 million years. Granite batholiths, overlying sedimentary rock, and volcanic rock were crumpled into the massif of
southwestern Oregon and northwestern California.[47] Instead of being diverted southwards, however, the Klamath
continued to flow westward and created a steep-walled gorge through the rising range. One of these terranes brought
with it a long north–south running band of easily eroded mica that now lies about 30 miles (48 km) inland from the
Pacific coast of Northern California.[48][49] When the Klamath encountered this layer, it began cutting its canyon along
the mica instead of continuing southwest to the Pacific, resulting in the sharp northward bend where the Trinity River
joins. The lower Trinity also follows portions of the mica and its south fork as well.
History
Early inhabitants and settlers

Human habitation on the Klamath dates to at least 7,000 years ago. Many
of the Native American groups along the river depended on the huge runs
of Pacific salmon, the third largest on the Pacific coast of what is now the
United States. These groups included the Shasta along the middle and
upper parts of the river, the Yurok, Hupa, and Karuk along the canyons of
the lower river, and the Modoc, Klamath and Yahooskin in the desert
valleys of the upper basin. About 129 miles (208 km) of the Klamath River,
or half the river's length, was on Shasta territory. The Yurok were the
Semi-nomadic tribes inhabited the second most prominent group on the river, controlling about 30 miles
upper basin, a portion of which is (48 km) of the lower Klamath River and a large section of the Northern
seen here, with Mount Shasta California coast. Along with the Hupa and Karuk, the lower to mid-upper
viewed from Shasta Tribal lands. Tribes caught salmon from the river with weirs, basket traps and
harpoons.[50][51] Ishi Pishi Falls, a set of rapids on the Klamath River near
the confluence with the Salmon River, has been a traditional fishing ground
for thousands of years. Most of the upstream groups had a nomadic hunting-gathering lifestyle and did not depend on
salmon as much as downstream tribes.[52] The Klamath River's name was recorded by Europeans in the 19th century
derived from the word klamet or the Klamath Tribe. Prior to European contact, the river was called by many different
names, including Ishkêesh and Koke. The Klamath Tribe's name came from the Upper Chinookan word /ɬáma ɬ/,
literally "they of the river".[53]
In the late 1820s, fur trappers of the Hudson's Bay Company traveling south from Fort Vancouver reached the Klamath
River basin. The first party to see the Klamath River was led by Alexander McLeod in the winter of 1826–27. In 1828,
the Jedediah Smith fur trapping expedition was helped across the Trinity River by the Yurok and camped on the east
side of the Trinity River. His clerk, Harrison G. Rogers, wrote, "Mr. Smith purchases all the beaver furs he can from
them," suggesting that beaver were then plentiful on the Trinity. Joseph Grinnell, in Fur-bearing Mammals of
California, noted that beaver had been present on other Klamath River tributaries such as the Scott River and Shasta
River, and further cited a Fish and Game report of beaver from 1915–1917 on High Prairie Creek[54] at the mouth of the
Klamath River near Requa, California.[55] Within a matter of years, the plentiful beavers in the Klamath Basin had
been mostly wiped out. Beaver dams had previously been an important factor in stream habitat in the Klamath River
watershed, helping to moderate the power of floods and creating extensive wetlands. The loss of the beaver dams
resulted in detrimental consequences for watercourses in the basin, exacerbating the power of winter floods, and
causing severe erosion. Trapping parties eventually moved southwest into the Sacramento Valley and blazed an
extension of the Siskiyou Trail, an early path between the Oregon Territory and San Francisco Bay. Despite the
environmental implications, extensive and fertile meadows left behind by the draining of beaver ponds attracted many
settlers to the region later on.[51][56]
The 1850s saw discoveries of rich placer and lode

