SVKM’s Narsee Monjee

Mukesh Patel School of Technology

Management
& Engineering, NMIMS
A REPORT
ON

Distribution And Commissioning Of Gas

Power Plant
SUBMITTED BY:
SUBRAT SHARMA
70491115040
MBATech ELECTRICAL
NAME OF THE ORGANIZATION:

National Thermal Power Corporation, Bharuch

1
 A REPORT
ON

Distribution And Commissioning Of Gas

Power Plant
SUBMITTED BY:
SUBRAT SHARMA
MBATech ELECTRICAL
M624
A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements of 5
years Integrated MBA (Tech) Program of
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management
& Engineering, NMIMS

DISTRIBUTION LIST:
INDUSTRY MENTOR : COLLEGE MENTOR :
MR. RAMESH N. MAKWANA MR. ARPAN SHAH

2
3
 SVKM’s NMIMS

Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Vile Parle (W), Mumbai - 400 056.

TECHNICAL INTERNSHIP REPORT Semester VII – MBA (TECH)

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the requirements for Technical

Project/Training for VII

Semester MBA – (Tech).

Name of the Student : SUBRAT SHARMA

Roll No. : M624

Batch: 2015-2020

Academic Year: 𝟑𝒓𝒅 year ( 2017-2018)

Name of the Discipline: MBATech (ELECTRICAL)

Name and Address of the Company: National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.

Janor-Gandhar, P.O. Urja Nagar Bharuch - 392215 (GUJARAT)

Training Period: From 21nd May To 14thJuly 2018

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT

Mr. Subrat Sharma

Exam Seat No. has Satisfactorily Completed his Training/Project Work,

submitted the training report and appeared for the Presentation & Viva as
required.

External Examiner Internal Examiner Head Of Dept. Chairperson/Dean

Date:

Place: Seal Of The University

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank our college for providing us with the opportunity to

work on a Technical Internship Project in our respective Engineering

fields. It is a much needed experience that an Engineer needs to have to

get a real life experience.

A special thanks to my project guide Mr. Ramesh N. Makwana for helping me

with my project and providing all the information I needed to complete

and supervise the project and taking some time out from his busy schedule to
teach me a lot of important things that would be helpful for me to excel even
in academics.

I profoundly thank Mr. G. L. Meena, Head of the Department, Electrical

Engineering, who has been an excellent guide and also great

source of inspiration to my work.

This Acknowledgement wouldn’t be completed before mentioning my

college mentor Mr. Arpan Shah for giving me this opportunity.

He has been a constant source of guide for me during throughout the

internship and also for understanding me.

5
 Abstract
NTPC is a maharatna company engaged in power generation. The total
installed capacity of the company is 47178 MW with 18 coal based stations, 7
gas based stations, 1 hydro based station, 9 joint venture coal stations and 9
renewable energy projects.

NTPC has been operating its plants at high efficiency levels. Although the
company has 17.73% of the total national capacity, it contributes 24% of the
total power generation due to its focus on high efficiency. NTPC was ranked
400th in the ‘2016, Forbes Global 2000’ ranking of the world’s biggest
companies.

NTPC is not only the foremost power generator; it also among the great places
to work. The company is guided by the “people before plant load factor”
mantra.

6
 TABLE OF CONTENT

S.NO TOPIC PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4
ABSTRACT 6
1. INTRODUCTION 8
2. BRIEF INFORMATION 9
3. Gas Turbine Plant 10
4. Gas Turbine Fuel 10
5. Combine Cycle of Gas Power Plant 11
6. Principle Operation Of GT 11
7. Gas Turbine Operation Data 12
8. Principle Operation Of Combustion Chamber 12
9. Principle And Operation Of WHRB 13
10. Gas Turbine Generator 15
11. Turbo Generator 15
12. Losses In The Generator 16
13. Cooling System 17
14. Cooling Of The Rotor Winding 17
15. Cooling Of the Stator 18
16. The Gas Turbine Generator Used At NTPC 18
17. Stator 19
18. Stator Windings 20
19. Bearings 20
20. Rotor 21
21. Rotor Winding 21
22. Damper Winding 22
23. Excitation System Of The Generator 23
24. Static Starting Device 24
25. Generator Protection 28
26. Steam Turbine 38
27. Cooling Circuits 40
28. Generator Gas Plant 42
29. Generator Transformer 43
30. Captive Voltage Transformer 45
31. Protective Relay Schemes For Power Transformers 48
32. The Various Test Of The Transformer 51
33. Switchyard And Transmission Equipment 52
34. Power Evacuation 55
35. Plant Earthing 57
36. Black Start Diesel Generator(BSDG) 61
37. PT Plant 62
38. DM Plant 63
39. Conclusion 64
40. Reference 64

7
INTRODUCTION:-

National Thermal Power Corporation Limited (NTPC):

It the largest thermal power generating company of India. A public sector

company ,wholly owned by Government of India, it was incorporated in the year
1975 to accelerate power development in the country. Within a span of 26 years,
NTPC has emerged as a truly national power company, with power generating
facilities in all the major regions of the country. Based on 1998 data, carried out
by Data monitor UK, NTPC is the 6th largest in terms of thermal power generation
and the second most efficient in terms of capacity utilization amongst the thermal
utilities in the world.

NTPC's core business is engineering, construction and operation of power

generating plants and also provides consultancy to power utilities in India and
abroad. The Company has 13 coal and 7 gas based power stations with a total
installed capacity of 20092 MW. NTPC's share on 31st March'2002 in the total
installed capacity of the country was 19.14 % and it contributed 25.83% of the
total power generation of the country during 2001-02.. It is providing power at
the cheapest average tariff in the country.

. NTPC has entered into a joint venture with Alstom, Germany for renovation and
modernisation of power plants in India. Recognising its excellent performance and
vast potential, Government of the India has identified NTPC as one of the of
Public Sector 'Navratnas'. Inspired by its glorious past and vibrant present, NTPC is
well on its way to realise it's vision of being "one of the world's largest and best
power utilities, powering India's growth".

The Company Has The Following Certificates

 ISO 9001
 ISO 14001
 FIVE-S
 OHSAS 18000

8
BRIEF INFORMATION

 Project Combined Cycle Gas Based Power Project.

 Installed Capacity 657.39 MW.
 Location 70 Kms from South of Vadodara.
 Spread Area (Land 483 Acres.
acquired.)
 Primary fuel Natural Gas.
 Fuel Source Gandhar Gas Field 45 kms. away from project.
Supply of gas through pipeline.
 Water Source River Narmada, 2 Kms away from project Peak
water drawing capacity at Intake Well 2010
M3/Hr.
 Project Configuration Three Gas Turbines of 144.3 MW each, one
Steam Turbine of 224.49 MW. Three WHRBs
having steaming capacity of 270 tons/Hr each.
Other important system consist of GRS, cooling
tower, water pre-treatment plant, DM plant
and 220 & 400 KV switchyard.
 Beneficiary States Gujarat, Maharashtra, M.P., Goa, Daman, Diu
and Dadar Nagar Haveli.
 Nox control (50PPM) By DM water injection in combustion chamber.
 Effluent Disposal An advanced effluent treatment plant is
operational to meet GPCB norms.
 Township Spread over an area of 73 acres and having
amenities like Hospital, Park, Sport Complex,
School, Community Centre, Guest-House,
Shopping Centre, Bank & Post Office etc.

Gas Turbine Plants:

Principle and Operation of GT Plants:

The main and essential parts of a GT plant are:

 Compressor
 Gas Turbine
 Generator
 Combustion Chamber

9
 The compressor takes in atmospheric air compresses it and supplies the
pressurized air to the combustion chamber . Fuel is injected into the
combustion chamber and burnt in the stream of air supplied by the
compressor . The combustion raises the volume under constant pressure , and
the gas expands and does work ,ie . rotates the turbine shaft . The turbine
therefore drives the compressor and the surplus power drives the generator .
Hence power is generated by the generator .

Open Cycle GT Plants:

If the products of combustion after expanding and rotating the turbine are
expelled to the atmosphere then the plants using such a technique are called
Open Cycle GT plants .

Efficiency:

The efficiency of an open cycle is often very low . This is because of the fact
that about 65% of the mechanical power developed in the turbine is used to
drive the compressor . The fact that the hot gas from the combustion chamber
is cooled to a safe temperature before admitting it to the turbine , also reduces
the efficiency . Because of the above reason the efficiency is about 20%

2
Exhaust

Compressor 4
3 Gen.
Combustion
Chamber

1
Turbine
Inlet Air
Simple, Single – Shaft Gas Turbine (Open cycle)

Gas Turbine Fuels:

GT plants can use a variety of fuels – solid ,liquid and gas . The most widely
used is natural gas which contains 80% methane and a small fractions of other
gases . Liquid fuels can be used but are costly .

10
Application of Gas Turbine Plants :

 Peak load plants

 Base load plants
 Auxiliary power plant for thermal stations

Combined Cycle Gas Power Plant:

The heat content of the gas turbine plant is quite substantial. Instead of using
regeneration to recover this heat, a combined gas turbine and steam cycle can
be used, where the gas turbine exhausts acts as the heat source for the steam
cycle plants .The efficiency of the combined cycle GT plants is more than that
of the open cycle plants. The efficiency is about 40%.

The combined cycle gas power plant consists of :

a) Gas turbine generating units

b) Waste heat recovery boilers (WHRB)
c) Steam turbo generators,
d) Auxiliary electrical and mechanical equipment .

Principle Operation Of GT:-

It works on open cycle principle. The axial flow compressor ambient air
delivered via an air filter & conveys the main flow of the compressed air in to
the combustion chamber. The hot gases generated by fuel combustion in the
combustion chamber. Hot gases generated by fuel combustion in the
combustion chamber passes through turbine & transmit their energy to its
blades. The energy available at the generator coupling is about 1/3 rd of the GT
gross power out put .The exhaust gases there after are led to the waste heat
recovery boiler (WHRB).

Start-up:

During the start-up the generator acts as driving motor & accelerates the turbo
set up to the ignition RPM (600 RPM) & further up to a certain RPM (2500
RPM) at which the GT does not need a mechanical energy from a motor any
more.

