HISTORY OF TOURISM

Travel as a Necessity

• As seasons changed and animals migrated, people traveled to survive.

• These early travelers moved on foot, they were limited to quite small geographical areas.

• In this time, travel may remained a localized experience, but people by nature are interested.

• Travelers climbing a mountain and crossing rivers to satisfy their own sense of adventure and
curiosity as they sought a glimpse of the unknown

• Phoenicians, Olmecs, early Chinese traveled for trade and military control

• As civilizations became established and spread geographically, travel become necessity

The Empire Era

• The Empire era are started from the time of the Egyptians to the Greek and finally came to an
end with the fall of the roman empire.

• During this time, people began traveling in large numbers for governmental, commercial,
educational and religious purpose.

• As centers of governmental activities, the city-states become attractions in themselves

Factors that influence people to travel during the Empire era:

Factors that influence people to travel during the Empire era:

• Affluent population with time and money to travel

• Safe and easy travel

• Widely accepted currencies

• Widely used languages

• Legal system which protects personal safety

The Egyptians

• At its peak the travel for business and pleasure flourished.

• Travel to outlining cities was necessary.

• Various amenities were offered to travelers.

• They travelled for pleasure and festivals were held every year.

• People used to travel to attend these festivals.

• Kings were able to unify their country and maintain peace, they made their economy flourish,
traded with other lands and acquired new products

• Egyptians learned to write

• They become interested with different culture and places that heightened their curiosity.

• Souvenirs (goods from other land)

• 1840 BCE, the earliest recorded travel for the purpose of peace and tourism was made by
Queen Hatshepsut
• They also believe in afterlife. Egyptian kings were mummified and provided with grand burial
place.

• Construction of great pyramids

• Graffiti- evidence left by the tourist

Ancient Travellers’ Graffit

Since 2007, the North Kharga Oasis Survey in Egypt’s Western Desert has explored a network of
sandy paths and caravan routes connecting Kharga Oasis to Dakhla Oasis and beyond. Ancient
travelers on these routes, as early as the Old Kingdom, left inscriptions, pictorial carvings and
graffiti at their camp sites and stopovers.

The Greeks:

• Greeks were the first, who shaped the modern day travel.

• Pleasure travel was popular.

• Travel was advanced by two developments:

• Currency exchange: Greek cities accepted foreign currency, making it easier for travelers.

• The Greek empire covered the entire

• Mediterranean thus the language was widely understood.

• They provided all the amenities required.

• Olympic Games was their greatest contribution to tourism.

• 776 BC, aristocrats from various city-states held mid summer religious festival in Olympia

• Olympia: site of ancient Olympic games.

• Green. Lush area.

• Sanctuary of Zeus was located here.

• Greeks gathered here for over 1000 years to celebrate this great festival.

• Heracles (Hercules) mythical founder of Olympic games.

• Games dedicated to Zeus

• Victor received a simple crown of wild olive.

SURPRISING FACTS ABOUT THE ANCIENT GREEK OLYMPICS

• The Athletes Kept Impeccable Hygiene And Body Care

• Athletes Were Always Nude

• Women And Slaves Were Not Allowed To Compete

• The Olympic Games Participants Were Often From Rich Families

• Like In Today’s Competitions, There Was Cheating In The Ancient Games

• Married Women Were Not Permitted To Watch The Games

• The Champions Of The Games Were Considered Equal Of The Gods

• Emperor Theodosius Abolished The Olympic Games In 393 AD

The Romans and Europe

• The prosperity of the roman empire was reflected in the development of travel.

• The Romans included a large group of middle class who had money and time to travel.

• They built excellent roads, transportation and communication systems.

• They built rest houses

• 17th Century Rome introduced a December Festival (Saturnalia) – to encourage the

participation of everyone, schools and government offices were closed; military operations were
suspended

• Development of roads extending as far as Scotland and Germany to the north of Iraq and
Kuwait in South.