Klamath River ever since the discovery of gold in its bed gold deposits along the predominantly Shasta
has been continuously mined and is still a long way from
being worked out. The conditions for river mining in this areas of the Klamath, Trinity, Shasta and other
stream are very favorable. Though carrying a large rivers in northwestern California. The 1850s also
volume of water, it has nearly everywhere a considerable brought a greed-fueled murderous rampage upon
grade and velocity of current with no great depth ... ... At
the indigenous people inhabiting the regions.
the present time there are about twenty-five claims being
worked on the Klamath and Salmon Rivers, employing Villages full of men, women, children, and infants
three hundred men. Operations in this locality are were either hacked up or shot for the potential
generally on a small scale and involve the use of but little
gold that would be harmfully extracted. The gold is
capital.
thought to have originated from volcanic activity
—R.L. Dunn (1889)[57]
in the Klamath Mountains.[58] Miners searching
for gold in the Klamath Mountains and Trinity
Alps in the aftermath of the California Gold Rush
first discovered gold along Salmon Creek in the spring of 1850, and additional deposits were found on the main stem
by July. Gold was also discovered in great quantities in Shasta lands at French Gulch and Yreka.[59] Several place
names in the Klamath Basin originate from this era, including that of the Scott River, which is named for pioneer John
Walter Scott.[60] Gold deposits are still present in the Klamath River watershed even though it was mined far past the
end of the gold rush.[61]
In 1864, the Native Americans of the Klamath Basin and surrounding area signed a treaty that had them cede
20 million acres (8,100,000 ha) of land to the United States and forced them to move to the newly created Klamath
Indian Reservation. This reservation clumped the Yurok, Karuk, and Hoopa tribes into one small area. Eventually, the
tribes began to profit from the sale of timber produced on the reservation, although unfairly distributed because of the
lack of consideration of the three differing tribes. In 1954, however, Congress removed their federal recognition and
the reservation was no longer economically successful. The tribes won back federal recognition in the 1970s, but by
then poverty was widespread among tribal members.[62]
Industry and development in the 20th century

Beginning in the early 20th century, steamboats began operating on Lower
Klamath Lake between Siskiyou County, California, and Klamath Falls,
Oregon. The steamboats completed a link between Klamath Falls and a
railroad branch line following the McCloud River—the final part of which
was called the Bartle Fast Freight Road, after Bartle, California. The end of
this line, Laird's Landing, was the beginning of the Lower Klamath Lake
steamboat line, which began operating with an 80-foot (24 m) screw
steamer in 1905. By 1909, however, the railroad had circumnavigated The Klamath on Lower Klamath
Lower Klamath Lake directly to Klamath Falls. The steamboat line fell into Lake, 1908
disuse—and much of Lower Klamath Lake was later drained and filled
in.[63]
In the early 1910s and 1920s, logging was a growing industry on the west side of the upper Klamath River valley,
especially around Upper Klamath Lake. The Great Northern Railway and Southern Pacific Railroad built a joint-use
line running along the eastern shore of the lake, delivering logs from the north side to a sawmill 3 miles (4.8 km)
downstream from the outlet of the lake. Many of the seasonal marshlands surrounding the lake and rivers were diked
in this period to host lumber operations.[64] In 1919, the first Link River Dam, a timber crib dam, was constructed at
the outlet of Upper Klamath Lake, raising it by about 16 feet (5 m). Steamboats continued mail, passenger and freight
operations on Upper Klamath Lake until about 1928, in a period when many of the lumber companies shut down due
to drought.[65]
With lumber a declining industry in the upper Klamath Basin, the economy slowly transitioned to agriculture. The
Klamath Reclamation Project, established by the Bureau of Reclamation in the early 20th century, involved the
construction of two dams on the river and additional dams on many of its tributaries, as well as the final draining of
Lower Klamath and Tule Lakes.[66] The Bureau of Reclamation was not the only user of the river during this period; in
the late 1950s PacifiCorp and California-Oregon Power Company (COPCO) constructed three more dams on the river
downstream.[67] These dams, however, sparked a great controversy over water quality in the lower section of the river
and the dependence of the river's annual salmon runs on it.[68]
Fish and wildlife