11
Gas Turbine Operation Data:

Specification of the GT used at (NTPC)

Turbine (MBA 30) (open cycle / combined cycle)

Number of stages 5
Dir. Of rotation seen in dir of gas Clock-wise
flow
Gas inlet temperature 1070/1070 degrees
Exhaust gas flow 474/490 Kg/s
Exhaust gas temperature 526/525 degrees

Compressor :

The operation of the compressor is to take air from the atmosphere and
compress it to the required pressure and then send it to the combustion
chamber where the fuel is burnt in the stream of this compressed air .

Specification :

Compressor (MBA80) (open cycle/ combined cycle)

Design Axial
No. of stages 21
Dir of rotation seen in the dir of gas Clock-wise
flow
Speed 3000/3000
Inlet pressure 1.000/1.000 bar
Pressure ratio 13.3/13.3
Exhaust temperature 380/380 degrees

Principle Operation Of Combustion Chamber:-

The compressed air from the axial flow compressor enters the combustion
chamber at its lower part. The chamber has an annular cross section, where
12
the compressed air streams in its outer space up wards & the combustion
gases in its inner space down wards. A part of the compressed air to the rotor
air cooler is branched off & cooled. There after it is led to the annular space of
the gas burner in order to cool it.

Specification:

Combustion Chamber (MBM30) [ open cycle / combined cycle]

Fuel Natural gas
Fuel mass flow (base load ) 8.3/9.5 Kg/sec
Lower calorific value 8500 Kcal /cubic meter

Ignition Gas System:-

A propane gas flame from an ignition torch serves as pilot flame. Propane
gas is at a controlled pressure.

Principle and operation of WHRB:

The WHRBs are of the natural circulation type and are designed as dual
pressure boilers with high pressure (HP) and low pressure (LP) sections and
condensate preheaters at their tail ends. Each pressure section consists of an
economizer.

The HP live steam flows to the main stop and control valves and is admitted to
the HP steam turbine. After passing through the HP turbine, the steam from
the HP exhaust is admitted to the LP steam turbine. In the crossover piping
between the HP and the LP turbines, the LP live steam coming from the WHRBs
is admitted via the LP stop and control valves. The LP exhaust steam passes to
the condenser where it is condensed in a surface condenser cooled by water
from the recirculating cooling water system with integrated wet type ventilator
cooling tower.

The condensate is accumulated in the condenser hotwell and pumped back by

means of condensate extraction pumps via the boiler condensate preheaters
into the spray type deaerator/ feed water tank.

There the condensate will be heated up and degasified by means of hot water
re-circulated from the LP economizers. As back up pegging steam can be taken
from LP steam system
Main parts :

13
Of HP boiler
a) Superheater 1 and 2
b) Economizer 1 and 2
c) Evaporator

Of LP boiler
a) Superheater
b) Economizer
c) Evaporator

Specification:

WHRB :

Boiler type Natural circulation dual pressure

outdoor type
No. of boilers 3
Gas pressure at boiler inlet 300mmWC
Draft loss through WHRB < 300 mm WC
Total boiler surface 234535 sq meter
Hp boiler max working pressure 91.5 Kg/sq cm G
Hp boiler capacity 216000 Kg/hr
Lp boiler capacity 54000 Kg/hr

Advantages of the GT plants:

Gas turbines range in size from less than 100MW up to about 140MW. The
increasing application of gas turbine is due to following advantages :

 Small size and weight per MW

 Rapid loading capacity
 Self-contained packaged unit
 Moderate first cost
 Easy maintenance
 High reliability
 Waste heat available for combined cycle application
 Low pollution hazard

Major GT Installations in India :

14
  Delhi 6 x 30 MW
 J&K 3 x 25 MW
 Rajasthan 423 MW
 UP 2 plants (524 +652) MW

And many such installation are being used all over the country.

Gas Turbine Generators:

Basic design and types :

Generators used in the power plants for the generation of electrical energy are
Synchronous machines. Basically we have two types of generators depending
upon the speed at which the machine is driven. These are :

a) Turbo- generators driven by steam or gas turbines :

Speed at 50 Hz: 3000 rpm or 1500 rpm (nuclear power plants)
Speed at 60 Hz: 3600 rpm or 1800 rpm

b) Salient pole machines driven by hydraulic turbines or diesel engines and

small steam turbines with gearing

Speed covers a wide range from 60 rpm to 1500 rpm depending on the
number of poles chosen or the prevalent water condition (in hydraulic plants).

Main Difference Between Salient Pole Rotor And The Turbo Generators (Non
Salient Pole Rotor):

The laminated stator core ,with slots for the three-phase winding, is in
principle the same.
The rotor, with the D.C supplied field windings, which generates the rotating
field are designed in different ways:

a) Salient pole with concentrated windings

b) Non salient pole with the field windings distributed in slots .

15
Turbo- Generators:

In a turbo- generators the magnetic field rotates as a consequence of the

rotation of the rotor. This produces in the stator an alternating field, which
induces voltage in the stator windings .
Because of the alternating field the stator core must be composed of
laminated stampings (i.e. a laminated stator core ) .The construction with the
solid core would result in induced eddy currents, which would dampen the
field . Also the losses produced will be enormous

The stator has a three-phase winding and the three windings are displaced
in air by 120 and hence the voltages induced in the winding have a 120 phase
shift

Losses in the generator:

Constant losses:

These are the kind of losses that are there even when neither the stator nor
the rotor windings are under voltage . This type of losses include

a) Frictional losses in the bearings

b) Windage losses in the gas
c) Ventilation losses , and
d) Losses in the seals where hydrogen is used for cooling

Voltage Dependent Losses:

The iron losses of the laminated stator core is approx proportional to the
square of the flux density in the iron and hence also to the square of the
voltage induced in the stator windings. This induced voltage is slightly
dependent on the load but we can assume it to be equal to the generator
terminal voltage U

P iron = U2

Current Dependent Losses:

This come into play due to the current in the stator and rotor windings

16
These include losses caused by the leakage flux of the stator winding e.g. eddy
current losses in the core , and the losses in the end bells and the outer rotor
surface due to the flux ripple caused by the stator slots .
Therefore we have:

a) Armature winding losses P= 3 Ra I 2

b) Field winding losses P= Rf If 2
c) Stray losses P= f(I 2 )
Where

I armature current
Ra armature winding resistance
If rotor field current
Rf field winding resistance

It should be noted that the resistance of the winding is dependent on the

temperature of the winding and hence can change even at constant current.

Cooling system:

The output of the generator is usually limited by the temperature of either

the stator or the rotor windings. Other temperatures are normally les
important

The two different types of cooling system that are employed are

a) Indirect cooling
b) Direct cooling

In indirect cooling the copper windings have no direct contact with the coolant.
Either the outer surface of the insulation of the surrounding laminated core is
cooled .

In case of direct cooling the coolant is brought in direct contact with the
winding copper e.g. by hollow conductors.

Hence we can see that the method of indirect cooling is less efficient than
direct cooling as the air only cools the winding through the insulation and the
core and hence the heat transfer is less.

The cooling gas (air or hydrogen) determines the design of the casing. Initially
air-cooled machines were used .But with the increase in the unit power air
17
cooling became insufficient .Then hydrogen cooling was introduced which
meant that generator with higher output ratings could be built with the same
external dimensions as the cooling by hydrogen is about 16 times more than
that by air.

Air cooled generator are now being used again due to the ease in their
handling and considerable advantage for operation.

Cooling of the Rotor Windings:

The different systems adopted for the cooling of the rotor windings are

a) Cooling through the radial cooling slots in the windings where by coolant
is fed through special sub-slots in the base of the slot
b) Radial cooling with the entry and exit of the coolant from the air gap(air
gap pick up cooling )
c) Axial cooling through hollow conductors

In this plant axial type of cooling system is being employed

The coolant is generally air or hydrogen

Water cooled rotors are only adopted for very high loads (1300 MVA)
The cooling gas enters beneath the rotor end bells at both ends of the rotor .
One branch of the gas flow through the hollow conductors of the active part
and leaves in the middle of the rotor . The other branch cools the end
windings and leaves at the end of the rotor .

Cooling of the Stator:

The stator cooling removes the windage losses , the iron losses and the losses
in the windings. The copper windings do not come in direct contact with the
coolant. The heat is partly removed directly through the insulation to the
coolant (e.g. end winding ), and partly in addition to the laminated stator core .
Hence the surface area of the core is large as it transmit not only its own losses
but also those of the windings
The laminated stator core is subdivided into individual bundles of stampings
which are separated from each other, thus forming radial cooling ducts and
also a larger cooling surface area of the core is obtained .

18
In general the cooling gas from the fan is divided into three branches : one to
the rotor and two to the stator.

The Gas Turbine Generator Used At NTPC:

Generator type WY21L-097LLT

Number of poles 2
Number of phases 3
Stator winding connections Star
Insulation type stator /rotor F-class
Rated apparent power 210 MVA
Rated active power 168 MW
Rated power factor (lagging ) 0.8
Rated voltage (line-to-line) 15.75 KV
Voltage regulation +/- 7.5 %
Rated current (per phase ) 7698 A
Rated frequency 50 Hz
Type of cooling Air cooled
Cooling air inlet temperature 40
Rated speed 3000 rpm
No load field voltage 77 V
No load field current 456 A
Rated field voltage 310 V
Rated field current 1473 A

STATOR:

The main parts of the stator are

1) The housing , including the end covers:

2) The laminated core ,including the winding
3) The flexible mounting for the stator in the housing.

19
Housing:

The housing ,a steel fabrication , is split in to two halves ,top and bottom . The
laminated core is first wound and then put into the lower half of the housing
.the upper half is then bolted on .

The housing transmits the forces to the foundation as well as guides the flow
of cooling air .

Laminated Core:

The laminated core consists of a fairly large number of relatively narrow

lamination packets separated by radial ventilation passages.

The individual lamination consists of low-loss, NGO segments made of silicon-

alloyed electroplate. The segments are stamped from rolls of sheet steel they
are then deburred and coated on both sides with a special heat resistant
insulating varnish made of synthetic resin with inorganic pigments. This results
in a high insulation resistance between the segments and also provide a high
resistance to ageing.

Flexible Mounting of the Laminated Core

The laminated core is spring mounted in the housing, in such a way that the
majority of the core vibration are not transmitted to the foundation .it uses a
horizontal two point suspension . This arrangement also takes up the
differences in the thermal expansion between the core and the housing.

Stator Winding:

The stator winding is a 3 –phase ,double-layer indirectly cooled Roebel bar .

