ANSWERS TO: Chapter 9 – Homework

88. Indicate whether solutions of each of the following contain only ions, only
molecules, or mostly molecules and a few ions. Write the equation for the
formation of a solution for each of the following:
a. Na2SO4(s), a strong electrolyte

b. sucrose, C12H22O11(s), a nonelectrolyte

c. acetic acid, HC2H3O2(l), a weak electrolyte

89. The laboratory tests for a patient indicate a blood calcium level
of 8.8 mEq/L.
a. How many moles of calcium ion are in 0.50 L of blood?

b. If chloride ion is the only other ion present, what is its

concentration in mEq/L?

If the concentration of Ca2+ is 8.8 mEq /L, then the concentration of Cl− must
be 8.8 mEq/L to balance the charge.

90. At 20 °C, the solubility of KCl is 34 g/100 g of H2O. In the laboratory, a

student mixes 75 g of KCl with 200. g of H2O at a temperature of 20 °C.
a. How much of the KCl will dissolve?

b. Is the solution saturated or unsaturated?

Saturated.

c. What is the mass, in grams, of any solid KCl left un-dissolved on the
bottom of the container? There is 7 g (75 g − 68 g) of solid (undissolved)
KCl on the bottom of the container.
 91. Predict whether each of the following ionic compounds is soluble in
water and explain why:
a. Na3PO4
The ionic compound Na3PO4 is soluble in water because any compound that
contains Na+ is soluble.

b. CaCO3

The ionic compound CaCO3 is not soluble. The compound does not contain a
soluble positive ion, which
means that ionic compound containing Ca2+ and CO32− is not soluble.

92. Predict whether a solid might form in each of the following mixtures of
solutions. If so, write the net ionic equation for the reaction.
a. NH4Cl(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)  NO REACTION

b. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + KCl(aq)

93. What is the mass percent of NaOH in a solution prepared by dissolving

30.0 g of NaOH in 120.0 g of H2O

94. What is the volume percent (v/v) of Br2 in a solution prepared by

dissolving 12 mL of liquid bromine (Br2) in the solvent carbon
tetrachloride (CCl4) to make 250 mL of solution

Volume percent (v/v) = 12 mL Br2 x 100% = 4.8 % v/v

250 mL solution

95. What is the mass/volume percent (m/v) of NaOH in a solution prepared by

dissolving 12 g of NaOH in enough water to make 220 mL of solution?
% m/v = 12g NaOH x 100% = 5.5% m/v NaOH solution
220mL solution
96. What is the molarity of a solution that contains 75.0 g of KNO 3 dissolved in
0.350 L of solution?
75.0g KNO3 x 1 mole KNO3 = 0.630 mole KNO3 = 2.12M KNO3 Solution.
119 g KNO3 0.350L
97. A topical antibiotic is 1.0% (m/v) clindamycin. How many grams of
clindamycin are in 60. mL of the 1.0% (m/v) solution?

98. In 2010, the FDA approved a 2.0% (m/v) morphine oral solution to treat
severe or chronic pain. How many grams of morphine does a patient receive if
0.60 mL of 2.0% (m/v) morphine solution was ordered?

0.60 mL morphine Solution x 2.0 g morphine = 0.012 g morphine

100 mL morphine solution

99. How many milliliters of a 6.0 M HCl solution will provide 164 g of HCl?

164g HCl x 1 mole HCl x 1000mL Solution = 750 mL solution

36.5 g HCl 6.0 mole HCl

100. How many grams of zinc can react with 225 mL of a 0.200 M HCl solution?
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

225 mL HCl x 0.200 moles HCl x 1 mole Zn x 65.41 g Zn = 1.47 g Zn

1000 mL HCl 2 mole HCl 1 mole Zn

101. How many milliliters of a 0.330 M Na2SO4 solution are needed to react
with 26.8 mL of a 0.216 M BaCl2 solution?
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

BaCl2 Na2SO4
M1V1 = M2V2
0.216M x 26.8 mL = V2 x 0.330M
V2 = 17.5 mL (Na2SO4)

102. What initial volume of a 15% (m/v) mannose solution is needed to

prepare 125 mL of a 3.0% (m/v) mannose solution?

15% x V1 =3.0% x 125mL; V1 = 25 mL

103. What is the molarity of a solution when 50.0 mL of a 4.00 M KOH solution
is diluted to 200. mL?

50.0 mL x 4.00M = 200. mL x M2

M2 = 1.00 M

104. Ethylene glycol, C2H6O2, a nonelectrolyte, is added to the water in a

radiator to give a solution containing 0.75 mole of ethylene glycol in
1 kg of water (solvent). What is the boiling point of the solution?