The river is considered a prime habitat for Chinook salmon, Coho
salmon, and rainbow trout. Once the river was the third-largest
producer of salmon on the West Coast,[69] after the Columbia and
Sacramento Rivers, but the salmon run has been reduced since the
construction of six dams between 1908 and 1962. Coho salmon in
the Klamath River are listed as threatened under the Endangered
Species Act. In 1963, the upper Trinity River—the largest single
tributary to the Klamath—was virtually removed from the Klamath
drainage with the completion of the Lewiston and Trinity Dams,
The mouth of the Klamath River on the diverting 90 percent of the upper Trinity's flow to the Sacramento
Pacific Ocean, Del Norte County, California Valley. From 1963 to 1991, only 150 cubic feet per second (4.2 m3/s)
from the main stem above the dams was left to flow to the Klamath.
In 1991, a minimum annual Trinity flow of 340,000 acre feet
(420,000,000 m3) was established, or about 470 cubic feet per second (13 m3/s).[70]
From the 1920s to the 1960s, four hydroelectric dams were built by the California-Oregon Power Company (COPCO)
and its successor PacifiCorp on the Klamath River main stem, blocking salmon migration and trapping sediment that
formerly replenished downstream gravel bars used by spawning salmon. The possible removal of the dams has been a
controversial issue in the region in recent years. Despite intense lobbying by local Native American tribes,
conservationists, and fishermen, the 2004 renewal application by PacifiCorp for another 50-year federal operating
license for the dams did not include any provisions for allowing salmon to return to more than 300 miles (483 km) of
former habitat above the dams. In January 2007, however, the federal government ruled that PacifiCorp must equip
four dams with fish ladders, a modification which would potentially cost more than $300 million. PacifiCorp has
offered $300 million to upgrade the JC Boyle fish ladder and proposed trucking fish around the Copco Number 1 and
Iron Gate dams, after having had been denied a license to build a power generator in Utah. PacifiCorp President
Fehrman defended the company's activities in the area, pointing to other benefits.[71]
A separate controversy surrounds the use of water in the Upper Klamath Basin for irrigated agriculture, which was
temporarily halted in 2001 to protect endangered salmon and lake fish during a severe drought. Vice President Dick
Cheney personally intervened to ensure water to the agriculture industry rather than to environmental flow.[72] In
2002, the federal government, under Interior Secretary Gale Norton, provided full water deliveries to irrigators as the
drought continued; despite the fact that Klamath area tribes have treaty rights that predate the settlement of the
farmers. Norton argued for a "free market" approach by allowing farmers to sell the water to the Native Americans
downstream.[73][74] That year, the Klamath River system had the largest fish die-off ever recorded. The House Natural
Resources Committee investigated Vice President Cheney for having released extra water to ranchers for possible
political gain.[75]
According to biologists from the State of California and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,[76] the atypical low flow in
the river along with high fish return numbers and high water temperatures allowed for a gill rot disease to kill at least
33,000 salmon in September 2002, before they could reproduce. The die-off was downstream of the Trinity inflow,
and the salmon of the Trinity were impacted to a greater degree than the Klamath as the Trinity run was at its peak.
The report does mention that the official fish die-off estimate of 34,056 is probably quite low and could be only half of
the actual loss. Klamath River flows as measured at the river gauge in Keno show a low flow of 800 cubic feet per
second (22.7 m3/s) in September 1908 (before irrigation began). During the 2002 fish kill, flows of 475 cubic feet per
second (13.5 m3/s) were recorded. During September of the 2001 irrigation shut-off, an average of 688 cubic feet per
second (19.5 m3/s) was recorded.[77]
In 2011, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved a plan first introduced in 1992 by California's state
government. The plan called for major cleanup of the lower river in order to protect salmon from phosphorus,
nitrogen, and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand.[1] It also expressed concern over high water temperatures,
algal blooms, and low oxygen levels, although certain fish have adapted to some of these issues.[78][79] Environmental
groups, more than six government agencies, Native American tribes in the basin, and others have worked with the EPA
to reduce pollution levels in the Klamath.[78]
Salmon controversy and proposed dam removal