• Saturnalia, held in mid-December, is an ancient Roman pagan festival honoring the agricultural
god Saturn. Saturnalia celebrations are the source of many of the traditions we now associate
with Christmas.

• Baia was the Las Vegas of the Roman Empire – the place where the rich and powerful came to
carry out their illicit affairs.

The Middle Ages and The Renaissance Era

• The duration time for The Middle Ages (5th to 14th centuries) and the Renaissance Era(14th to
16th centuries)

• Travel almost disappeared during the Middle Ages where travel became dangerous and
sporadic.

• The feudal system that eventually replaced Roman rule resulted in many different
autonomous domains.

• This breakdown in a previously organised and controlled society resulted in the fragmentation
of transportation systems, currencies and languages making travel a difficult and sometimes
dangerous experience.

Reasons For Travelling in the Middle Ages

• Visiting Others

• Travelling of the Royal Courts

• Travelling for Religious Purpose (Missionaries,Pilgrims,Crusades)

• War

• Travelling for business

• Travelling of the Journeymen (apprenticeship)

How do people travel during Middle Ages

• 15th century writer William Wey. (c.1407-76) was an English scholar and one of the first
fellows of Eton College. He is best known for writing accounts of his pilgrimages, including two
trips to the Holy Land – the first in 1458, and then going again in four years later. He even gives
his medieval readers several tips when travelling for a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

All are written in book entitled The Itineraries of William Wey, translated by Francis Davey
(Bodleian Library, 2010)

The travel situation during the Middle Ages

• Transportation and safety declined

• Less acceptance of currencies and less knowledge of common languages

• Some travel by crusaders to Holy Land

• Marco Polo’s historic travels in the late 13th century

Marco Polo (1254-1324), is probably the most famous Westerner traveled on the Silk Road. He
excelled all the other travelers in his determination, his writing, and his influence. His journey
through Asia lasted 24 years. He reached further than any of his predecessors, beyond Mongolia
to China.

Marco Polo

Marco Polo, (born c. 1254, Venice [Italy]—died January 8, 1324, Venice), Venetian merchant and
adventurer, who traveled from Europe to Asia in 1271–95, remaining in China for 17 of those
years, and whose Il milione (“The Million”), known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo, is a
classic of travel literature.

Crusades

Crusades if the roman Empire were for the purpose of getting back the Holy Land whichwas
invaded by the Muslims. Most of these failed, and some of them died on the way to Holy Land.

•••••

The Battle of Arsuf was a battle of the Third Crusade in which Richard I of England defeated the
forces of Ayyubid leader Saladin.

The battle took place just outside of Arsuf (Arsur), where Saladin attacked Richard's army as it
was moving from Acre to Jaffa. Following a series of harassing attacks by Saladin's forces, battle
was joined on the morning of 7 September 1191. Richard's army successfully resisted attempts
to disrupt its cohesion until the Hospitallers broke ranks and charged; Richard then committed all
his forces to the attack. He regrouped his army after its initial success, and led it to victory. The
battle resulted in the coastal area of central Palestine, including the port of Jaffa, returning to
Christian control.

The Renaissance Era

• The rebirth in travel emerged slowly during the Renaissance Era(14th – 16th centuries.)

• The Merchants began to venture farther from their villages as the church and the kings and
queen brought larger geographical areas under their control.

• Trade routes slowly began to reopen as commercial activities grew and the merchants
ventured into new territories

Tourism in Renaissance Era

• The Renaissance – Setng Popular Travel in Motion

• The Renaissance spanned roughly through the 14th to 17th centuries and it was a re-birth of
the ancient classical era after the Dark Ages. The renaissance first started in the Italian city of
Florence through the works of artists and writers spurred by political and cultural changes of the
day. Due to the artistic dependency of patronage, the classical theme was set in motion much
due to the rich and powerful Medici family.