Each bar consists of rectangular copper strands insulated by fiberglass .These

strands are transposed in the Roebel configuration. This keeps the circulating
current losses to the minimum.

Once the bars have been shaped , the main insulation is applied . This consists
of a continuous length of fiberglass fabric mica tape wound over the whole
length of the bar

20
Corona protection is provided in the slot portion by means of a conducting
tape and , in the end winding , by a semi conducting coating.

The bars are built into the slots with spacers in between the bars, at the slot
base and under the wedge. The tight insertion of the wedge takes up all the
clearance in the slots.

All the insulation materials used are of Insulation class –F. They are flame
retardant and self-extinguishing.

BEARINGS:

The bearings are of the pocket bearings type which work on the hydrodynamic
principle which eliminates metal to metal contact of the running surfaces and
thus reduces friction and increases the bearing life .
To prevent oil entry into the machine , an efficient sealing labyrinth is
provided between the bearing pedestal and the stator frame.

In order to avoid circulating currents the machine bearings are insulated.

The DE bearing has a double insulation.

The NDE bearing has a single insulation.

ROTOR:

The main parts of the rotor are :

a) The rotor body

b) The rotor winding
c) The damper winding
d) The end-bells ,and
e) The fans

The rotor body is a single piece forging of a high –quality alloy steel .

There is an integrally forged flange at the turbine end of the shaft

In the winding zone , rectangular slots are milled into the rotor body to
accommodate the windings .

21
The exciter end of the shaft has a concentric axial bore . This extends as far as
the rotor body and accommodates the two semi circular section copper leads
for the excitation current.

Rotor Winding:

The rotor winding has a direct axial cooling . It consists of hard drawn
rectangular hollow conductors made of copper alloyed with 1% silver to
increase its heat strength

The heating up during operation cause the rotor winding to expand

symmetrically outward from the middle toward both ends

The axial cooling ensures minimum difference in the temp rise in radial
direction within a coil .

Damper Winding:

The function of the damper winding is to provide a low resistant path to the
currents caused by the field rotating relative to the rotor there by keeping that
energy from having destructive effects elsewhere .

It is formed by the winding slot wedges . They are made up of a copper – nickel
alloy with a good conductivity . Each is of a single piece , without interruptions
along the length of the rotor .

This damper winding is sufficient to sustain inverse fields expressed as I 2 or an

equivalent unbalanced load resulting from harmonic loading .

The retaining rings are supporting the centrifugal forces acting on the rotor
end coils, and made up of non- magnetic steel alloy of high tensile strength .

Both ends of the rotor are provide with axial fans which supplies stator with
the required amount of air . The rotor is self ventilating.

Legend:
1. Rotor 2. Axial fan DE
3. Axial fan NDE 4. Slip ring fan
5. Coupling 6. Damper winding
7. Retaining rings 8. Rotor body
9. Slot wedge 10. Rotor winding
22
 11. Lead-in bar 12. Slip ring
13. Cover

Excitation System Of The Generator :

This entire system can be sub divided into the following :

a) The excitation transformer

b) The control unit
c) The converter
d) The field flashing ; and
e) The de excitation system

In ‘shunt’ excitation , the excitation power is drawn from the generator stator
.the filed current for the rotor flows through the excitation transformer , the
converter and the field circuit breaker .
The excitation transformer here :

1) reduces the generator voltage to the voltage required by the input of

the converter .
2) provides galvanic insulation between the generator terminals and the
field windings .
3) acts as the commutating reactance for the converter .

The converter converts the 3 phase AC supply into regulated DC current If

In such type of excitation system we have to use special field flashing
equipment to compensate for the inability of the rotating generator to
produce generator voltage autonomously . A diode bridge converts the AC
current into DC current and prevents a back loading into the supply grid .
Excitation of the generator is started by closing the field circuit breaker and
the field flashing breaker . This supplies current to the field , which excites the
generator up to 15 –30% UGn . The generator then supplies voltage to the
transformer via the excitation transformer . Starting from approx. 10 % of
the generator voltage ,the firing electronics and the converter are able to
continue the voltage build up , so that the field flashing circuit is relieved of
current . Once the voltage exceeds 70 % of Ugn the field flashing breaker is
finally opened , having no current . The diode bridge at the input to the field
flashing breaker prevents a backflow of current to the field flashing source .

23
The converter is divide into 4 separate blocks to increase redundancy . Each of
these blocks have two separate channels with independent measuring inputs
and extensive monitoring . These are :

Channel 1 : The automatic channel ;

Channel 2 : The manual channel

The manual channel serves as a back up channel in case of a malfunction on

the automatic channel

Both channels are equipped with follow up equipments so that the inactive
channel always generates the same control variable are the active channel
during steady state operation so as to ensure smooth switch over form one
channel to the other .

The excitation system has and autonomous excitation monitoring , which

monitors the field current that exceed acceptable limits max limits . It initiates
an emergency switch over to the manual channel whenever the field cue
exceeds the preset limit . If the field current continues to increase even after
the switch , the excitation must be switched off by the rotor overload relay of
the generator protection .

The excitation protection is used to protect the transformer , the converter

,and the generator . It can detect short circuit in the excitation system and
keep damages within limits.

Brush Gear:

The brush gear transmits the excitation current to the rotor winding of the
generator.
The grooved slip rings and the slip ring fan needed foe intensive cooling are
located on the NDE of the generator . The brush gear is encased as a unit .

Static Starting Devices:

Gas turbine require a certain minimum speed to develop an accelerating

torque. To reach this minimum speed a separate starting system is given by
starting the synchronous- generator by means of a static frequency converter

24
 The static frequency converter serves for starting ,accelerating , running at
preset speed ,and on request decelerating of the synchronous generator .
Thereby the generator is started up as synchronous motor with variable
frequency by feeding currents to rotor and stator

The static frequency converter essentially consists of two rectifiers that are
linked by DC buffer circuit with a reactor .

Function Of Static Frequency Converter:

The two converters are fully controlled three phase bridge connection . The
converter connected to the network is (SRN) line commutated while the other
converter (SRM) is machine commutated. The reactor limits the current
harmonics and the rate of rise of current in the DC buffer circuit.

While starting the bridge SRN is in the rectifier mode while the machine side
bridge SRM is in the inverter mode . While breaking these change their
function.

At standstill there is no machine voltage and at lower speeds its value is not
sufficient to start up commutation of current . During commutation of current
in SRM , the current is initially brought down, then the thyristors that are to
conduct in the next period of time are fired and the current is built up again .
So as a result a low speed operation can be established in the machine
controlled mode . At this speed range a external firing control is employed
which imposes the timing by a 3 phase oscillator .

Principle Of Regulation System :

The synchronous machine develops a torque which is given by :

Md = K x Id x cos(phi) x U/

Where

Md = average torque
K =constant
Id = average current in buffer circuit
U = voltage at synchronous machine terminals
 = angular velocity of synchronous machine

25
phi = phase difference between current and voltage

The amount of torque is determined by the chosen value of direct current Id .

The machine flux U/ and the power factor cos (phi) are assigned which result
in a frequency converter

Major parts of the static frequency converter and their functions :

 Rectifier
 Inverter
 DC buffer circuit

Through a smoothing coil and an inverter the rectifier feeds into the two
phases of the stator . The rectifier of the starting excitation supplies the
necessary DC current to the generator rotor . At a predetermined phase angle
between the stator and rotor flux a torque in the wanted direction is obtained.
The inverter shifts the stator current to the next phase of generator stator
depending upon the rotor position .thus a rotating stator field results which
the rotor follows synchronously .

At a speed below 0.4 Hz the determination of the correct moment for

commutation is not possible . Therefore up till this speed an external control is
employed which imposes timing by means of a 3-phase oscillator

Starting Characteristics :

The starting torque of the turbo-set mainly caused by the compressor ,

increases at first very fast as a function of speed . At app . 600 rpm ignition of
the gas turbine takes place and the turbine develops its own torque . Above
1500 rpm this torque exceeds the counter torque and the gas turbine is able to
accelerate without additional drive . To have a faster acceleration the starting
device is not switched off till a speed of 2000 rpm is reached .

The generator voltage is proportional to the speed and the air gap flux (
M) of the generator

Um = K.n. M

Up to 700 rpm the flux(rotor current ) is kept constant , the voltage increases
proportionally with speed above this a voltage regulation is taking place and
the voltage is kept constant by field weakening.

26
The active power

Pm = Um. Im . 3 cos 

It can be seen that the active power has the same development as the
generator voltage .

The generator torque is constant at constant flux and decreases inversely

afterwards

MM = K . P/n

Generator Protection:

Generator protection comprises the protection of the Generator and it's

associated electrical circuitry as well as the equipment it is likely to influence.

The protection basically protects:-

a) Abnormal Running Conditions:-

Equipment, though entirely in order, can be overloaded. The overloading

parameters can be current, voltage, frequency, temperature or saturation.
Such abnormal running conditions, if allowed to continue, may well lead to a
fault. Often it is possible to normalize such abnormalities after necessary alarm
is initiated through protection.

b) Fault Conditions:-

Here it is a must to isolate the faulty circuitry/equipment through protection to

minimize the damage.

Major fault :

1. Over-current
2. Over-voltage
3. Over-frequency/ Under-frequency
4. Reverse Power
5. Over-flux (Saturation)
6. Unbalanced Loading

27
 7. Earth Fault
8. Differential
9. Minimum Impedance
10. Loss of Excitation
11. Pole Slipping

Over-Current Protection:

In general, over-current protection comprises of current transformers which

step down the primary current to lower value. The scaled down current is fed
to the relay. The relay picks up when the current value crosses its setting &
isolate the circuit by opening the required circuit breaker.

The over-current protection is used in the generator protection as:-

a) Back up protection at internal overloads & faults.

a) Main or back up protection at external faults.

In JGGPP, a combination of over-current & under-voltage is used. The Relay

type is IUX 159.

It operates when the stator current is 35% \ 30% higher (For GT \ ST

generators) & generator terminal voltage is<70% (For both GT \ ST generators)
of rated value for >04 Secs \> 02.5 Secs (for GT \ ST Generators).

The logic behind such an arrangement lies in the fact that any fault at
generator terminal would bring down the terminal voltage & the generator
internal impedance being substantial, the fault current would be comparable
or even lower than the normal current. Though the A.V.R would try to boost up
the voltage, in actual it would only boost up the fault current at a range which
is approximately 50% higher than the rated value.