0.75 mole solute particles x + 1.860C = 0.380C

1 mole solute particles

T final (Final Boiling Point) = T initial + temp change =

1000C + 0.380C = 100.380C

105. Describe each of the following solutions as isotonic, hypotonic, or

hypertonic. Indicate whether a red blood cell placed in each solution will
undergo hemolysis, crenation, or no change.
a. a 5% (m/v) glucose solution
A 5% (m/v) glucose solution is isotonic. A red blood cell will not undergo any
change
b. a 0.2% (m/v) NaCl solution
A 0.2% (m/v) NaCl solution is hypotonic. A red blood cell will undergo
hemolysis

ANSWERS TO: Chapter 10 – Homework

106. Indicate whether the following changes will increase, decrease, or have
no effect on the rate of reaction:
a. increasing the temperature
A higher temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles, which increases
the number of collisions and makes more collisions effective, causing an increase in
the rate of reaction.

b. increasing the number of reacting molecules

Increasing the number of reacting molecules increases the number of collisions and
the rate of the reaction.

c. adding a catalyst
Adding a catalyst increases the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy,
which increases the number of collisions that form product
107. Write the equilibrium constant expression for the following reaction’s:

A.

B.

Kc = [H2]3[N2]
[NH3]2
C.

Kc = [C2H5OH]
[C2H4] [H2O]

D.
2CH3OH(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
Kc = [CO2]2[H2O]4
[CH3OH]2[O2]3

107. The decomposition of dinitrogen tetroxide forms nitrogen dioxide.

What is the numerical value of Kc at 100 °C if a reaction mixture at
equilibrium contains 0.45 M N2O4 and 0.31 M NO2?

108. Calculate the numerical value of Kc if an equilibrium mixture contains

0.040 M NH3, 0.60 M H2, and 0.20 M N2.

Kc = [H2]3[N2]
[NH3]2

Kc = (0.60)3(0.20) = 27
(0.040)2
109. When the alkene ethene (C2H4) reacts with water vapor, the alcohol
 ethanol (C2H5OH) is produced. If an equilibrium mixture contains
0.020 M C2H4 and 0.015 M H2O, what is the equilibrium concentration of
C2H5OH? At 327 °C, the Kc is 9.0 × 103.

Kc = [C2H5OH]
[C2H4] [H2O]

9.0 x 103 = [C2H5OH]

(0.20) (0.015)

[C2H5OH] = 9.0 x 103 x 0.20 x 0.015 = 2.7

110. Methanol, CH3OH, is finding use as a fuel additive. Describe the effect of
each of the following changes on the equilibrium mixture for the following
reaction:
2CH3OH(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) + 1450 kJ
a. Adding more CO2

The equilibrium shifts in the direction of the reactants.

b. Adding more O2

The equilibrium shifts in the direction of the products.

c. Increasing the volume of the container

The equilibrium shifts in the direction of the products., more moles

d. Increasing the temperature

The equilibrium shifts in the direction of the reactants.

e. Adding a catalyst
no change in the equilibrium mixture.
ANSWERS TO: Chapter 11 – Homework

111 a. Identify each of the following as an acid or a base and give its name:
1. H3PO4, ingredient in soft drinks
acid, phosphoric acid
2. NaOH, ingredient in oven cleaner
base, sodium hydroxide

b. Write the formula for each of the following:

1. magnesium hydroxide, ingredient in antacids
Mg(OH)2
2. hydrobromic acid, used industrially to prepare bromide compounds

HBr

112. In each of the following equations, identify the reactant that is a

Brønsted–Lowry acid and the reactant that is a Brønsted–Lowry base:
a HBr(aq) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + Br–(aq)

HBr, Brønsted–Lowry acid; H2O, Brønsted–Lowry base

b. CN–(aq) + H2O(l) HCN(aq) + OH–)(aq)

H2O, Brønsted–Lowry acid; CN-, Brønsted–Lowry base

113. Determine the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base pairs for the following

reactions: CB = conjugate base; CA = conjugate acid
Acid/ CB = acid –base pair and Base/CA = acid –base pair

a. HSO3- (aq) +H2O(l) SO32- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

Acid Base CB CA

b. HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)  NO3- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

Acid Base CB CA

c. HC4H7O2 (aq) + H2O(l) C4H7O2- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

Acid Base CB CA

d. HSO3- (aq) + H2O (l)  H2SO3 (aq) + OH- (aq)

Base Acid CA CB

e. NH3 (aq) + H2O (l)  NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

 Base Acid CA CB

114. Identify the acid, base, conjugate acid and conjugate bases in the
following examples:
a. H2S (aq) + H2O(l) HS- (aq) +H3O+ (aq)
Acid Base CB CA

b. HClO2 (aq) + H2O (l) ClO2- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

Acid Base CB CA

c. H2O (l) + NH3 (aq)  NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Acid Base CA CB

d. CO22- (aq) + H2O (l) HCO3- (aq) + OH-(aq)

Base Acid CA CB

e. H2PO4- (aq) +H2O (l) H3PO4 (aq) + OH- (aq)

