Physics Project 12 – B

KINEMATICS

Problem:

Sally is driving along a straight highway in her classic 1965 Mustang. At time
t = 0, when Sally is moving at 10m/s in the positive x direction, she passes a signpost
at x = 50 m. Her acceleration is a function of time:
a = 2.0 m/s2 – (0.10 m/s3)t
a) Derive expressions for her velocity and positions as functions of time.
b) At what time is her velocity greatest?
c) What is the maximum velocity?
d) Where is the car when it reaches maximum velocity?

Solution:

t
a) v = v0 +  adt
0

 2.0 m/s 
t
v = 10 m/s + 2
- (0.10 m/s 3 )t dt
0

1
v = 10 m/s + (2.0 m/s 2 )t - (0.10 m/s 3 )t 2
2

t
x = x0 +  vdt
0

 
t
1
x = 50 m +  10 m/s + (2.0 m/s 2 )t - (0.10 m/s 3 )t 2  dt
0 
2
1 1
x = 50 m + (10 m/s)t + (2.0 m/s 2 )t 2 - (0.10 m/s 3 )t 3
2 6

b) The maximum value of v occurs when v stops increasing and begins to

dv
decrease a0
dt
0 = 2.0 m/s 2 - (0.10 m/s 3 )t
2.0 m/s 2
t= = 20 s
0.10 m/s 3

c) We find the maximum velocity by substituting t = 20 s (when velocity is

maximum) into the general velocity equation.
1
vmax = 10 m/s + (2.0 m/s 2 )(20 s) - (0.10 m/s 3 )(20 s) 2
2
vmax = 30 m/s
 1 1
d) x = 50 m + (10 m/s)(20 s) + (2.0 m/s 2 )(20 s) 2 - (0.10 m/s 3 )(20 s) 3
2 6
x = 517 m

DYNAMICS
Torque

Problem:

An electric motor exerts a constant torque of 𝜏 = 10Nm on a grindstone mounted

on its shaft. The moment of inertia of the grindstone is Ι = 2.0 kg ∙ m2. If the system
starts from rest, find the work done by the motor in 8.0 seconds. What was the average
power delivered by the motor?

Solution:

Work done

 from 𝜏 = Ι𝛼

𝛼 = 5.0 rad/s

𝜔 = 𝛼𝑡 = (5.0 rad/s)(8.0 s) = 40 rad/s

1 1
𝐾 = 2 Ι𝜔2 = 2(2.0 kg ∙ m2)(40 rad/s) = 1600J

 The total angle through which the system turns in 8.0 s in

1 1
∆𝜃 = 2 𝛼𝑡 2 = 2 (5.0 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠)(8.0 𝑠)2 = 160 𝑟𝑎𝑑

Work done (W)

W = 𝜏∆𝜃 = (10Nm)(160 rad) = 1600J

 The instantaneous power given by P = 𝜏𝜔, is not constant because 𝜔

increases continuously. But the total work can be computed by:

t2 t2 t2

W =  Pdt = dt =  (t )dt

t1 t1 t1
8.0 s
8.0 s
 t2 
W =  (10 Nm)(5rad / s )tdt = (50 J / s 2 )  = 1600J
2

0  2 0

Power
1600𝐽
PAve = = 200 watts
8.0 𝑠
 ENERGY

Problem:

How many photons are present in 1.00 cm 3 of radiation in thermal equilibrium

at 1000K? What is their average energy?

Solution:

 Total number of photons


N
  n(v)dv
V 0
u (v)dv
n(v)dv 
hv
 
u(v)dv 8V v 2 dv
N V   3  hv
0
hv c 0 e kT  1
hv kTx kT
If we let  x , then v  and dv  ( )dx
kT h h
3
 kT   x dx
2
N  8V    x
 hc  0 e  1
The definite integral is a standard one equal to 2.404. Inserting the
numerical values of the other quantities, with
V = 1.00 cm3 = 1.00 x 10–6 m3, we find that
N  2.03 x 1010 photons

 The average energy E of the photon is equal to the total energy per
unit volume divided by the number of photons per unit volume.

 u(v)dv T 4
E 0

n(v)dv N
V
4   kT  
3

Since   and N  2.4058V    ,

c   hc  
c 2 h 3T
E  3.73 x 10– 20J = 0.233eV
2.4052k 3 
 ELECTROMAGNETISM

Problem:

A coil of wire containing 500 circular loops with radius 4.00 cm is placed
between the poles of a large electromagnet, where the magnitude field is uniform at
an angle of 600 with the plane of the coil. The field decreases at a rate of 0.200 T/s.
What are the magnitude and direction of the induced emf?


B

A
300
N S
0
60

Solution:   
Choosing the direction for A , then the angle direction A and B is 𝜙 = 300
(not 600).

𝑑Φ𝐵 𝑑𝐵
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 and = ( 𝑑𝑡 ) 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐵
= −0.200 𝑇/𝑠
𝑑𝑡

so,
𝑑Φ𝐵 𝑑𝐵
= ( ) 𝐴 cos(300 ) = (– 0.200 T/s)(0.00503m3)(0.866)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= – 8.71 x 10– 4 T ∙ m2/s = – 8.71 x 10– 4 Wb/s

𝑑Φ𝐵
𝜖=–N = – (500)( – 8.71 x 10– 4 Wb/s) = 0.435V
𝑑𝑡
 WAVES

Problem:

A particle limited to the x-axis has the wave function 𝜓 = 𝑎𝑥 between x = 0 and
x = 1; 𝜓 = 0 elsewhere.

a) Find the probability that the particle can be found between x = 0.45 and x =
0.55.
b) Find the expectation value x of the particles position.

Solution:

a) The probability
0.55
 x3 
x2 0.55

x  dx  a 0.45x dx  a  3   0.0251a
2 2 2 2 2

1 0.45
b) The expectation value is
1
1
 x4 
1
a2
x   x dx  a  x dx  a   
2 2 3 2

0 0  4 0 4
 CHARGES

Problem:

A ring-shaped conductor with radius a carries a total charge Q uniformly

distributed around it. Find the electric field at a point P that lies on the axis of the ring
at a distance x from its center.

dQ

𝛼
𝛼 P dEx
x x
Q 0 𝛼
dEy

Solution:
1 𝑑𝑄
dE = 4𝜋𝜖
0 𝑥 2 +𝑎2

𝑥 𝑥
Using cos 𝛼 = 𝑟 = 1
(𝑥 2 +𝑎2 ) ⁄2
1 𝑑𝑄 𝑥 1 𝑥𝑑𝑄
dEx = dE cos 𝛼 = 4𝜋𝜖 = 4𝜋𝜖 3
0 𝑥 2 +𝑎2 √(𝑥 2 +𝑎2 ) 0 (𝑥 2 +𝑎2 ) ⁄2
1 xdQ
Ex =  4 (x  a 2 ) 2
0
2
3

 1 Qx
E  Exiˆ = iˆ
40 ( x  a 2 ) 3 2
2
 OSCILLATIONS

On a frictionless, horizontal air track, a glider oscillates at the end of an ideal

spring of force constant 2.50 N/cm. The graph in Fig. E14.17 shows the acceleration
of the glider as a function of time. Find (a) the mass of the glider; (b) the maximum
displacement of the glider from the equilibrium point; (c) the maximum force the spring
exerts on the glider.