Over-Voltage Protection:

In general, over-voltage protection comprises of voltage transformers which

step down the terminal voltage to lower value. The scaled down voltage is fed
to the relay. The relay picks up when the voltage value crosses its setting &
isolate the circuit by opening the required circuit breaker.

28
The over-voltage protection of Generator protects the circuits against damages
caused by over-voltage & overheating (Due to overloading of magnetic
circuits).Particularly protected are the following:-
a) Windings & other current circuits against dangerous over-voltage.

b) All components which comprises the magnetic circuit, viz, Stator

iron core etc against overheating.

c) Stator conductors situated near the air gap against over heating (due
to intensification of radial magnetic field & associated eddy currents).

For this protection, relays used are having both time lag as well as
instantaneous component. Time lag is necessary to overcome relay operation
from short time over-voltage caused by:-
a) Sudden load change.
b) Switching Voltages.
c) Traveling waves caused by Lightning.

However, if the over-voltage assumes dangerous proportion, it calls for

instantaneous relay operation.

In JGGPP, the over-voltage relay type is USX 115. For GT & ST generators, the
relay operates whenever the Generator terminal voltage is 20% higher of rated
value for>03 Secs/2.5 Secs or instantaneously whenever the Generator
terminal voltage is 40% higher of rated value.

Over-Frequency / Under-Frequency Protection:

The frequency protection is the protection of electrical machines against

vibration & overheating.

Lower than rated frequency can cause increased magnetic loading as the
voltage generated by the machine is proportional to the product of frequency
& magnetic loading. This phenomenon, if allowed unchecked would result in
breaking down the magnetic circuits by saturating the same.

Also, under-frequency situation arises whenever system demand is more than

the generation level. A limit value is set which calls for alarm. Another limit
value is set which is less than the alarm level for isolation of the machine to
protect the generator as well as the prime mover from heavy vibrations arising
out of critical speed.

29
Over-frequency would cause overheating of magnetic circuits as the magnetic
circuit losses are proportional to frequency. At the same time, it would result
in higher centrifugal forces due to over-speed for both the generator & prime
mover, causing higher vibration. A limit value is therefore set for isolation of
the machine whenever the frequency crosses the limit.

A small time delay is essential for relay operation as a safeguard against

transient voltages which may cause relay mal-operation momentarily.

In JGGPP, the Over/Under frequency relay type is FCX 103B. The relay basically
comprises of pulse generator & counter. No of pulses are counted between
voltage zeros, i.e , more the frequency, less would be the no. of pulses & vice-
versa. The limit values are set internally based on no. of pulses.

The under-frequency alarm is set at 48.5 cps (cycles per second) with a time
delay of 1.5 Secs for both GT & ST. The over-frequency trip is set at 51.5 cps for
both GT & ST. The grid circuit breaker opens out if 51.5 cps persists for 1.5
seconds for both GT & ST. The under-frequency trip is set at 47.5 cps for both
GT & ST.

Reverse Power Protection:

The reverse power protection is for the protection of generators & specially its
prime mover against over-speed ,over-temperature & mechanical danger.

 Over-Speed:-

Whenever a unit trips on load, over-speeding occurs. If the nature of fault is

serious enough, such as generator stator earth fault or short circuit, unit
requires to be isolated from the system irrespective of load condition,
assuming the speed control system would take care of over-speeding.

In case of faults not serious of nature including mal-operation of prime

mover control systems, the generator breaker is never tripped directly.
Instead, the input to the prime mover is withdrawn. The generator breaker is
tripped through reverse power relay, thus ensuring that the prime mover
output is not sufficient enough to cause over-speed.
With the input to the prime mover withdrawn, the generator starts operating
as a motor & imports an amount of power from the grid which is just sufficient
for the total electrical & mechanical losses of it's own & the mechanical losses
of the prime mover. Thus, the reverse power setting is made between zero &
the value of these total losses.

30
  Over-temperature & Mechanical Danger:-

Continuous operation without input is not permissible for all types of prime
movers in general & steam turbine in particular because of the increased
mechanical & thermal stresses. For steam turbine, the steam acts as coolant
also & the absence of the same would lead to churning & consequently lead to
abnormal temperature rise particularly in the LP stage of blades. The reverse
power protection ensure termination of such operation.
To avoid mal-operation of this protection during load pick up after
synchronization or sudden load change, small time delays are used.

In JGGPP, the reverse power protection relay type is PPX105b. Stepped down
voltage & current through voltage & current transformers are fed to the relay
which are internally processed to obtain signal proportional to generator active
power

Over-Flux Protection:

The over-flux protection is meant to protect the magnetic circuits from

saturation & overheating.

The basic principle of electromagnetic theory is derived from the fact that if a
magnet is rotated in a space surrounded by electrical conductors, a voltage is
developed across the conductors, the magnitude of which is proportional to
both the speed of rotation & the intensity of the magnetic field. In other
words, the ratio of voltage to speed of rotation is proportional to the magnetic
intensity, which is known as flux. Again the speed of rotation is a function of
frequency. Summarizing all the above, we can say that U/F is proportional to
magnetic intensity, i.e, flux.

Saturation is a phenomenon which occurs when magnetic intensity or loading

of the machine exceeds the value for which the machine is designed for.
Higher degree of saturation can cause overheating of magnetic circuits by
increased magnetic circuit losses & can lead to mal-operation of differential
protection by higher magnetizing current.

Saturation can occur in cases with rated frequency & over-voltage as well as
with rated voltage & under-frequency.

The measuring quantity in saturation relay is U / F. A small time delay is

effected to avoid relay mal-operation during sudden load changes or system
disturbances.
31
In JGGPP, the over-flux protection relay type is UFX132. The relay is fed by
stepped down voltage of the order of 100 volts (through voltage transformers)
& system frequency. In ideal condition, U / F ratio is 100 / 50=2.0. The relay
operates when U/F ratio is 2.4 for a time period of more than or equal to 3.0
Secs for both GT & ST generators

Unbalanced Loading Protection:

Theoretically, the current supplied by the generator is perfectly balanced &

symmetrical for all phases, i.e., all phase currents are equal in magnitude & the
time between their individual alternating waveform peaks are same.
Practically, however, a certain amount of unbalance exists depending on the
machine design & the loading pattern of the network. Considering the same,
Generators are designed to cater for a particular amount of unbalance which
varies from machine to machine. If unbalance exceeds the design value, the
machine is required to be isolated from the network to save the rotor from
dangerous overheating.

The generator rotor which is supplied by D.C, acts as a electromagnet which is

rotated by the prime mover, having a N-pole & a S-pole.(The R,Y,B phase
windings of the Stator are arranged in such a fashion that they are equidistant
from one another. Whenever during rotation, the rotor poles are aligned with
a particular phase, it attains either it's positive or negative peak voltage,
depending on the polarity. That is the basis of generation of alternating voltage
across the phases.)The rotation of the rotor establishes a rotating magnetic
field along-with its direction of rotation. The voltage & current resulted by this
are termed as +ve sequence voltage & +ve sequence current. In a perfectly
balanced system, only +ve sequence exists.

Any unbalanced system comprises of three components, +ve , -ve & zero
sequence. Zero sequence is the earth fault current which is taken care by
separate protections. It is the -ve sequence current which plays havoc with the
rotor, as it develops a reverse magnetic field, which rotates in exactly the same
speed of the rotor but in opposite direction. The circulation of local currents in
the rotor surface & subsequent heating is proportional to the relative
frequency of the rotating magnetic field & the rotor, as well as the strength of
such field. For +ve sequence, there is no relative frequency whereas for -ve
sequence, the relative frequency is double the actual frequency. Also, the
strength of the field depends on the degree of unbalance.

32
The measuring quantity in unbalanced protection is -ve sequence current I2
which is derived from all the phase currents which are stepped down & fed to
the relay. The relay is time delayed depending on the rotor thermal capacity.

In JGGPP, the unbalance protection relay type is IPX 132b. For both GT & ST,
the relay operational settings are same. The relay operates in two steps.
Whenever the -ve sequence current exceeds or equals to 8% of stator current
for a duration of>05/>03 Secs (GT / ST),the relay gives an alarm. Whenever the
-ve sequence current exceeds or equals to 16% of stator current for a duration
of > 10 Secs, the relay issues trip command .

Earth Fault Protection:

Earth fault protection is the protection of electrical circuits against damage

caused by earth fault.

1)Stator Earth Fault Protection:-

The earth-fault is caused as a result of insulation breakdown. Inside a

generator, even a small amount of earth-fault current for a considerable
duration of time may lead to catastrophic failure as it results in gradual
overheating of laminated iron in core causing short circuit in the lamination
which results in further overheating of magnetic circuits. A great care is
therefore taken to protect the generator from earth faults. The details of the
protection systems are as follows:

 95% Stator earth fault protection:-

The name implies that this protection covers up to 95% of stator winding. In
JGGPP, both the GT & ST generator neutrals are grounded through earthing
resistor. In ideal condition voltage at neutral point(Vn) is negligible. However, if
any phase winding is grounded at terminal end, Vn equals to phase voltage, i.e
, 15.75 / (square root of 3) = 9 KV. If grounding occurs at neutral end, V n
remains unchanged. This phenomenon is called neutral shifting. This shift
voltage is stepped down & fed to the relay. As a minimum voltage is required
for relay operation, this protection cannot cover the total winding.

33
In JGGPP, 95% stator earth-fault relay type is UBX 117. For both GT & ST
generator, the relay operates whenever Vn equals to or exceeds 6% of phase
voltage for a duration of 0.5 Secs

 100% Stator earth-fault protection:-

It is amply clear that conventional methods are unable to protect 100% of

stator winding. To achieve the same, this protection utilizes outside voltage
source independent of generator having separate frequency. The relay is
connected between generator neutral point & terminal point through
necessary voltage step down transformers. The relay is having in built
amplifier, which generates voltage pulses over a preprogrammed time period.
The measurement time period is 560 ms, within which the voltage pulses are
generated for 3 cycles @ 12.5 cps during first 240 ms of each measuring
period. During the last 320 ms, no voltage is injected. The relay output current
Ie is being monitored.

In JGGPP, 100% earth-fault relay type is GIX 103. It operates when Ie equals to
or exceeds 15 mili-amp, 25 mili-amp in case of GT / ST generators for a
duration of 0.5 Secs

 Starting Earth Fault:-

This protection is used only in case of GT Generator. This protection activates if

an earth-fault occurs when the generator is on no load condition & yet to be
synchronized, i.e, Generator breaker is not closed.