• As the renaissance spread through-out Europe, bringing with it a new artistic and academic
focus, it became fashionable for young aristocrats to visit the great master pieces of the classical
era as part of their classical education, (mainly Roman art and architecture.) This became known
as the Grand Tour.
A Trending Itenerary

During the 16th and 18th centuries a standard itinerary was popularized. While detours included
many European destinations, the grand tour typically started in London and included Paris, but
focused mainly on Italy, especially Rome. Few visited as far as Greece, which was still under
Turkish rule. The grand tourists visited famous ruins, architecture, fountains and churches.

Souvenirs and Postcards

Grand tourists returned to display items otherwise unavailable at home. Popular souvenirs
included art, books, sculptures, clothes, glass, coins and other cultural gems. Micro-mosaic
became popular and often depicted famous landmarks. It could be worn as jewelry or be sent
home in the form of small pictures to friends and family as a fore-runner to the modern post-
card. Cityscape and landscape paintings or vedute became immensely popular during the time of
the grand tour and provided “snap-shots” the tourist could bring back and present as a visual
tale of their travels

Micro-mosaic as souvenirs

Micromosaic brooch from Rome, c 1870, depicting Aurora, Goddess of the Dawn based on a
Renaissance painting by Guido Reni.

• The spas grew in popularity in the seventeenth century in Britain and a little later in the
European Continent as awareness about the therapeutic qualities of mineral water increased.
Taking the cure in the spa rapidly acquired the nature of a status symbol. The resorts changed in
character as pleasure became the motivation of visits. They became an important centre of
social life for the high society.

• In the nineteenth century they were gradually replaced by the seaside resort.

• A mineral water spring was discovered in Scarborough by a Mrs Farrer in 1826. She drank
some of the water and found it health-giving, and so the Spaw (as it was then called) came into
being. Two hundred years later a company was formed to develop the site. This included
improved access by the Cliff (or Spa) Bridge that opened in 1827. The present Spa Grand Hall
buildings were erected in 1879. The bandstand and Sun Court were added early in the last
century and the Spa became the property of Scarborough Corporation in 1952. Ladies in their
finery enjoyed strolling along the Spa promenade, while others, seated, no doubt discuss the
latest fashions as the musicians in the bandstand serenade them with the latest popular tunes.

Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution completely changed the way people traveled and how goods were
transported. Before the Industrial Revolution, transportation relied on animals (like horses
pulling a cart) and boats. Travel was slow and difficult. It could take months to travel across the
United States in the early 1760-1840s.

STEAM BOATS AND RIVERS

One of the best ways to travel and ship goods before the Industrial Revolution was the river.
Boats could travel downstream quite easily using the current. Traveling upstream was much
more difficult, however. The problem of traveling upstream was solved during the Industrial
Revolution by the steam engine. In 1807, Robert Fulton built the first commercial steamboat. It
used steam power to travel upstream. Steamboats were soon used to transport people and
goods along rivers throughout the country

CANALS

Canals were needed for the Industrial Revolution which was creating huge amounts of heavy
produce which had to be moved. Roads simply could not handle such weights and the vehicles
needed to move this produce did not exist. Canals were the answer to moving heavy objects
large distances. Canals were man-made rivers which were deep enough to cope with barges
which were capable of moving nearly forty tonnes of weight. This was far more than a pack of
mules could carry or a horse and carriage.The man most associated with early canals was the
Duke of Bridgewater. He owned coal mines in Lancashire but he needed to get the coal to the big
market of Manchester which was nearly six miles away. The duke gave the task of designing and
building the canal to James Brindley – an engineer who at this time had never built a canal
before. As such, the duke was taking a great risk and he even had to borrow £25,000 to pay for
the project – which was a vast sum of money then. It took two years to build the canal which
was completed in 1761.

RAILROADS

. The invention of the railroad and the steam powered locomotive opened up a whole new world
in transportation. Now trains could travel wherever tracks could be built. Transportation was no
longer limited to rivers and canals. Starting around 1830, railroads began to be constructed in
the eastern part of the United States. Soon they stretched across the country with the First
Transcontinental Railroad completed in 1869.Railroads were an important component of the
Industrial Revolution, and heritage railways often reconstruct industrial technology of the steam
era.

