Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Prepared by:
Dr. Emmanuel V. Tamesis
Oil and Gas Exploration
A. Introduction
& Petroleum exploration is very expensive. It will cost
around US$ 4 to 10 million onshore to as much as US$
30 million offshore to test if oil is present in a prospect.
These costs include pre-drilling expenses for geology
and geophysical activities
& A good understanding of the sedimentary basin is
essential for a drilling decision, and all available
information must be used to evaluate a drilling prospect
& Drilling an exploratory (wildcat) well is the testing of a
hypothesis developed out of gathering, classifying and
evaluating related scientific data
& If successful, the efforts and fruit of labor is very
rewarding -- most of the world’s top corporations are oil
companies
Oil and Gas Exploration
B. Where Do We Start?
Since petroleum formation, generation and entrapment
involves the sedimentary sequence, the petroleum
geologist has to identify where the sediments, the
source of organic matter and reservoir rocks have been
deposited -- the sedimentary basin
Sedimentary
Basins
of the Philippines
Oil and Gas Exploration
• Sedimentology
• Stratigraphy
• Structural Geology
• Geochemistry
• Petrography
• Geophysics
Exploration Strategy
Economic
Frontier
Geologic Basin Basin Appraisal Prospect
Exploration
Considerations Delineation Evaluation of Plays Generation
Strategy
Political
Appraisal of Plays
Acquisition
of Seismic
Detailed
Satellite Imagery
Analysis to
Appraisal Localize Structural
of Plays Anomalies
On-Site
Construction Reflectance
of Geologic Map Spectra
Subsurface
Sedimentologic Stratigraphic
Outcrop Analysis Projections
Geological
Field Party
Conventional
Stratigraphic
Mapping
Prospect Generation
Semi-Regional
Seismic with
In-Fill
Determination of
Size of Structures
and Geologic
Growth History
Prospect Specific Prospect Operational
Generation Evaluation Preparation
Determination of
Petrophysical
Synthesis and Pore Water
Prognosis Salinities Porosity and
Permeability
EXPLORATION
Í
PROSPECT IDENTIFICATION
Í
EXPLORATION WELL DRILLING
Í
Petroleum E & P
PRODUCTION
Í
ENHANCED RECOVERY
Í
FIELD DECLINE
Simplified Exploration Cycle
2 1 8 9 10
Literature
Exploration Extended
Procurement research or
drilling Discovery Well, Prod.
of block Farm-in
NX6 Test
Proposal
3 7
if packaged by farmor
9A 11
6
Technical Step-
Geological Basin Prospect
Problems, out
activities1 Evaluation44 Generation5
Dry, Show well
2-D
Pre-seismic
Seismic Appraisal 3-D
geophysical 5
survey 33 ABANDON AREA wells seismic
surveys 2
7
13
4 5 A
12
DECLARATION
OF
COMMERCIAL DISCOVERY
14
a. Field Geology
1. Reconnaissance (cont’n)
b. Gravity and Magnetic
Ship-borne
Survey
Gravimeter:
Measures
minute
differences in
Magnetometer: the pull of
measures variations in the gravity at the
earth’s magnetic field earth’s surface
Oil and Gas Exploration
C. Five Stages in Petroleum Exploration
1. Reconnaissance (cont’n)
b. Gravity
Oil and Gas Exploration
C. Five Stages in Petroleum Exploration
1. Reconnaissance (cont’n)
b. Magnetic
Streamer Cable
Air-Guns
Seismic Boat
3D Offshore Seismic Survey
1. Reconnaissance (cont’n)
c. Onshore Seismic
In some instances,
an array of huge
truck-mounted
vibrators is used as
the energy source,
instead of an
explosive charge, for
transmitting sound
waves to the sub-
surface.
Wave Propagation
(through homogenous medium)
Energy Source
Wave Propagation
(through layered medium)
Energy Source
Seismic Interpretation Workstation
Oil and Gas Exploration
C. Five Stages in Petroleum Exploration
1. Reconnaissance (cont’n)
c. Onshore Seismic
2. Detailed Seismic
2D vs. 3D Seismic Data
Three-Dimensional (3D)
Seismic
Two-Dimensional (2D)
Seismic Z
X
Y Y
2D Seismic Interpretation
Pinnacle Reefs
Oil and Gas Exploration
C. Five Stages in Petroleum Exploration
2. Detailed Seismic
Un-interpreted Section
Interpreted Section
Oil and Gas Exploration
C. Five Stages in Petroleum Exploration
2. Detailed Seismic
W E
MA-1 MA-2
3000
3D Seismic Interpretation
Seismic Interpretation
Composite 2D / 3D Display
Oil and Gas Exploration
C. Five Stages in Petroleum Exploration
2. Detailed Seismic
Oil and Gas Exploration
C. Five Stages in Petroleum Exploration
2. Detailed Seismic
3D Display
Oil and Gas Exploration
3. Wildcat Drilling
Oil and Gas Exploration
3. Wildcat Drilling
Oil and Gas Exploration
C. Five Stages in Petroleum Exploration
5. Production
Oil and Gas Exploration
D. Drilling Rigs
1. Onshore
Oil and Gas Exploration
D. Drilling Rigs
2. Offshore
Oil and Gas Exploration
D. Drilling Rigs
2. Offshore Drilling and Production Facilities
Oil and Gas Exploration
E. Production Facilities
Nido-Matinloc
Oil and Gas Exploration
E. Production Facilities
Galoc
Oil and Gas Exploration
E. Production Facilities
Alcorn
Oil and Gas Exploration
E. Production Facilities
2. Malampaya
Oil and Gas Exploration
E. Production Facilities
2. Malampaya: Subsea Manifold
Malampaya Deep-Water Gas to Power
Project
• Initial Development consists of five
production wells drilled from a central
location into the main culmination of
the Malampaya reservoir
• Subsea wells and a subsea manifold
were installed at approximately 820
meters deep and connected to the
production platform via two 30-km
flowlines. Umbilical cables remotely
control the wells and manifold
• Each well is designed to produce 180
million cu. ft. of gas per day
• Four additional production wells are
planned for 2009
Malampaya Offshore Facilities
MA-9
MA-5
Subsea Manifold
MA-6
MA-7
MA-8
Wellhead
Oil and Gas Exploration
E. Production Facilities
2. Malampaya: Topside, Offshore Platform
Oil and Gas Exploration
E. Production Facilities
2. Malampaya: Onshore Power Plant
Malampaya Downstream Component
SAN LORENZO POWER PLANT /
First Gas Corp, 500 MW / Oct 2002
Importance of Petroleum
• Energy Source
– over 2/3 of the world’s energy sources comes from
petroleum
– in the Philippines, 46% of our energy (power, fuel and
transport) requirements comes from oil
• Power 25.7
• Diesel 35.4
• LPG 9.9
• Kerosene 3.9
Coal
Oil 2.6% Hydro
2.1% 5.3%
imported oil
Gas 36.6%
6.7%
Geothermal
7.9%