In JGGPP, starting earth-fault relay type is UBX 117. Generator terminal voltage
is stepped down & fed to the relay through open delta connection. The special
feature of this connection is that whenever there is any unbalance between
the phase voltages, voltage proportional to degree of unbalance appears
across the open delta point, i.e, across the relay.

The relay actuates when voltage proportional to 12% or more phase voltage is
sensed by the relay for a period of 1 Sec. Actuation of this protection only gives
alarm

2) Rotor Earth Fault Protection:-

The rotor earth-fault protection is the protection of the rotor winding against
earth-fault.

34
The rotor winding is fed by D.C excitation voltage which is not grounded.
Hence, a single point earthing in rotor winding is not dangerous as no earth
current can flow as no return path is there. This is the reason behind providing
only alarm for a single point earthing in rotor winding. However,a second
earth-fault at this point of time can be very damaging for the rotor & calls for
immediate withdrawal of the generator from the grid.

When the rotor winding gets grounded at two points, the earth current
immediately gets the return path & the rotor winding between the fault points
gets bypassed. This causes heavy rotor vibration due to magnetic un-
symmetry.

In JGGPP, the rotor earth-fault protection relay type is IWX 161a-1 along-with
series device YWX 111-11. The protection philosophy is based on bridge
balance method. The rotor capacitance itself is a component of the bridge
which is balanced by bridge balance capacitor the value of which for GT
generator is 1.16 micro-farad & for ST generator is 2.0 micro-farad. The rotor
capacitance with respect to earth changes drastically whenever there happens
to be a single point or double point earthfault, causing the bridge balance to be
disturbed which is exploited for actuation of the relay.

Whenever the rotor winding insulation resistance with respect to earth

becomes 5000 ohm for a time period of not less than 0.5 Sec in case of GT
generators & 1.0 Sec in case of ST generator alarm is actuated. If the insulation
resistance value further deteriorates to 1000 ohm for a time period of not less
than 1.0 Sec, tripping command is initiated for both GT & ST generators

Differential Protection:

As the name implies, differential protection is the protection for difference in

parameter of current. In any electrical system, each equipment shall be having
incoming current & outgoing current. In normal condition, both of them shall
be equal.

However, whenever the equipment develop an internal fault, there will be a

difference in the current parameters in magnitude depending on severity &
type of the fault as well as its' exact location. The protection, seeing the
difference, shall be activated & isolate the equipment.

One thing, however, is to be kept in mind. Any fault outside the protected
zone, shall not activate this protection as both incoming & outgoing currents
will increase in the same proportion. Current transformers are used to step
35
down both incoming & outgoing(for Generator, incoming is the neutral side &
outgoing is the terminal side)currents. Though protection class current
transformers are quite accurate even at currents substantially higher than the
designed value, still to avoid protection malfunctioning at outside faults(which
can happen if I/C & O/G CT's reflect erratic values at higher currents)the
protection is deliberately set in a fashion such that unless a definite difference
is reached, the protection does not operate. This is called biasing & is termed
"g".

In JGGPP, the differential protection relay type is DIX 111a/1 for both GT & ST
generator. The protection is set in such a fashion that it operates whenever the
difference in current value equals or exceeds 10% of stator current. In other
words, g = 10% for both GT & ST generators

Minimum Impedance Protection:

This protection protects the zone between generator neutral & generator
transformer low voltage side winding in such a fashion that generator winding,
bus-duct & 70% of L.V side winding is protected. As the H.V side winding of
generator transformer is having separate protection, this deliberate under-
reach is done. This protection acts as a back up protection for differential
protection.

The impedance of the circuit is calculated & the relay is set for the same.
Voltage at generator transformer L.V winding(Vg),generator neutral
voltage(Vn) as well as generator current is stepped down & fed to the relay.
The relay monitors Vg-Vn/I & as & when the same is less than the set value the
protection operates with a time delay. In case of a fault in the protected zone,
Vg drops down & the current increases, leading to lower value of Vg-Vn/I.

In JGGPP, minimum impedance protection relay type is ZSX 102. In case of GT

generator, the impedance setting is 6 ohm. For ST generator, the setting is 4.53
ohm. For both GT, ST generators, the protection operates with a time delay of
0.5 Sec whenever impedance value becomes lower than the setting value.

Loss Of Excitation Protection:

The generator rotor which is supplied by DC excitation voltage & is rotated by

prime mover acts as a rotating electromagnet & creates a rotating magnetic
field in the air gap between stator & rotor. When the generator is connected
with the grid this rotating magnetic field gets locked with the grid & its speed is
36
determined by grid frequency only. Power generation is effected by prime
mover input. This locking is termed as synchronism.

Hence, it is quite evident that if the excitation is lost, the rotor no longer can
create rotating magnetic field & the synchronism is lost. As the prime mover
continues imparting energy, the generator keeps on generating in
asynchronous mode. In this mode of operation, voltages would be induced in
the rotor body itself, causing rotor overheating due to circulating localized
current in the rotor body.

However, "Loss of Excitation Protection" does not simply monitor the

excitation supply. Actually it protects the machine against loss of synchronism.
Loss of excitation is one cause which can lead to loss of synchronism.

The generator internal voltage is termed as E. This is not measurable. What is

measurable is the terminal voltage V.(The mathematical relationship is E - IXg
=V. I is stator current & Xg is generator reactance).There is an angle between E
& V which is called load angle. The power generated is proportional to the
product of E & sine of the load angle. It shows that maximum power
generation with a given value of E is possible when load angle is 90 degree.
This is the limit value of load angle. If further increment is done in load angle,
the power actually reduces & the generator loses synchronism.

The loss of excitation protection operates when E = zero (E is proportional to

excitation) or when load angle equals to/exceeds 90 degree.

Conditions of load angle equaling or exceeding 90 degree appear during grid

disturbances which are called power swing & causes the protection to operate

Pole Slipping Protection:

Power generation is effected by prime mover input and is possible only when
the system is synchronized.

The excitation supplied to the rotor winding creates the generator internal
electromagnetic force E & is associated with the rotating magnetic field
created by the rotor. On the other hand, at synchronized condition the rotating
magnetic field associated with the terminal voltage V is determined by grid.
The load angle is basically the angle between these two magnetic fields &
changes with the variation in load as well as the excitation.

37
If a line is marked at front face of the shaft along the diameter of the shaft &
when the generator is synchronized with negligible load, if this axis is
monitored with stroboscope(which can freeze the line if the stroboscope
frequency is matched with that of generator)we can visibly experience gradual
shifting of the axis from its original position when the generator is loaded. In
physical terms, the load angle is the angle between the axis of the shaft at a
particular load with respect to its original position at no load condition.

When this angle is over-stretched beyond 90 degree, the synchronism is lost.

This can happen due to sudden disturbance in grid condition or if a severe fault
happens to be in the close vicinity of the generator. In both the cases there will
be a sudden load change, resulting in acceleration & deceleration of the rotor
which is a effect of the power swing, i.e, sudden change in demand of power
by the system. For example, creation of a fault shall call for higher power
demand to feed the fault, & when the fault is cleared, the demand reduces all
of a sudden. The power swings can result in the following:-
 Overheating of the rotor surface:-During the swings, the locking, i.e
synchronism is lost resulting in induced voltage to rotor body which in
turn gives rise to localized currents & as a result, rotor surface gets
overheated.
 Rotor over-voltage:- At the instance of fault clearance, the system
voltage abruptly rises, which is reflected on the rotor.
 Increased mechanical stress:-The sudden acceleration/deceleration of
the rotor causes a great stress to the rotor shaft coupling.
 The Pole slipping protection operates when the load angle equals to or
exceeds 270 degree

In JGGPP, pole slipping protection relay type is GZX 104 & is employed for ST
generator only.

Steam Turbine:
The steam turbine plant consists of a single shaft condensing turbo-set with HP
and LP live steam admission and with HP and LP bypass system. The steam
generating plant consists of 3 WHRBs with common live steam lines. Each
boiler is heated by exhaust gas of one appropriate GT. Normally the whole
steam generated in the boilers flow through the turbo-set. The steam is
condensed in the condenser. From there on the condensate is fed through the
gland steam condenser to a common feed water tank. Now common HP and LP
feed water pumps supply the feed water to 3WHRB. If the ST can not utilize
over the whole generated &/or LP live steam or only part of it. The excess

38
steam is dumped to the condenser via the HP bypass &/ or the LP bypass
stations

Steam Turbine Generator

General description and operation:

The main parts of the steam turbine generator are as follows :

 The stator and stator winding

 The rotor and rotor winding
 Cooling circuit
 Brush gear
 Excitation system
 Seal oil system
 Generator gas system

Stator :

The stator core is supported by the one piece ,self-supporting , housing . The
stator core is built up of layers of electric sheets segments stacked with the
joints staggered. The core is laminated. Two vertical hydrogen coolers are
provided at each side at the middle of the housing, fitted into removable
cooler pockets.

The stator winding is made up of individual conductor bars placed in

rectangular slots located uniformly around the stator bore. Each bar is made
up of a no. of subconductor strands, insulated from each other and transposed
in their positions in the bar. The outside of the composite bar is covered with
the main insulation. A no. of the subconductors in each bar are hollow; they
carry the cooling water.

In the winding overhang region, the winding bars are bent radially outwards,
and also circumferentially, to form the end windings, and are connected
together to form coils.

Ring shaped phase leads connect the stator windings to the terminal bushings.
These are fitted in the bottom of the terminal box to connect on the outside
with the enclosed power buses. Just below the terminal box, current
transformers are fitted on each of the bushings.

39
In the non driven end of the stator housing, inner end shielding is fitted to
guide the flow of cooling gas, and in the stator bore near the end plates there
are air gap diaphragm to control the distribution of the gas. In order to make
the stator housing gas tight, shaft seals are provided in the housing end covers.
The small clearance between the stationary seal ring and the rotating shaft is
closed by pumping oil through it. The oil pressure in the sealing gap is always
higher than the H2 gas pressure in the generator. Thus H2 cannot escape from
the generator, and air cannot enter from outside.

Rotor :

The complete rotor, including the rotor body, the two shaft ends and the two
integral coupling halves, is made from a single forging. The driven end coupling
connects to the turbine shaft, the non driven end coupling to the slip ring
shaft.

The concentric rotor winding is carried in slots located around the

circumference of the rotor body. The winding consists of individual hollow
conductors, through which the hydrogen cooling gas flows. At the ends of the
rotor body, the winding bars are connected to form the two end windings.

The excitation current is fed to the winding through lead-in studs, lead bars
located in non driven end shaft bore, and flexible connection to the rotor
winding.

In the slot region, slot wedges hold the rotor winding against centrifugal
forces, and the end windings are held by the retaining rings. Each retaining ring
consists of a cylindrical ring, in the outer end of which there is an annular end
disc. At the opposite, inner end of retaining ring, it is attached to the rotor
body by shrink fitting and is held axially by a bayonet type of coupling. The
outer end of retaining ring is free.

A radial fan is provided on the non driven end shaft to circulate the hydrogen
gas for cooling the generator.

Cooling Circuits:

The losses in the generator appear as heat. This heat is removed through the
two main cooling circuits in the machine.

40
  Cooling circuit in the stator winding ;

 Cooling circuit in the rotor winding and stator core.

Cooling Circuit In The Stator Winding :

The stator winding is cooled by de-ionized water flowing in a closed circuit.

The cooling water is pumped through coolers and a main filter to drive end of
the generator, from where it is piped to distribution manifolds, then through
winding connections to the hollow conductors in the stator windings. It flows
through the winding, the winding connections and ring manifold at the non
driven end. It leaves the generator through the outlet connection at the non
driven end.

A branch line outside of the generator takes cooling water to the terminal box
where it is used to cool the terminal bushings. The cooling water returns
through the phase leads to the stator winding circuit.
Another part of the cooling water flows directly to the water head tank
mounted on the stator housing. In this tank, nay gas in the cooling circuit can
escape and any expansion of water within the machine can be relieved. The
warmed water from the machine is piped back to the circulation pumps.

Cooling Circuit In Rotor Winding And Stator Core:

The interior of the stator housing is filled with hydrogen under pressure. A
stock of gas is maintained in pressure cylinders. In the machine the radial fan
circulates the gas through the rotor winding, the stator core and then gas
coolers. The warmed hydrogen gas is cooled in the coolers at the sides of the
stator housing.

The main gas stream flows from the fan at the non driven end into the active
parts of the generator, where it is divided into smaller streams.

One part of the gas flows direct to the driven end through the spaces between
core and the housing shell, through openings in the housing stiffening plates
and through two transfer ducts. Then from the two ends of the core, gas flows
through the axial cooling channels in core to the middle of the active part,
where the gas leaves through radial slots.

41
Other parts of the gas flow from the ends axially through the hollow
conductors of the rotor winding and leave through openings in the middle of
the rotor. In order to cool the rotor windings, side streams of gas flow through
the end windings and join streams in the middle of the rotor.

Then the combined streams flow out through radial slots in the middle of the
stator core.

Sealing Oil System :

The shaft sealing system is provided to seal the housing where the shaft
passes through . The gas tight seal is obtained by using radial seal elements fed
with sealing oil . There is a small gap from which oil flows . The oil pressure in
the gap is slightly more than the hydrogen pressure so as to avoid the
escaping of hydrogen to the atmosphere and the entry of air into the system .

The sealing oil plant is a single circuit system . The sealing oil is fed is fed by oil
pump over the oil coolers and the filters and into the seal ring . The oil leaves
the seal from separate drain pipes for the hydrogen and the air side . These
two flows enters the detraining tank where the bulk of the trapped gas
separates out the oil then again fed to the seal oil system .the gas is removed
to the atmosphere .

Generator Gas Plant :

This plant is required for the safe filling and removal of the hydrogen from the
generator and also to maintain the right pressure in the tank .

a) Filling The Generator With Hydrogen : Before the generator is started up

it must be filled up with hydrogen gas . To do this first the air must be
purged out with CO2 and then the CO2 purged with hydrogen .

b) Removing Of Hydrogen From The Generator : If the generator is to be

shut down for a longer period , the hydrogen must be removed . To do
this the reverse of the filling process is done ie. Hydrogen is purged out
with CO2and CO2 is purged out with air

42
Specification Of The ST Generator At NTPC :

Rated output 281 MVA

Rated power factor 0.80
Rated output loading 224.8 MW
Rated terminal voltage 15.75 KV
Voltage regulation 5%
Frequency 50 Hz
Rated phase current 10301 A
Nominal speed 3000 rpm
Cooling gas inlet temperature 40
Rated excitation current 4338 A
Rated excitation voltage 279 V
Generator efficiency a) full load 98.57 %
b) 3/4 load 98.63 %
c)1/2 load 98.51 %
d) 1/4 load 97.76 %
Total mass of the generator 296100 Kg

Legend :
1) Stator casing 10) Hydrogen coolers
2) Core and press plates 11) Rotor body
3) end shields 12) Brush gear
4) seal casings 13) Terminals
5) bearings 14) Fan
6) stator end winding 15) Drive end coupling
7) stator end winding support 16) Slip ring coupling(N.D.E )
8) Stator winding 17) Water tank
9) Rotor retaining rings

Generator Transformer:

The generator is connected to this transformers by means of isolated bus

ducts. This transformer is used to step up the generating voltage of 15.75 KV to
grid voltage. This transformer is generally provided with OFAF cooling. It is also
provided with off load / on load taps on the high voltage side. This transformer
has elaborate cooling system consisting of number of oil pumps and cooling
fans.

43
Specification of Generator Transformer :

Rated power 160 MVA

KV (no load) HV 230
KV(no load)HV 15.75
Ampere HV 728
Amperes LV 10630.6
Phases 3
Frequency 50
Types of cooling OFAF(oil forced air forced )
Ambient oil temp O C 50
Ambient winding temp. O C 55
Connection Symbol Ynd11

Unit Auxiliary Transformer (UAT):

The unit auxiliary transformer draws its input from the main bus duct
connecting generator to the generator transformer. With higher unit ratings
and higher steam conditions, the auxiliary power required also increases. For
large units , it has become necessary to use more then one auxiliary
transformers. UAT’s used at the plant are both tree winding and two winding
transformer . These UAT’s are used to step down the voltage at two levels for
different works . The 2.55 KV lines are used for the generator starting
equipments while the 0.433 KV lines are used to operate the generator
auxiliaries .

Specification of three winding UAT:

Rated power 6300 MVA (5050 MVA + 1250 MVA)

Rated voltage no load HV 15.75 KV
Rated voltage no load LV side 2.55 KV and 0.433 KV
Rated current HV side 230.9 A
Rated voltage LV side 1143 A and 1667 A
Frequency 50 Hz
Vector symbol D,Y1,YN1

44
Capacitive Voltage Transformer :

It consists of a capacitive potential divider and an inductive medium voltage

circuit . The CVT is useful for bilateral purposes to facilitate protection
,metering and communication in the high voltage system. The end of the
bottom one capacitance is connected to the high frequency (HF) point which
further connects to the PLCC system which is to be used for the protection of
the entire high voltage system and communication purpose as well . The other
end of the same capacitor is connected directly to the primary side of the
transformer , immersed in the oil , and the transformed voltage is used for
metering and control purpose .

Inter connected transformer (ICT):

These are single-phase auto transformer used to change the amplified

generated voltage to different levels to feed the different power lines .

Constructional Details Of The Transformer:

 Tank

It is of welded construction and fabricated from tested quality low carbon steel
. All seams and joints not required to be opened are factory welded (double)

Tanks stiffeners are provided for general rigidity and are designed to prevent
retention of water . It is designed to withstand :

a) Mechanical shocks during transportations

b) Vacuum filling of the oil
c) Continuous internal pressure of 35 kN/sq m over normal hydrostatic
pressure of oil .
d) Short circuit forces
e) Tank shields are made up of magnetically permeable material so that no
magnetic fields shall exist outside the tank .

45
  Tank cover

It is sloped to prevent retention of rain water . The tank cover is filled with
pockets at the position of max oil temp and winding temp indicators . All the
bolted connections are fitted with weather proof ,hot oil resistant gaskets in
between for complete oil tightness .

 Pressure relief devices (PRD):

This is provide for the rapid release of any pressure that may be generated in
the tank and which may result in the damage of the equipment. It is mounted
directly on the tank and operates at static pressure of less than hydraulic test
pressure of the tank .

 Buchholz Relay :

A double float reed type Bucholz relay is provided . Any gas involved in the
transformer is collected in this relay . A copper / stainless steel tube may be
connected from the gas collector to a valve located about 1200 mm above the
ground level to facilitate sampling with the transformer in service .

The device is provided with two electrically independent ungrounded

contacts ; one for alarm for gas accumulation and the other for tripping on
sudden rise of temperature .

 Temperature Indicators :

These are of two types :

a) Oil Temperature Indicator : (OTI) :

All transformers are provided with a 150 mm dial type thermometer mounted
in the local control panel . Accuracy class of OTI shall be +/- 1.5% or better

b) Winding Temperature Indicator (WTI):

Two WTI each of LV and HV are Provided . These are 150 mm dial local
indicating instruments mounted on the local panel . Their accuracy class is +/-
5% or better .
46
  Core :

It is constructed from high grade non ageing cold rolled supper grain oriented
silicon steel lamination ,known as HI-B. The core is designed so as to avoid
static discharges , developments of short circuit paths within itself or to the
earth clamping structures

 Windings :

The windings of all 220 KV type transformer are made in dust proof ,
conditioned atmosphere . The insulation of the transformer windings and the
connections are to be made free from insulating compounds which are liable
to soften ,ooze out , shrink or collapse or are chemically active . Coil assembly
and insulating spacers are so arranged as to ensure free circulation of oil and
to reduce the hot spot of the winding .

 Insulating Oil :

Oil is used as coolant and dielectric

 Conservator Tanks :

Conservator tank is designed such that the lower part acts as sump to meet the
requirements of expansion of the total coil oil volume in the transformer . A
valve is fitted at the lowest point of the conservator for oiling and sampling .

