•

GENERAL BIOLOGY
Researches about BIOGENESIS:
Francesco Redi’s Experiment (1668),
Louis Pastuer’s Experiment (1861)
(for St. Isidore of Seville)
C.) HOMEOSTASIS
Lesson 1: BIOLOGY • balance

The Unifying Principles of Biology D.) GENE THEORY

• all trails of human are embedded into
a.) CELL THEORY our DNA.
1. The cell is the basic unit of life. • Genes contain DNA which has
2. All living things are made of cells. instructions on how to build cells.
3. Cells come from pre-existing cells.
Lesson 2: LIFE
BIOLOGISTS • Manifestation of YOU or existence.
1. Robert Hooke, 1665 • We are organic.
• Cellulae = “small chambers”, cells in • Constantly changing.
English.
• Micrographia, 1665 2 types of organisms
• Used cork, cork cells
• Used 10x bigger lens for microscope.
2. Anton van Leeuwenhook, 1673
• Improved miscroscopes, 100x bigger unicellular multicellular
lens. • Ameoba • Fungi
• First to discover ANIMACULES • Euglena • Animal and
(protozoans) & LIFE CELLS (egg and Blood cells
sperm cells).
3. Matthias Schleiden, 1838 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
• All plants are also made up of cells.
4. Theodor Schwann, 1839
Metabolism
• Improved miscroscopes, 100x bigger
discovered “SCHWANN CELL” found
in nerve fiber. Reproduction Homeostasis
5. Rudolf Virchow, 1858
• Living cells came from pre-existing cells
(cell division).

B.) evolutionary THEORY

1. Natural selection
Cellular
Organization LIFE Hereditary
2. Must be able to adapt
3. Change over time

EARLY BELIEFS
Adaptation
1. CREATIONISM through
Response
• Life was created by a SUPERIOR Evolution to stimulus
BEING.
Growth &
2. PANSPERMIA Development

• SVANTE ARRHENIUS, