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"First" Peloponnesian War - What: a period dictated by an undeclared war between Athenian and

Spartan leagues

When: period from 460 to 445B.C.

Importance: consisted of a series of battles often punctuated by considerable intervals of peace

Acropolis - What: the upper city, the citadel of a city or town. Many citadel hills had been the sites of
Mycenaean palaces and remained as special places in polis life.

Importance: The most famous is in Athens, the religious center of the city, which was magnificently
adorned with temples in the fifth century.

Aeschines - Who: an Athenian orator

When: Fourth Century B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: persuaded the Athenian assembly that no harm would befall the Phocians for not entering
into the Peace of Philocrates with Philip of Macedon (Phocians were destroyed)

Aeschylus - Who: first of the famous tragedians of fifth-century Athens

When: 525-456 B.C.

Importance: wrote 70 plays (7 survive) - Greatest surviving achievement is the trilogy known as the
Oresteia, which treats the supreme difficulty of understanding and obtaining a just social and religious
order

Ageliaus - Who: a Spartan king

When: Early Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: his policies lead to the formation of the new Athenian naval confederacy and the alliance of
Athens and Thebes

Agis - Who: Spartan King


When: Late Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: received twenty thousand slaves deserting from Attica

Alcibiades - Who: strategos of Athens

When: Late Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: blamed for defacing herms; sent on the Sicilian expedition; changed loyalties to Sparta

Alexander III of Macedon (Alexander the Great) - Who: the son of King Philip II of Macedon and
Olympias; heir to the throne of Macedon

When: Mid to Late Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: took over Philip's role as hegemon of the Corinthian league; first Macedonian to land on
Asian soil

Anaxagoras - Who: an intellectual from Asia Minor who traveled to Athens

When: 500 - 428 B.C.

Importance: believed that material objects as composed of infinitely divisible particles; forced to flee
Athens because of his connections to Pericles

Archidamus - Who: a Spartan king

When: Mid to Late Fifth Century

Importance: tried to convince the Spartans to not go into war with the Athenians.

Aristides - Who: Athenian leader

When: 480-460 B.C.

Importance: charged with assessing each state's appropriate contribution to the League treasury - either
ships for the fleet or cash directly to the temple of Apollo at Delos
Aristophanes - Who: most brilliant of the Athenian comic poets

When: 450-ca. 385B.C.

Where: Athens

Significance: as his story lines were firmly grounded in the culture and politics of his day, we get an idea
of Athenian Democracy

Aristophanes' Acharnians - What: a play written by Aristophanes ridiculing Pericles

When: Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: showed desire of many Athenians for role models provided by the "men of Marathon"
rather than by silver-tongued sophists

Aristophanes' Peace - What: a play written by Aristophanes right before the declaration of peace
between Athens and Sparta - the main character asks the gods why they are letting Greek destroy itself
with war and they respond it is because Peace has been locked up and the Gods have been alienated by
the squabbling

When: 421 B.C.

Importance: shows the feelings on the war felt by many Greek citizens

Aristotle - Who: a scientific philosopher and Alexander the Great's tutor

When: Fourth Century B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: created the Lyceum, an institution of scientific learning in Athens

Athena Promachos - What: an immense statue of Athena that was placed on the Acropolis, to be
encountered first as one entered through the Propylaia

When: Fifth Century B.C.

Where: Athens
Importance: colossal bronze statue is lost to us, but we have descriptions from ancient times to know
that it was the creation of Pheidias, and that it was so large that ships approaching the coast of Attica
could see Athena's spear

Athenian Tribute Lists - What: list recording the one-sixtieth of each contribution to the Delian League
which was dedicated to the goddess Athena Polias

When: begins in 454 B.C

Importance: makes it possible to determine the size of each state's contribution in a given year by
multiplying the respective figure by 60.

Autonomia - What: self-rule

When: Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: the Athenians promised not to destroy this in their allied states and to maintain the King's
Peace

Banausic - What: work performed over a hot furnace; a type of manual labor performed indoors

When: Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: despised by many wealthier Greeks

Battle of Aegospotami - What: the final battle of the Peloponnesian war

When: 405 B.C.

Where: Aegospotami

Importance: overwhelming Spartan victory that led to the capture of almost 200 Athenian ships and led
to the Spartans cutting the Athenians off from their grain supply

Battle of Amphipolis - What: a battle where the Athenian stronghold of Amphipolis was brought over to
the Spartan side

When: Late 420s B.C.


Importance: took only one night; was Brasidas' principal target - death of both Brasidas and Cleon

Battle of Arginusae - What: Battle between the Athenian and Spartan fleets

When: 407 B.C.

Where: area of Lesbos

Importance: an Athenian victory that boosted spirits toward the end of the war

Battle of Chaeronea - What: a battle between Athens, Thebes, and the Boetian League against Philip of
Macedon

When: 338 B.C.

Where: Boetia

Importance: win for the Macedonians led by Alexander (before he was king) that led to heavy Greek
casualties, including the entire Theban Sacred Band

Battle of Cnidus - What: a battle between Sparta and the joined Persian and Athenian fleets

When: 394 B.C.

Where: Cnidas

Importance: Persian and Athenian victory; lead to a feeling of security that brought home Conon and led
to the rebuilding of the Long Walls

Battle of Cyzicus - What: battle between the Spartans and the Athenians

When: 411 B.C.

Where: Cyziucus

Importance: Athenian win that also resulted in the death of the Spartan admiral-in-chief; first major
encounter of the war not described by Thucydides

Battle of Gaugamela - What: a battle between Darius (Persians) and Alexander the Great (Macedonians)
When: 331 B.C.

Where: Gaugamela, just south of Mosul in northeastern Iraq

Importance: most documented of all battles in ancient Greek history because of the capture of the
Persian headquarters; Alexander win but fail to capture Darius after he fled

Battle of Granicus River - What: a battle between the Persians and Alexander the Great

When: 334 B.C.

Where: River Granicus

Importance: Alexander the Great won the battle and took over the western parts of the Persian empire
and slaughtered the Persian cavalry

Battle of Issus - What: a battle between the Persians and Alexander the Great

When: 333 B.C.

Where: Issus in Cilicia

Importance: though the Macedonians suffered they won and forced Darius to abandon his army and
flee without his family

Battle of Leuctra - What: a battle between the Spartans and the Thebans

When: 371 B.C.

Where: plain of Leuctra

Importance: the introduction of the Sacred Band led by Epaminondas that led to a Theban victory
because of the style of fighting that lined up the majority of the soldiers on the typically weak left side

Battle of Mantinea - What: a battle between Sparta and an Alliance between Athens and Argos

When: 418 B.C.

Importance: Sparta wins and mends fences with their disaffected allies Boeotia and Corinth - restore
Peloponnesian League
Battle of Notium - What: a battle between the Athenian and Spartan fleets (Alcibiades' friend v.
Lysander)

When: 407 B.C.

Where: Notium

Importance: a great Athenian loss because of Alcibiades' friend being unsuitable for leading a navy - led
to the end of the Alcibiades' career

Brasidas - Who: a Spartan general

When: 420s B.C.

Importance: persuaded Acanthus, Stagirus, and Argilus of Sparta's sincerity as a Liberator and induced
them to revolt from Athens

Cimon (son of Miltiades) - Who: led the Delian League

When: 480-460 B.C.

Importance: led the expedition that expelled the Persians from Europe and prevented them from
establishing naval bases in Ionia

Cleitus (Clitus) the Black - Who: the brother of Alexander's nurse

When: Mid to Late Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: saved Alexander's life by cutting off the arm of a Persian about to attack Alexander during
the Battle of Granicus

Cleon - What: a politician and general in Athens after Pericles' death

When: Late Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: advocated a policy of harsh consistency in regards to the revolt of Mytilene (when people
change mind about wanting to execute all the men); accepted the commission that led to the surrender
of the Spartan soldiers trapped at Pylos
Cleophon - Who: Athenian statesmen

When: Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: convinced the Athenians to reject Spartan peace offerings after the Battles of Cyzicus and
Arginusae

Cleruchy - What: form of Greek colony in which colonists retained the citizenship of the founding city -
each given parcel of land

When: the fifth century B.C.

Importance: Athenian Empire established these in the territory of rebellious or unreliable allies as self-
supporting garrisons; provided an outlet for the disaffected and potentially dangerous poor

Conon - Who: an Athenian admiral

When: End of the Peloponnesian War (Late Fifth Century B.C.)

Importance: head of a great fleet blockaded at Mytilene that suffered huge casualties; one of the only
survivors of the Battle of Aegospotami

Corinthian League - What: an alliance between Philip of Macedon and all the Greek city-states, except
for Sparta

When: 337 B.C.

Importance: maintain a common peace in Greece and retaliate against the Persians for their invasion
and aggression with pledges of nonaggression from members - legitimized Philip's domination of Greece

Corinthian War - What: a war between Sparta and a coalition of Athens, Thebes, Corinth, and Argos

When: 395 - 387 B.C.

Where: area around Corinthian isthmus

Importance: lead to the death of Lysander and the recall of Agesilaus from Asia
Critias - Who: a student of Socrates and a relative of Plato

When: Late Fifth Century B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: antidemocratic who was banished after the fall of the 400, who is known for his tyrannical
reign under the 30

Cyrus the Younger - Who: the younger son of the Persian King Darius

When: Late Fifth Century B.C.; towards the end of the Peloponnesian War

Importance: replaced the coastal satraps and was given large powers to help Sparta end the
Peloponnesian war

Darius III - Who: a relative of Artaxerxes who took the Persian throne after his death

When: 338 B.C.

Importance: ended the crisis caused by the assassination of Artaxerxes

Decarchy - What: a board of ten pro-Spartan officials

When: Late Fifth Century B.C. - after the Spartan win of the Peloponnesian War

Importance: ensured that Athens' former allies were now governed in accordance with oligarchic
principles and served Spartan interests

Delian League - What: the modern name for the confederacy organized under Athenian leadership to
bind themselves to fight the Persians - make treaty with Athenians (about 150 city-states)

When: Founded in 477 B.C., after the end of the Persian wars

Importance: the League was slowly converted into an Athenian empire as Athens began forcing
unwilling states to remain in the organization, or to join it if they were not already members

Demagogue - What: a "leader of the people"; term some Athenians used to categorize the politicians
who arose in Athens after Pericles' death
When: first appeared in Aristophanes' Knights in 424 B.C. Importance: Usually it had negative
connotations and suggested a man interested only in his own well-being, unlike a true statesman, who
cared for the welfare of the state.

Demosthenes (son of Alcisthenes) - Who: an Athenian strategos

When: Late Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: built a fort at Pylos, the legendary home of Nestor - enclosed the Bay of Navarino; sent to
help Nicias in Syracuse - recommended an immediate withdrawal

Demosthenes - Who: an Athenian politician who wanted an aggressive policy toward Macedon

When: Mid Fourth Century B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: urged the Athenians to vote for the establishment and support of a strong naval force for
the upcoming war against Philip

Dikasteria - What: courts on which even the poorest citizen could serve

When: time of Solon

Where: Athens

Importance: all male citizens over the age of 30 were eligible to serve

Diototus - Who: a politician in Athens after the death of Pericles

When: Late Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: argued for allowing the people of Mytilene to live despite their revolt, because killing them
would leave no incentive for others to surrender (won argument against Cleon)

Dokimasia - What: scrutiny Athenian citizens had to undergo before assuming a position in the
government

When: Fifth Century B. C.


Importance: Political enemies often used this procedure as a means of keeping a man out of public
office.

Egyptian Expedition - What: Pericles convinced the Athenians to send ships to Egypt.

When: mid Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: Egyptian general penned the Athenians on the island of Prosopitis and then captured the
Athenian sailors, killing almost all of them

Empedocles - Who: a thinker in Sicily

When: 493 - 433 B.C.

Importance: propounded a cosmogony based on the idea of four primary elements (earth, air, fire, and
water)

Epaminondas - Who: Leader of Thessaly

When: Early Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: involved in the liberation of Cadmea; fought in the Battle of Leuctra and led the Sacred
Band; served on the board of eleven Boeotarchs; brought the liberation of Messenia

Ephialtes - Who: Leader of a coalition to break with Sparta and further the growth of democracy that
attacked individual members of the Council of the Areopagus

When: 480-460 B.C

Importance: lead to a diminishment in power for the Council of the Areopagus

Epikleros - What: a brotherless Athenian girl who was compelled to marry her nearest male relative able
to procreate so that her son, who was slated to inherit her father's property, would be descended from
his grandfather through the male line.

When: Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: The word is often translated "heiress," but in fact she could inherit nothing, which was the
whole point of her forced marriage.
Erastes - What: the older lover

When: Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: shored up the stability of society by encouraging each generation to imitate the one that
had gone before

Erechtheion - What: an Ionic building sacred to Poseidon

When: Late Fifth Century B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: located in the Agora, but never completed because of the Peloponnesian War

Eromenes - What: the younger beloved

When: Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: shored up the stability of society by encouraging each generation to imitate the one that
had gone before

Eubulus - Who: the leading politician of this era

When: 405 - 335 B.C.

Importance: convinced the Athenians to pass a law assigning all surplus from the annual government
budgets known as the Theroic Fund and served as the commissioner

Euripides - Who: an Athenian play writer

When: 485 - 406 B.C.

Importance: wrote to undermine conventional views of what makes a hero - wrote Medea; explored
dynamics of the conflict between reason and passion

Gylippus - Who: a Spartan general


When: Late Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: general sent to Syracuse to help after Alcibiades convinced the Spartans that Athens was
going to take over all of Greece; received Nicias' surrender

Harmost - What: a garrison commander

When: Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: a Spartan set up by Lysander in former Athenian states that was requested by the 30 to
protect them from a popular uprising

Hegemon - What: a state or individual who headed an organization of states

When: Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: Athens, for example, was this type of leader of the Delian League and Sparta was for the
Peloponnesian League - both wanted to be for all of Greece

Hephaestion - Who: Alexander's most intimate friend

When: Late Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: drank himself to death, caused depression in Alexander who had him declared a hero and
built a monument in his honor

Herm - What: squared shafts topped by archaizing heads of the god Hermes and sporting erect phalluses
on their front surfaces - believed to bring good luck and protection from danger

When: Early Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: most of them were defaced and it was blamed on Alcibiades, who escaped to Sparta
instead of returning to Athens from the convoy to Sicily

Hetaira - What: literally female companion

When: Classical Society

Where: Athens
Importance: they were generally more cultivated than citizen women; they were trained to be
entertaining and interesting rather than to be thrifty managers of households - but could not bear
citizens

Hetaireiai - What: drinking clubs composed of upper-class young men, often with oligarchic leanings;
involved in a variety of social and political activities

When: Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: could be responsible for defacing the herms in Athens which was blamed on Alcibiades

Hippocrates - Who: a scientist/thinker of Cos

When: 460 - 377 B.C.

Importance: created a body of writings with a commitment to seeking rational explanations of natural
phenomena - a lot on gynecology

Hyperbolus - Who: a man ostracized from Athens

When: Late Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: last ostracism because was supposed to end the rivalry between Alcibiades and Nicias, but
they organized their supporters against this guy

Iphicrates - Who: an Athenian general

When: Early Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: led Athenian peltasts to destroy an entire Spartan regiment at the Corinthian port of
Lechaeum; introduced longer swords and light, comfortable boots

Jason of Pherae - Who: the Tagos (dictator) of Thessaly

When: Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: united all of the Thessalians under the same ruler for the first time since the Sixth Century
B.C.
Klepsydra - What: a water clock

When: Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: set a time limit for Athenian trials based on importance

Kleroterion - What: an allotment device that distributed the names haphazardly among the daily juries

When: Fifth and Fourth Century B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: served as a secret ballot keeper for Athenian trials

Lamachus - Who: a strategos of Athens

When: Late Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: one of the strategos who traveled to Sicily with Alcibiades and Nicias - backed Alcibiades'
plan of attack because of lack of support for his own plan

Liturgy - What: a network of public services

When: 5th Century B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: harnessed the wealth of the elite - maintaining trireme, training its crew, leading a
delegation to a religious festival in another Greek state.

Long Walls - What: formidable walls linking Athens to the port of Piraues

When: built in 459 B.C.

Importance: makes it impossible to besiege Athens by land because supplies can always be brought in by
boat.
Lysander - Who: the new chief admiral of the Spartan navy

When: Late Fifth Century B.C. - at the end of the Peloponnesian War

Importance: his ambitious advance changed the situation in the Aegean - won the Battle of Notium,
replaced the governments of Athenians' former allies with oligarchies

Megarian Decree - What: a decree passed against the Megarians by the Athenians

When: 432 B.C.

Importance: excluded Megarian merchants from all ports of the Athenian empire - allow Athenians to
harm member of Peloponnesian League without breaking the Thirty Years' Peace.

Metic - What: Resident aliens in a Greek state who did not own land because they could not legally do
so without special dispensation

When: Classical Society

Where: Athens

Importance: Although they lacked citizenship, the mingled comfortably in Athenian society and were
often called on for help in wartime; often carried on affairs with married Athenian citizens

Nicias - Who: a strategos of Athens

When: Late Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: one of the strategos on the Sicily expedition - the only surviving strategoi that did not leave

Nomos - What: a notion taught by Sophists

When: Mid to Early 5th Century B.C.

Importance: a law or custom that defined by legal and social society based on tradition or convention -
blurred line

Olympias - Who: the fourth wife of Philip of Macedon (of 7), who served as the main queen
When: Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: mother of Alexander the Great; took Alexander into exile after his father's seventh
marriage to a Macedonian bride, who could threaten his chance at succession

Oresteia - What: a trilogy which treats the supreme difficulty of understanding and obtaining a just
social and religious order; the three plays combine and form one complex drama

When: Fifth Century B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: the greatest surviving achievement of Aeschylus

Parmenion - Who: trusted general of Philip of Macedon

When: Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: sent as head of an expeditionary force across the Hellespont into Persia

Parthenon - What: temple of Athena Parthenus

When: Fifth Century B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: designed with a blend of Doric and Ionic elements and covered with sculpture depicting
myths and history of Athena and Athens

Pausanius - Who: Spartan who commanded the Greek fleet against the Persians

When: 478 B.C.

Importance: accused of exchanging treacherous letters with King Xerxes and replaced by Athens
leadership

Peace of Callias - What: Athenian peace made with Persia after Cimon died

When: 450 B.C.


Importance: shortly before the collapse of the Athenian empire; EXISTENCE IS DOUBTED!

Peace of Nicias - What: a peace agreement between Sparta and Athens

When: 421 B.C.

Importance: force Sparta to return Amphipolis; force Athens to abandon Pylos and release all prisoners
of war, but to keep the empire they started with - uneffective because many allies did not sign

Peace of Philocrates - What: a peace agreement between Athens and Philip of Macedon

When: 346 B.C.

Importance: quickly collapsed, but Athens renounced its long-cherished claim to Amphipolis and made
the Second Athenian Confederacy a permanent ally of Macedon

Pella - What: a settlement within Macedon

When: Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: served as a dynamic center with limited civic institutions because most Macedonians were
farmers or pastoralists (became capital after Alexander the Great)

Pelopidas - Who: Leader and General of Thessaly

When: Early Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: involved in the liberation of Cadmea in 379; fought in the Battle of Leuctra; served on the
board of eleven Boeotarchs

Peltast - What: a type of javelin thrower named for their small round wicker shields

When: Fifth and Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: changed the style of fighting - allowing for the throwing of javelins at a long distance to
make it difficult for heavily armed enemy hoplites to retreat
Pericles - Who: man repeatedly elected to the post of strategos in Athens

When: 5th Century B.C.

Importance: passed a citizenship law dictating that only those born in the city and descended from
parents born in the city could be citizens

Pericles' Citizenship Law - What: law that limited Athenian citizenship to those whose parents were born
Athenians

When: passed in 451 B.C.

Importance: eliminated connectiveness between poleis (many have sexual relationships with women of
a different poleis - marriage problems)

Phidias - Who: a sculptor

When: Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: created the statutes of Athena both inside and outside the Parthenon, as well as statutes of
Zeus at Olympia

Philip II of Macedon - Who: King of Macedonia through the Argead line

When: Fourth Century B.C (359 B.C.)

Importance: seize the Greek cities and joined them into his kingdom; introduced new military
techniques that made the Macedonians superior fighters - created a new type of Phalanx

Phoebidas - Who: Spartan commander

When: Early Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: set up a pro-Spartan government in Thebes after it was seized by Sparta on the
encouragement of Leontiades

Pindar - Who: poet

When: Fifth Century B.C.


Significance: wrote about old-fashioned heroism; Received the favor of the Sicilian rulers and is
remembered for posterity for his epincian odes; Opposed the democratic view of Athens

Plato - Who: a student of Socrates

When: Late Fifth Century B.C. to Early Fourth Century B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: wrote the Apology of Socrates, which gives us an idea of what happened at Socrates' trial;
created the theory of forms; founded a school called the Academy

Pnyx - What: a hill where the Athenian assembly gathered, originally ten times a year, but after Pericles
up to as many one every ten days.

Where: Athens

When: Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: magnet for the many men of Attica who wanted to play a role in determining the
Peninsula's future

Porus - Who: ruler of a Kingdom in India

When: Late Fourth Century B.C. - 326 B.C.

Where: Hydaspes River

Importance: fought defensively against Alexander in the Battle of the Hydaspes, but had all of his forces
destroyed, but became an ally of Alexander and had his kingdom restored

Proskynesis - What: a type of prostration reserved for Gods (Greeks and Macedonians) or highest
members of a hierarchy (Persians)

When: Late Fourth Century B.C.

Where: Macedon

Importance: Alexander the Great wanted all members of his court to practice this - showed he felt he
was a descendant of a god
Revolution at Corcyra - What: a civil war in Corcyra where both men and women participated

When: 427 B.C.

Importance: increased tensions between the ordinary citizens, who resented the wealth of the elite, and
the aristocrats because the former could expect help from Athens and the latter from Sparta

Samian Revolt - What: a rebellion of Samos against Athens

When: 440-439B.C.

Importance: Samos ask Spartans for help, but since their allies will not help them they refuse; Athens
fear will end their Aegean empire, but Athens wins, establishes a democracy, and confiscates the Samian
navy

Second Athenian Confederacy - What: a new naval league established by the Athenians that was joined
by many other city-states

When: Early Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: joined many of the old members of the Delian League, but allowed them to keep their
autonomy and was led by two assemblies

Second Battle of Mantinea - What: Battle between Thebes and an alliance of Achaea, Elis, Athens, and
Sparta

When: 363 B.C.

Importance: a Theban victory thanks to the strategies of Leuctra, but Epaminondas was fatally wounded

Socrates - Who: a great Athenian philosopher

When: 470 - 399 B.C.

Importance: chaired the assembly that tried the generals of the Battle of Arginusae; taught many
influential leaders - was sentenced to death for corruption of the youth because he spoke against
democracy
Sophist - What: a "practioner of wisdom"; a group of intellectuals who gravitated to Athens

When: Mid to Early 5th Century B.C.

Importance: taught pupils how to get by in the world - speak persuasively in the assembly and courts;
aroused suspicions of Athens' entrenched elite

Sophocles - Who: an Athenian poet

When: 496 - 406 B.C.

Importance: wrote Oedipus Tyrannus, the most famous tragedy of antiquity - reworked the familiar
plots of Greek mythology, with their emphasis on agonizing family discord, to express his view of the
world

Sphrodrias - Who: the governor (harmost) left in charge of Boetia

When: Early Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: tried to make a night march to seize Piraeus for Sparta, but did not reach it and failed,
angering the Athenians

Synedrion - What: assembly of the allies of the Second Athenian Confederacy

When: Early Fourth Century B.C.

Importance: had the power to veto measures approved by the Athenian assembly and helped establish
league policy

The 30 - What: a new government to be run by a board of thirty

When: Late Fifth Century B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: allowed Athenian citizens, although loyal to Sparta and willing to sacrifice democratic
principles, have political power in Athens

The 400 - What: a provisional council


When: established in 411 B.C. when the assembly voted itself out of existence

Where: Athens

Importance: marks the introduction of the oligarchy following the Peloponnesian war

The 5000 - What: a large political body of citizens

When: September 411 B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: a political party connected to the hoplite caste, which remained powerful after the
reinstallment of the democracy

The King's Peace - What: a peace treaty between Sparta and the new coalition, including Thebes,

When: 387 B.C.

Where: Persia

Importance: ended the Corinthian war and gave Sparta the power to guarantee the peace, even though
they were the cause

The Old Oligarch - What: the author of a pamphlet called "The Constitution of the Athenians"

Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: believed to be Xenophon before the Twentieth Century; believed that sea power was
superior to land power

The Sacred Band - What: an elite corp of 150 pairs of select hoplites

When: Early Fourth Century B.C.

Where: Thebes

Importance: was the reason for the Thebes great military power of the time

The Social War - What: Rhodes, Byzantium, Cos, and Chios revolted from Athens
When: 357 B.C.

Importance: although the best Athenian generals were sent the uprising was not squelched and these
states received their independence

Theoric Fund - What: a fund containing the surpluses from the annual government budgets

When: Fourth Century B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: the money was used for repairing roads and fortifications and for distribution to Athenian
citizens at religious festivals; reduced tensions between rich and poor

Theramenes - Who: the son of Hagnon; a leader of the 5000

When: Late Fifth Century B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: continued to be a leader in Athens after the reinstallation of the democracy; negotiated the
treaty between Athens and Sparta at the end of the Peloponnesian war

Third Sacred War - What: a war caused by Thebes attempt to consolidate its hegemony in central
Greece - fight between Thebes and the Phocians

When: 357 B.C.

Importance: the Phocians tried to regain their independence after Thebes tried to make them sign a
treaty declaring them superior by seizing control of Delphi, so Thebes appealed to Philip, who offered
terms of surrender to avoid sacrilige terms; PHILIP RECEIVED THE PHOCIANS VOTE IN THE DELPHIC
AMPHICTYONY

Thirty Years' Peace - What: Peace agreement made between the Athenians and the Spartans

When:445B.C.

Importance: neither state was to interfere with the allies of the other; neutrals were free to join either
state; disagreements were to be settled by arbitration; no allies were permitted to switch sides; and
each hegemon was free to use force to resolve conflicts within its own alliance.
Thrasybulus - Who: a trierarch and champion of the democracy

When: Late Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: a newly appointed general of the Athenian fleet during the time of the 400, thought self to
be the true Athenian government; led the exiles that seized Phyle in 403

Thucydides (son of Melesias) - Who: ancestor of Thucydides the historian

When: Fifth Century B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: one of the best-known rivals of Pericles

Tissaphernes - Who: the satrap of Sardis in the south

When: Late Fifth Century B.C.

Importance: negotiated multiple treaties with Sparta during the Peloponnesian war and sold out the
freedom of some Greek cities of Ionia in exchange for Persian gold

Xenophon's Anabasis - What: the account of Xenophon's experiences with fellow mercenaries in Persia

When: Fourth Century B.C.

Where: Athens

Importance: incomparable eyewitness source for Greco-Persian interaction after the Peloponnesian war

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