Historically, the Klamath River was once the "third most productive
The remaining water left in the river,
whatever the Project is willing to salmon river system in the United States", after the Columbia and the
release from Iron Gate Dam, is so Sacramento.[69] Eutrophication and raised water temperatures induced
little in volume, so hot and so laced by the construction of dams have created worsening conditions for
with pesticides and nitrates from
migrating salmon, especially in years of drought.[80][81][82] Irrigation
agricultural waste water that it is
often fatal for salmon as much as along the upper Klamath and the Shasta and Scott rivers, along with the
100 miles (160 km) downriver. almost-total diversion of the upper Trinity River,[70] have all lowered
Hundreds of thousands of salmon
the total river flow supporting out-migrating young salmon in spring
have been killed in recent years as a
result, and Klamath River coho and in-migrating adult salmon in the fall.[83] In the 1960s, a project was
salmon driven nearly to extinction. proposed to divert the entire Klamath River to Central California and
—Pacific Coast Federation of Southern California, an undertaking known as the Klamath Diversion,
Fishermen's Associations (2008)[69] but this project was defeated. It would have limited salmon to the last 12
miles (19 km) of the entire river.[84] In 2002, a major fish kill took its
toll on the river and the Tribes that depend on it. More than 34,000
salmon died alone, due to the low water flow and poor management. In 2005, PacifiCorp applied to the federal
government to relicense its four hydroelectric dams on the Klamath for up to 50 years. Environmentalists opposed the
relicensing, arguing that the dams should be removed to reopen the upper Klamath to salmon.[85] Humboldt State
University's Associated Students passed a resolution authored by activist Jason Robo in support of dam removal.[86]
An agreement was signed on February 18, 2010.[87]
Two years of closed-door negotiations among farmers, Indian tribes, fishermen, conservation groups and government
agencies had resulted in a plan to work toward a detailed settlement of Klamath water usage. It also called for the
removal of four hydroelectric dams—the Iron Gate Dam and Copco dams 1 and 2 (in California), and the John C. Boyle
Dam (in Oregon)—now operating along 300 miles (483 km) of the Klamath River, starting in the year 2020, as well as
for restoration projects.[88] A non-binding "Agreement in Principle" (AIP) among four parties—PacifiCorp, the federal
government, California, and Oregon—to remove the four dams had been announced on November 13, 2008.[89][90]
PacifiCorp ratepayers would fund part of the plan and the State of
California would fund much of the remaining projected cost. Total cost
would be around $800 million. The agreement required the federal
government to scientifically assess the costs and benefits of the dam
removals, determine whether such action is in the public interest, and to
make a final determination by March 31, 2012, as to whether the benefits of
the project will justify the costs, although that deadline was missed. A local
group, the Klamath County Tea Party Patriots, formed to oppose the
Cataraft on the Klamath River
agreement, and succeeded in unseating local elected officials who were
supportive of the deal.[10] On December 31, 2012, the parties renewed their
agreement, providing more time for federal, Congressional, and California
electorate approval to finalize dam removal.[89][91]
On April 4, 2013, the U.S. Department of the Interior released its final
environmental impact statement on the plan, recommending the removal
of all four dams and $1 billion in other environmental restoration to aid
native salmon runs on the Klamath.[92] Ron Wyden, the senior U.S. senator
from Oregon, introduced the Klamath Basin Water Recovery and Economic
Restoration Act of 2014, which was cosponsored by his fellow Oregon Flat water on the Klamath River
senator Jeff Merkley and by Nevada senator Dean Heller.[93]
Water rights dispute

When the 1864 treaty was signed, the Klamath Tribes, with much less land, became short on the stream water needed
for fishing. Although from the 1950s to the 1970s they were not federally recognized, the tribes never lost their water
rights, and in 2001, when Klamath Basin farmers twice sued the U.S. Department of the Interior for more access to
irrigation water, their rights were upheld.[94] The tribes' water allotments for fishing continue to be a large factor in
Klamath Basin water disputes in the 21st century.[95] In 2013, the Tribe's water rights were enforced for the first time,
in what is known as a 'Water Call'. The Klamath Tribe called upon their in-stream water right, which was enforced by
the Water Master. This resulted in almost all upper-basin irrigation being denied water, except for groundwater
irrigators. The Klamath Project, however, was not called upon.
Recreation
Whitewater rafting and kayaking are popular recreational activities along
the upper Klamath River below the J.C. Boyle Dam, and also along the
lower Klamath River downstream of the town of Happy Camp. There are
long stretches—over 100 miles (160 km) in one instance—of Class I–II
whitewater rapids, while there are some Class III–IV rapids in some of the
narrower stretches. Beyond Weitchpec, the river slows down into a wider,
deeper channel. About 13 miles (21 km) of the river is designated Wild, and
175 miles (282 km) Recreational.[96]
Sport fishing is also popular on the Klamath River, with steelhead trout Rafting the Klamath.
being the most popular, though Chinook salmon are also highly sought
after when low salmon returns do not prevent fishing. A fly fishing guide
said that the Klamath was one of the most productive steelhead rivers on the West Coast of the United States.[97]
Recreational gold mining is popular along the Klamath and some of its tributaries, including the Salmon and the
Trinity. Although simple methods such as panning are still used, some methods use suction pumps—a practice
involving turning over deposits of sediment and spreading them in order to find gold. Debates over the practice, which
opponents contend damage water quality (mercury) and fish habitat, continue.[98] Currently, suction dredge mining is
banned in California until 2016.[99]
A variety of national forests and wildlife preserves—including the Klamath National Forest, Six Rivers National Forest,
Klamath National Wildlife Refuges Complex, and Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge—are located in the Klamath
River watershed. The Klamath National Forest is located in Siskiyou County with a small portion in Oregon, and Six
Rivers National Forest is located in the southern Klamath watershed, mostly in the Trinity River watershed. The latter
two are located in the Upper Klamath Lake-Lower Klamath Lake area. Lava Beds National Monument, which contains
a large array of lava tubes and formations, is also in the Lower Klamath Lake area, to the south of the remnants of the
lake.
Klamath Salmon Festival