For his first trip abroad, Thomas Cook took a group from Leicester to Calais to coincide with the
Great Exhibition. This was followed in the 1860s by trips to Switzerland, Italy, Egypt and America
(picture shows holidaymakers outside the tour company's agency in Berlin - c.1912 - about to set
off on a char-a-banc tour of the city).

• In January 1914 , commercial aviation was born. The St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line
operated the first scheduled airline flight, a 23-minute hop across Tampa Bay that covered 18.6
miles.

• The first customer was the former mayor of St. Petersburg, Abram Pheil, who paid $400 at
auction for the ticket. He wore a raincoat.

• Tony Jannus piloted an airboat built by Thomas Benoist, flying just 15 feet above the water,
according to an account by the Florida Aviation Historical Society.

• 1950 DINERS CLUB BECOMES THE WORLD’S FIRST MULTIPURPOSE CHARGE CARD

For businessman Frank McNamara, forgetng his wallet while dining out at a New York City
restaurant was an embarrassment he resolved never to face again. Luckily, his wife bailed him
out and paid the tab.

A year later in February 1950, he returned to Major’s Cabin Grill with his partner Ralph
Schneider. When the bill arrived, McNamara paid with a small cardboard card, known today as a
Diners Club Card. The event was hailed as the First Supper, paving the way for the world’s first
multipurpose charge card.

• Founded 1996, Expedia Group is an American global travel technology company.Its websites,
which are primarily travel fare aggregators and travel metasearch engines, include
CarRentals.com, CheapTickets, Expedia.com, HomeAway, Hotels.com, Hotwire.com, Orbitz,
Travelocity, trivago, and Venere.com.

• TripAdvisor, Inc. is an American travel and restaurant website company that shows hotel and
restaurant reviews, accommodation bookings and other travel-related content.[5] It also
includes interactive travel forums.

FIRST SPACE TOURIST 2001 — Russian Dennis Tito, was the first space tourist

IMPORTANT EVENT IN TOURISM

• 18th–19th centuries Industrial Revolution gives rise to technological advances, making travel
and trade more efficient and expanding markets; increasing personal incomes make travel both
a business necessity and a leisure activity.

• 1841 Thomas Cook organizes first group tour in England.

• 1903 Wright Brothers usher in era of flight with the first successful aircraft flight.

• 1913 Westinghouse Corporation institutes paid vacations for its workers.

• 1914 Henry Ford begins mass production of the Model T.

• 1919 First scheduled airline passenger flight debuts between London and Paris.

• 1945 World War II ends and ushers in new era of prosperity, giving rise to millions of people
with the time, money, and interest to travel for pleasure and business.

• 1950 Diners Club introduces the first credit card.

• 1952 Jet passenger service is inaugurated between London and Johannesburg, South Africa.

• 1950s Rapid expansion of hotel and motel chains in the United States via franchise
agreements.

• 1978 Competition on routes and fares begins with signing of Airline Deregulation Act.

• 1978 American Airlines expands access to electronic reservation system, SABRE, to travel
agencies.

• 1984 The State Council of China approves the organization of tours to Hong Kong and Macao or
mainland residents visiting relatives, which was the prelude to the outbound tourism of Chinese
citizens.

• 1996 Expedia is founded as a division of Microsoft.

• 2000 TripAdvisor is founded.

• 2001 Dennis Tito launches the advent of space tourism as he pays $20 million for an eight-day

vacation aboard the International Space Station.

• 2001 Transportation Security Administration (TSA) in the United States is created to ensure

•airline passenger safety in the wake of the September 11th terrorist attacks on the World

• Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C.

• 2002 The euro currency is introduced, signaling liberalization of travel among member nations
of the

• European Union.

• 2004 Mark Zuckerberg, a Harvard student, launches a social networking service Facebook.com.

• 2007 Air Bed and Breakfast (AirBnB) launched, signaling a wave of new services such as Uber

• an expanding sharing economy in tourism services.

• 2011 Google provides an online flight-booking service, Google Flights, to public.