COPS : (constant oil and pressure system )

Its function :

a) Helps in maintaining a constant atmospheric pressure on coil

b) Shields the oil from direct contact with atmosphere thus preventing gas
or moisture contamination of the oil

A flexible air cell is connected at the top of the conservator tank through a
gasket joint . Under normal operation , the air cell is completely surrounded
oil and floats as high as possible in the conservator .The float of the magnetic
oil level gauge makes contact with the under side of the air cell . If the air cell
47
is damaged and fills with oil , it will sink and activate the low level alarm on the
oil level gauge .
 Silica Gel Breather

The conservator is filled with dehydrating silica gel breather . The silica gel
crystals in the breather acts as an indicator and turn pink from blue when they
absorb moisture. After majority of the crystals have turned pink the silica gel
should be heated at around 150-200 degree until the original colour is
obtained.

 Bushings:

For voltages

245 volts-- oil filled condenser type bushing

36 volts and below --- solid porcelain or oil communicating type bushing

 Bus duct terminals

The terminal pad of the LV side of the GT is connected to the bus duct
conductor . The bus duct enclosure is of non magnetic metal and the bus
conductor material are made of high conductivity painted alloy

 Tap changing equipments

The transformer is provide with off circuit tap changing switch for varying its
effective ratio transformation while the transformer is de-energized .

Protective Relay Schemes For Power Transformers:-

A Power Transformer constitutes an important and expensive

component in a power system. It is therefore essential to provide an efficient
protective relay scheme to protect the transformer from any severe damage
which is likely to be caused by short circuited faults within the equipment itself
or from any sustained overload or fault condition in the power systems.

i. Restricted Earth Fault Relay : One of the schemes adopted for

detection of earth fault in the transformer zone is a restricted earth
48
 fault relay system. In this method, each transformer winding will be
provided with a current actuated relay. On the star connected side
the relay responds to the balance between the values of zero
sequence component of the phase currents and the neural current to
discriminate internal faults from external earth faults. On the delta
side the relay is fed with the residual current of the paralleled CTs in
the 3 phases.

ii. Buchholz Relay : It is mainly a gas operated relay. It comprises two

float elements fitted to the run of the oil pipe work from the top of
the transformer tank to the conservator. The first float element is a
gas detector alarm sounding element to trap any gases produced in
the oil as a result of arcing at the point of fault, while the second
element is a pressure sensing device responding to the rush of oil in
the pipe during a severe fault within the transformer tank.

iii. Temperature Indicator : Transformers are provided with indicators

that displace oil temperature(OTI) and winding temperature(WTI).
There are thermometers pockets provided in the tank top cover
which holds the sensing bulbs in them. Oil temperature measured is
that of the top oil, whereas the winding temperature measurement is
indirect. This is done by adding the temperature rise due to heat
produced in a heater coil, when a current proportional to that flowing
in windings is passed in it to that or top oil. For proper functioning or
OTI and WTI it is essential to keep the thermometers pocket clean
and filled with oil.

iv. Pressure Relief Device / Explosion Vent : Transformer tank is a

pressure vessel as the inside pressure can group steeply whenever
there is a fault in the windings and the surrounding oil is suddenly
vaporized. Tanks as such are tested for a pressure with stand capacity
of 0.35 Kg/ cm2. To prevent bursting of the tank

v. Back-Up Protection : Some form of time delay back up relay

protection for large transformers are provided. Some of the common
protective relay scheme for the transformer local back up protection
are highlighted below

49
 a) Inverse Definite Minimum Time (I.D.M.T) Relay : The time of
operation of this relay is depended upon the magnitude of the fault
current, being comparatively long for low fault current and short for
high fault current.

b) Definite Time Over Current Relay: In this method the relay has
an adjustable definite time setting.

c) Instantaneous Relay : This type of relay trips instantaneously without

time delay as soon as it senses the fault.

vi. Differential Relay : In this method, each transformer winding is

provided with CT. A Differential Relay is connected across the
terminals of the CTs . In normal conditions direction of the currents
through both the CTs are same. Whenever there is a fault condition
the direction of current through one CT changes and the two current
add up. The relay senses this large current and gives trip command..
In this protection scheme the magnitude as well as the phases
difference between the current of the two sides of the transformer is
taken care of . The magnitude is taken care of by using the CT’s of
proper ratios (different on each side). The phases lag or lead is
compensated by using another CT which has an opposite connection
scheme ,ie, if the transformer under consideration is a delta/ star
transformer then we use a CT that I has star / delta scheme . It also
filters the predominant harmonic components present in the inrush
current of the operating coil circuit. Inrush current is the current that
flows when we start the transformer ie, the magnetic circuit is dead .
So the value of this current is 6-8 times the normal . This current has
a component of 2nd harmonics in it that is absent in case of the fault
current . This is used in the protection by using a 2nd harmonic
restrain coil that activates only by the 2nd harmonic present in the
inrush current . As this component is absent in the fault current this
coil remains inactive during that time. We also use a stabilizing
resistance when we are making use of the OLTC(on load tap changer
). This resistance does not allow small current to flow through the
relay and hence stops it from becoming active for small value of
current that flow when the tapping on the transformer is changed .
During faults, the current is so large that the relay senses it and trips

50
The Various Test Of The Transformer :

 Ratio Test : this test is to test the transformation ratio of the

transformer . To do this test we give a small value of voltage at
the HV side and measure the corresponding voltage at the LV
side . We can then calculate the transformation ratio

 Magnetizing Current Test : to test this we make use of a tongue tester.

We apply a certain voltage at the primary and test the corresponding
value or current .

 Magnetic Balance Test : this is to test any fault in the winding of the
transformer . If there is a fault the flux that we are injecting into one of
the winding will not be balanced and there will be an abnormal
distribution of flux .

 Percentage Impedance Test : Here we calculate theP.U value of the

impedance of the transformer winding . P.U values are same for both LV
and HV side .

 Test For BDV (Break Down Voltage ) Of Oil : it done to check the voltage
at which the oil breaks down . Practically it should be at least 40KV/mm .
At NTPC this limit is set at 50 KV/mm

 Test For Moisture Content In Oil :The oil is tested for the amount of
moisture in it , in the chemistry lab . Special care is to be taken at the
time of taking out the oil that is to be tested . The oil content should be
< 100 ppm.

 tan  Test :This is to determine the leakage current through the

insulation. We know that no insulation is purely resistive .Hence there is
always a component of leakage current that flows through the insulation
. We have to limit this leakage current and hence important to know the
value which we determine through the tan test

51
 I

Ic ϭ

Ir

Now we can see that

tan = Ic/Ir

Switchyard And Transmission Equipment:

In the modern working of power system long and high voltage transmission
lines are constructed to transmit large blocks of power from the sources of
generation to the load centers. In between the power houses and ultimate
consumer there are a number of transformation and switching stations which
handle the power at various voltage level. These are known as substations.
A sub station comprises of the following equipments:

i. Transformer
ii. Isolators
iii. Circuit breakers
iv. Earth switch
v. Wave trap
vi. Lightening arrestors
vii. Current transformers
viii. Potential transformers
ix. Bus bars and clamp fittings
x. Supporting structures for the hanging buses
xi. Control relay panels
xii. Control room
xiii. Firefighting equipment
xiv. Power cables and control cables

Station type lightening arrestors are provided at the terminals of the

transformers for protection against lightening or any surges developing in the
52
system. The practice is also to install lightening arrestors at the incoming
terminals of the line.

The current transformers are single phase oil immersed type. The secondary
current is generally 1 amp. The capacitor voltage transformers (CVTs) are used
at 220 KV and above for the lower voltages electro magnetic type of voltage
transformers are used. The secondary voltage is 110V.

The bus bar arrangements used are main bus I and main bus II for 400KV and
main bus I, main bus II and transfer bus for 220KV.

The control room building for substation includes the panels, PLCC
(Power Line Carrier Communication) equipment, DC battery, LT board etc.

Isolators:

An isolator is one which can break an electric circuit when the circuit is to be
switched on no load. These are normally used in various circuits for the
purpose of isolating a certain portion when required for maintenance .It can be
fitted with one or two earth switches as required. They can be actuated by
either a motor or manually or by pneumatic drives.

Circuit Breakers:

A circuit breaker is one which can break or make the circuit on load and even
on faults. The equipment is most important and is heavy duty equipment
mainly utilized for protection of the various circuits and operation at load.
Normally circuit breakers are installed accompanied by isolators as its making
and breaking capacity is less. The circuit breakers are classified according to
the medium which are used for arc quenching. They are:

a) Bulk oil circuit breakers

b) Minimum oil circuit breakers
c) Air blast circuit breakers
d) Sulphur hexafloride circuit breakers

At the NTPC switchyard, the SF6 type of circuit breakers is used.

53
Earth Switches:

These are devices which are normally used to earth a particular system to
avoid accident, which may happen due to induction on account of live adjoin
circuit. These do not handle any appreciable current at all.

At NTPC vertical break earth switches are being used. It has a turn and thrust
movement, i.e. is first moves by an angle of 90 degrees and then moves
upward by approx. 100mm. The rotation bridges the insulation while the
upward movement ensures a stay closed position. Its current rating is same as
that of the isolator.

These earthing switches can be actuated on a single pole basis or 3 poles can
be coupled and actuated by a single drive. It can be done manually or by a
motor or by pneumatic drives

Wave Trap:

The wave trap mainly consists of three essential parts: namely

a) The main coil

b) Tuning devices
c) A lightening arrestor

The main coil is a cylindrical air cooled coil of required inductance which is
obtained by adjusting the dia and the height of the coil. The design of the main
coil is such that it takes care of the continuous line current and the short time
thermal current as well as the play of the electrodynamic forces. The coil turns
are held by insulation spaces. Sometimes a pair of corona ring is also mounted.

Tuning device: it is connected across the main coil and comprises of high
frequency components sealed in one or more insulating cylinders. It provides
the requisite impedance and resistive characteristics.

Lightening Arrestor: it is used to protect the main coil and the tuning devices
against over-voltage and is located inside the main coil

54
Lightening Arrestor:

It is used to protect instruments like transformer , rotating machines etc from

the over voltages arising due to lightening , switching surges etc .it is
connected in parallel with the instrument to be protected as it provides a low
impedance path for the surge current .

1. Gapped LA: These valve types have spark gap in series with a nonlinear
resistor.
The function of the gap is to
a) Prevent current from flowing during normal operation
b) Spark over at predetermined voltage and provide a path for the current
to pass through the non linear resistance which offers low impedance at
such high values of voltage.

2. MOSA: Metal oxide surge arrestor has no gap but a metal (generally Zn)
oxide which functions in the similar fashion. This type of LA is being used
in the NTPC.

Current Transformer and Potential Transformer:

These are used for the measuring and metering. These are also used to provide
the rated current to the protection relays that operate all around .

Switchyard Control Room:

The entire operation of the different components of the switchyard can be

done form the Switchyard Control Room. It is a fully automated control room
with alarms for any malfunctioning of any of the yard’s equipment. This control
room is connected to the central control room.

Power Evacuation:

Power evacuation from Jhanor- Gandhar is through

220 KV Jhanor Haldarwa D/C line
400 KV Jhanor Degham D/C line
400 KV Jhanor Padghe S/C line
400 KV Jhanor GPEC S/C tie line

55
The 220 KV (Main Bus I, Main Bus II and Transfer Bus scheme) and 400 KV (One
and half breaker scheme i.e. 3 breakers for 2 lines) switch yard are inter
connected through 2 Nos. 500 MVA, single phase inter connecting
transformers. Shunt reactor of 50 MVAR is connected to 400 KV Bus and
another shunt reactor are connected with 400 KV Phadge line.

Details for 220 KV System:

The 220 KV switch yard is consisting of 11 bays 10 are being used while one is
for future use:

Bay No. Description

1 Future (spare line bay )
2 Haldarwa line I ( 14 Km )
3 Haldarwa line II ( 14 Km )
4 Bus Coupler
5 Bus Transfer
6 ICT No. I
7 Gas Turbine generator NO. I
8 Gas Turbine generator No. II
9 Gas Turbine generator No. III
10 ICT No II
11 Steam Turbine generator

Details for 400KV System

The 400 KV switch yard is of one and half breaker scheme consisting of
following Diagram for:

Dia No Description

1 ICT # I ( 3  167 MVA AUTO TRAFO )

2 Dehgam line II ( 156 Km )

3 ICT # II ( 3  167 MVA AUTO TRAFO ) Bus

reactor 50 MVAR, Switchable

56
4 Degham Line I ( 156 Km )GPEC Line (16
Km )

8 Phadge Line ( 295 Km ) with line reactor

50 MVAR

Plant Earthing:
The local soil is swelling black cotton soil having avg, resistivity of 25 Ohm-
m.40 mm dia rod are used to form earth grid having a total buried length
4450m . The grid size is max 10 x 10 m buried at 600 mm depth below FGL

Transformer: 65 x 8 mm GI strip separate earthing for the transformer body

and neutral

Motor: through 65 x 8 mm GI flat or through cables

Cable trays: are earthed at every 30 m interval by 50 x 6 mm GI flat .

Electronic earthing: Al strip of 120 sq m is given inside panels.

Insulated grounding cable is used to connect the panel to the plant grounding.

Line Protection:

Faults occurring in transmission lines are:-

Line - Line
Line - Ground

HV and EHV transmission lines, which transport large chunks of

power, must be protected elaborately and with redundancy. They are protected
by distance relay. Distance relays operate by sensing impedance to fault. Their
operation does not depend upon the line current in order that the line, which in
general is fed from both ends, can be isolated; impedance relays must be
employed at each end, and must be accompanied by directional relays which
help the relay to recognize if the fault is on the protected line. Directional relays
at each end of a line must be directed inwards for achieving coordination
between primary and back up protection, 3 zone distance relays are employed.
For line to earth faults, earth fault relays are used
57
Line Protection Panels:

220 KV Lines

Main# 1 and Main# 3 zones distance protection by ABB make RAZFE

Main# 2 Directional over current relay CCD-41
Directional earth fault relay: CCD-41

58
400 KV lines

Main# 1 Main# 3 zone distance ABB make RAZFE

Main# 2 distance protection ABB LZ 96
Over voltage relay stage #1 (set at 110 % voltage with a time delay)
Over voltage relay stage #2 (set at 140% and is instantaneous )
Breaker failure relay (LBB) – ABB
Auto reclose relay ABB- RAAAM
Fault locator- ABB-RANZA

400 KV reactors (Bus and line reactors):

1. Reactor differential--- ABB – RADHA

2. Overall differential –ABB RADSB
3. Back up reactor under impedance protection ABB-RAKZB

33 KV tertiary winding reactor for the ICT’s:

1. Differential relay 87 R ABB RADHA

2. 95% Earth fault relay – 50 N –ABB – RADSB =RXIG 28
3. Back up OC relay – ABB-ICM21

ICT protection

1. ICT differential relay –87 T – ABB –RADHA

2. Overall ICT differential –87T-ABB-RADSB
3. R.E.F –64 R –ABB –RADHD
59
 4. Over fluxing–99 T-ABBRATUB
5. TEE’ PROTN-87TT1-RADHA
6. TEE’D PROTN-87TT2-RADSB
7. Other regular TRAFO protection OTI/WTI/BUCH etc

Protection For Various Equipment:

1. For motors rated below 50 KW

a) Instantaneous short circuit protection on all phases.

b) Thermal overload protection.
c) Single phasing protection for the motors operated by fuses.

2. For motors rated at 50 KW and above up to 125 KW

a) Instantaneous short circuit protection on all phases

b) Thermal overload protection
c) Single phasing protection for the motors operated by fuses
d) Low set earth fault relay for tripping motors on low earth fault
e) High set earth fault relays for avoiding opening of the bidder on
high value of fault (fuse/MCCB should trip in such condition)
f) Core balance C.T (C.B.C.T) for the protection mentioned in (d)
and (e)

3. For motors rated above 125 KV

a) Instantaneous short circuit protection on all phases

b) Overload protection on R and B phases
c) Overload alarm on Y phase.
d) Earth fault protection
e) Under voltage protection
f) Hand reset lockout relay

4. Transformers Incomers

a) Short circuit protection

b) Earth fault protection connected to transformer LV neutral CT
c) Hand reset lockout relay with blue lamp

5. Bus coupler/out-going breaker feeders

a) Short circuit protection

b) Hand reset lockout relay

60
Black Start Diesel Generator (BSDG):

During total loss of power supply (black out), normal and standby, some of the
essential A.C loads in the power plant will be provided with power(start up and
safe shut down power) supply from diesel generators.

Make Nigatta ,Japan

Number of generator One
Method of starting Compressed air
Number of phase 3
Rated output 4250 KVA
Active power 2975 KW
Frequency 50 Hz
Power factor (lagging) 0.7
Output voltage 6.6 KV
Type of excitation Brush less type with permanent
magnet
Capacity of diesel storage tank 25 K l

A diesel generator set is installed which takes care of the following

load

a) Barring gear
b) Lube oil pumps
c) Emergency lighting for important areas
d) Start up power for one gas turbine generator

Direct Current Supply :

The direct current system include the equipment and components necessary to
maintain a reliable supply of power to direct current loads which are necessary
for protection of major equipment and which must remain in service under
abnormal conditions. These DC loads shall include the following :

1. 220V for circuit breakers

2.  24V for C&I and other auxiliaries.

61
Un-interrupted Power Supply (UPS) :

There are several equipments in power stations which require un-interrupted

power supply. For the continuous operation of such equipments UPS is
provided.

Water Supply
The requirement of raw water is estimated to be 1800 cu meter per hour. This
raw water is being drawn from Narmada River. For this purpose intake well
pump house have been constructed a little away from the plant. The raw water
is brought and stored in two reservoirs with a capacity of 65000 cubic meters
each, which can last for a week without any intake from the main source.

I. Requirement:

In any power station water is required for

A. Steam generation: - Water of high purity that is de-mineralized water is

required.
B. Condenser cooling: - It can be done either by raw water or treated water.

II. Types Of Impurities:

The water directly obtained from the source consists of two types of
impurities

a) Suspended impurities.
b) Dissolved impurities

To remove the impurities present in the raw water there are two separate
treatment plants, namely

a) Pre-treatment plant (PT plant)

b) De-mineralizing plant (DM plant)

PT Plant:

The water from the reservoirs is brought to the PT plant through different
pumps. Here the suspended impurities in the water are taken care of.

Suspended impurities are removed by

62
 a) Clarification: It is done by dosing with some coagulant. By addition of
coagulant fine particles present in water coagulates and settles down. In this
process chlorine is also added as biocide.
This clarified water is used in cooling water makeup and softening plant.

b) Filtration: Clarified water is further filtered by using sand type filter bed.
Filtered water is used in Demineralization plant (DM Plant) and for drinking
purpose

DM Plant:

The water after filtration goes to the DM plant for further removal of the
dissolved impurities in it which can be harmful for various equipments.

i. Dissolved impurities: These are removed by ion exchange process,

which involves following procedures:

a) Activated Carbon Filter: It removes chlorine present in

filtered water.

b) Cation Exchanger: Various cations (sodium, potassium,

calcium, magnesium etc) and anions (chloride, sulphate,
carbonate, and bicarbonate) are present in water. Cation
exchanger exchanges all the cations with hydrogen ion
present in resins. The water, which comes out from the
cation exchanger, is highly acidic with pH value 2 to 3.

c) Degasser: In degasser carbonates and bicarbonates are

removed

d) Anion Exchanger: All the anions are exchanged with

hydroxyl ion present in the resin of anion exchanger. The
conductivity of water after this process is less than 10
micro siemens/ cm.

e) Mixed Bed: The dissolved impurities, which have been left

behind after above processes, are removed by passing
water through mixed bed. Mixed bed consists of mixture of
cation and anion exchanger. The water obtained is De
mineralized water with conductivity less than 0.1 micro
siemens/ cm.

63
CONCLUSION
The training is an important course because it closes the gap between the scientific
study and practical study.

The aim of electrical engineer is to plan and design various types of networks.
This will not be possible unless he involves himself in ground oriented tasks. So
getting opportunity ofthe internship overcomes all gaps in mycareer.

It isprivileged toworkfor the National Thermal Power Corporation, Bharuch and

getting opportunity to intern in this organization was a very memorable
experience. So I want to thanks once again to all the authorities who gave me
chance to work in their respective firm.

I learned lot of things during the period of training that helps me to achieve my
careergoals.

I got opportunity of doing work with experienced electrical engineers, mechanical

engineers and supervisors.

I also got opportunity to know how overhauling and maintenance is proceeding

with success. It also helps me to understand all technical terms.

Finally, I would like to tell that these 8 weeks of training is very essential for me in
every manner and it gives me valuable site experience.

Reference:
 ABB GT Manual
 NTPC Technical Diary
 NTPC PMI PPF Book
 ABB ST Manual

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