An annual festival[100] takes place along the Klamath River to honor the mighty salmon by Yurok people. The Klamath
Salmon Festivals are usually in August and include games, meals, parades, and other ways of celebrating.[101]
See also
List of California rivers
List of longest streams of Oregon
List of National Wild and Scenic Rivers
List of rivers of Oregon
References
Notes
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86. Support of Tribal Nations and Call for Removal of Dams Along the Klamath River. (https://associatedstudents.hum
boldt.edu/content/support-tribal-nations-and-call-removal-dams-along-klamath-river)
87. Barnard, Jeff (February 19, 2010). "Klamath Basin deal helps farmers, fish" (http://theworldlink.com/news/local/arti
cle_d347b36d-5ee6-5302-8776-a9c10edee023.html). The World. Associated Press. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
88. "Proposed Klamath River Basin Restoration Agreement for the Sustainability of Public and Trust Resources and
Affected Communities" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080216100914/http://www.edsheets.com/Proposed%20Kla
math%20Basin%20Restoration%20Agreement%20%20January%2015%2C%202008%20%28Draft%2011%29.pd
f) (PDF). 2008-01-15. Archived from the original (http://www.edsheets.com/Proposed%20Klamath%20Basin%20R
estoration%20Agreement%20%20January%2015,%202008%20(Draft%2011).pdf) (PDF) on 2008-02-16.
89. Unkefer, Charlie (2008-11-20). " 'Historic' dam removal decision" (http://www.mtshastanews.com/article/20081120/
NEWS/311209971/0/SEARCH). Mount Shasta Herald. Mount Shasta, California.
90. Yardley, William (2011-07-30). "Removing barriers to salmon migration" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/30/us/3
0dam.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=removing%20barriers%20to%20salmon%20migration&st=cse). The New York Times.
p. A10. Retrieved 2011-07-30.
91. Barnard, Jeff (2012-12-31). "Parties renew Klamath Basin accord" (https://archive.today/20130216172537/http://w
ww.registerguard.com/web/news/sevendays/29250109-47/klamath-agreement-salmon-river-basin.html.csp). The
Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. Associated Press. p. B2. Archived from the original (http://www.registerguard.co
m/web/news/sevendays/29250109-47/klamath-agreement-salmon-river-basin.html.csp) on 2013-02-16. Retrieved
2013-01-02.
92. Barnard, Jeff (2013-04-04). "Remove all four dams on the Klamath River, environmental analysis recommends" (ht
tp://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2013/04/remove_all_four_dams_on_the_kl.html). The Oregonian.
Associated Press. Retrieved 2013-04-05.
93. http://www.siskiyoudaily.com/article/20140604/News/140609860
94. "Klamath Tribes' water rights" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110721002819/http://www.klamathtribes.org/informat
ion/background/water.html). The Klamath Tribes. Archived from the original (http://www.klamathtribes.org/informati
on/background/water.html) on 2011-07-21.
95. "Klamath Tribes assert water rights, shutting off irrigation to some ranchers" (http://www.oregonlive.com/environm
ent/index.ssf/2013/06/klamath_tribes_assert_water_ri.html). The Oregonian. Associated Press. 2013-06-13.
96. Palmer, p. 141
97. "Saving the Klamath River: An Interview With Fly Fishing Guide Craig Nielsen" (http://caltrout.org/2012/03/saving-t
he-klamath-river-an-interview-with-fly-fishing-guide-craig-nielsen/). California Trout. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
98. Bacher, Dan (2009-03-24). "Klamath Riverkeeper Joins Suit to Stop Harmful Recreational Gold Mining" (http://ww
w.columbia.org/pdf_files/klamath.pdf) (PDF). Klamath Riverkeeper. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
99. "Suction Dredge Permits" (https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Licensing/Suction-Dredge-Permits). California Department
of Fish and Game. Retrieved 2015-07-16.
100. "The Yurok Tribe's Klamath Salmon Festival" (http://www.yuroktribe.org/salmonfestival.htm). www.yuroktribe.org.
101. Thornton, Stuart (2014-01-01). Mendocino & Redwood Country (https://www.overdrive.com/search?q=9D84FF99-
D5D2-4211-AB54-EBA8E4825647). ISBN 9781612389813.
Works cited
Blake, Tupper Ansel; Blake, Madeleine Graham; Kittredge, William (2000). Balancing Water: Restoring The
Klamath Basin. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21314-2. OCLC 247677277 (h
ttps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/247677277).
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology (BEST); Water Science and Technology Board (WSTB) (2008).
Hydrology, Ecology and Fishes of the Klamath River Basin. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