Acid Base CA CB
115. Does the equilibrium mixture’s of the following reaction’s contain mostly
reactants or products?
Reaction direction: Strong Acid + Strong Base  Weaker acid + weaker base
SA SB WA WB
a. H2S (aq) + H2O(l) HS (aq)
-
+H3O (aq)
+

WB + WA  ------ SB + SA
Mostly reactants; HS- is a stronger base than H2O and H3O+ is a stronger
acid than H2O, so reverse reaction is favored.

b. HClO2 (aq) + H2O (l) ClO2- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

WB + WA  --------- SB + SA
Mostly reactants; ClO2- is a stronger base than H2O and H3O+ is a stronger
acid than H2O, so reverse reaction is favored.
c. H2O (l) + NH3 (aq) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
WA + WB  --------- SA + SB
Mostly reactants; OH is a stronger base than NH3 and NH4+ is a stronger
-

acid than H2O, so reverse reaction is favored.

d. CO32- (aq) + H2O (l) HCO3- (aq) + OH-(aq)
WB + WA  --------- SA + SB
Mostly reactants; OH is a stronger base than CO32- and HCO3- is a stronger
-

acid than H2O, so reverse reaction is favored.

e. H2PO4- (aq) +H2O (l) H3PO4 (aq) + OH- (aq)
WB + WA  --------- SA + SB
 Mostly reactants; OH- is a stronger base than H2PO4- and H3PO4 is a
stronger acid than H2O, so reverse reaction is favored.
116. Write the acid dissociation constant expression for the weak acid’s:

A. Nitrous acid

B. Ammonium ion
Ka = [H3O+][NH3]
[NH4+]

C. Acetic acid

Ka = [H3O+] [C2H3O2-]
[HC2H3O2]

D. Sulfurous acid

Ka = [H3O+][HSO3-]
[H2SO3]

117. A vinegar solution has a [OH–] = 5.0 × 10–12 M at 25°C. What is the [H3O+]
of the vinegar solution? Is the solution acidic, basic, or neutral?

Because the [H3O+] of 2.0 × 10–3 M is larger than the [OH–] of 5.0 × 10–12 M, the
solution is acidic.

118. What is the [H3O+] of an ammonia cleaning solution with

[OH–] = 4.0 × 10–4 M? Is the solution acidic, basic, or neutral?

[H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-14 = 2.5 x 10-11

4.0 x 10-4
119. Consider the pH of the following body fluids:
a. Place the pH values of the body fluids on the list in order of most
acidic to most basic.
The most acidic body fluid is the one with the lowest pH, and the most basic
is the body fluid with the highest
pH: stomach acid (1.4), sweat (4.8), urine (5.3), cerebrospinal fluid (7.3),
pancreatic juice (8.4).

b. Which body fluid has the highest [H3O+]?

The body fluid with the highest [H3O+] would have the lowest pH
value, which is stomach acid.

120. What is the pH of bleach with [H3O+] = 4.2 × 10–12 M?

pH = - log (4.2 × 10–12) = 11.38

121. What is the pH of an ammonia solution with [OH–] = 3.7 × 10–3 M?

pH = - log (2.7 × 10–12) = 11.57

122. Calculate the pH of a sample of bile that has [OH–] = 1.3 × 10–6 M.

[H3O+] =1.0 x 10-14 / 1.3 x 10-6 =7.7 x 10 -9

pH = - log (7.7 × 10–9) = 8.11

123. What are the [H3O+] and [OH–] of Diet Coke that has a pH of 3.17?
[H3O+] = 10-3.17 = 6.8 x 10-4 ; [OH-] = 1.5 x 10-11

124. If 16.3 mL of a 0.185 M Sr(OH)2 solution is used to titrate the HCl in a

25.0-mL sample of gastric juice, what is the molarity of the HCl solution?

na x Ma x Va = nb x Mb Vb
Acid Base
1x Ma x 25.0mL = 2 x 0.185M x 6.3 mL

Ma = 2x 0.185M x 6.3mL = 0.093M

1 x 25.0mL

125. One of the conjugate acid–base pairs that buffers the blood plasma is
H2PO4– /HPO42–, which has a Ka of 6.2 × 10–8. What is the pH of a buffer that is
prepared from 0.20 M H2PO4– and 1.00 M HPO42–?

[H3O+] = Ka x [Acid] = 6.2 x 10-8 x (0.20M) = 1.2 x 10-8

[Base] (1.00M)

pH = - log[H3O+] = - log (1.2 x 10-8) = 7.91

126. What is the pH of a buffer made from 0.10 M formic acid (HCHO 2)
and 0.010 M formate (CHO2–)?

[H3O+] = Ka (formic acid) x [Acid] = 1.8 x 10-4 x (0.10M) = 1.8 x 10-3

from Table 11.4 [Base] (0.010M)

pH = - log[H3O+] = - log (1.8 x 10-3) = 2.74