ISBN 978-0-309-11507-0. OCLC 190778059 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/190778059).
Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. Norman, Oklahoma: University of
Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. OCLC 53019644 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53019644).
Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the
State. Clovis, California: Word Dancer Press. ISBN 978-1-884995-14-9. OCLC 38389700 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/oclc/38389700).
Grinnell, Joseph; Dixon, Joseph S.; Linsdale, Jean M. (1937). Fur-bearing Mammals of California: Their Natural
History, Systematic Status, and Relations to Man. 2. Berkeley, California: University of California, Berkeley.
OCLC 1836075 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1836075).
Hittell, Theodore Henry (1897). History of California. 3. N.J. Stone.
Irwin, William Porter; Snoke, Arthur W.; Barnes, Calvin G. (2006). Geological Studies In The Klamath Mountains
Province, California And Oregon. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. ISBN 978-0-8137-2410-2.
Mackie, Richard Somerset (1997). Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793–
1843. Vancouver, British Columbia: University of British Columbia (UBC) Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0613-8.
McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) [1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon:
Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0875952772.
National Research Council (NRC) (2004). Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin:
Causes of Decline and Strategies for Recovery. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-
09097-1. OCLC 54280138 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54280138).
Palmer, Tim (1993). The Wild and Scenic Rivers of America. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. ISBN 978-1-55963-
145-7. OCLC 26586845 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26586845).
Powers, Dennis M. (2005). The Raging Sea: The Powerful Account of the Worst Tsunami in U.S. History. New
York, New York: Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-2682-3. OCLC 57588825 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57588825).
Reisner, Marc (1986). Cadillac Desert. New York, New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-19927-3.
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (UCGS) (1951-06-02). United States Coast Pilot: Pacific Coast (7th ed.).
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 54088263 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54088263).
External links
Klamath RiverKeeper (http://www.klamathriver.org/)
Mid Klamath Watershed Council (http://www.mkwc.org/)
State of California (http://cdec.water.ca.gov/river/klamathStages.html) hydrological monitoring of the Klamath and
tributaries.
NASA Earth Observatory (http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=1743): drought and irrigation shut
off in the Klamath Basin
Earth Island Journal – The Story Behind the World's Biggest Dam Removal – Rough Water (http://www.earthislan
d.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/roughwater/)
EcoTipping Points Project (http://ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/indepth/usa-california-oregon-klamath.html)
Klamath River Restoration
Klamath Wild and Scenic River (https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/california/klamath-wsr)
- BLM page
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9/8/2019 Klamath River - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 41°32′49″N 124°5′0″W

The Klamath is the most important North American river south

Steamboats operated briefly on the large lakes of the upper

Ewauna reservoir formed by Keno Dam. Here, the Klamath is connected by

Blue Creek (15.8/25.4)

New River (42.6/68.6)

Red Cap Creek (52.5/84.5)

South Fork Salmon River (19.6/31.6)

Copper Creek (86.2/138.8)

Shasta River (176.3/283.7)

Willow Creek (185.0/297.9)

Upper Klamath Lake

Early inhabitants and settlers

The 1850s saw discoveries of rich placer and lode

Industry and development in the 20th century

Fish and wildlife

Salmon controversy and proposed dam removal

An agreement was signed on February 18, 2010.[87]

Water rights dispute

Klamath Salmon Festival

14. "Klamath River, OR and CA" (http://www.americanrivers.org/initiative/dams/projects/klamath-river-or-and-ca/).

34. Stumpf-Foley, Marcie. "Klamath River Flood of 1997" (http://www.goldgold.com/gold-prospectingklamath-river-ﬂoo

54. "High Prairie Creek" (https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:261331). Geographic Names

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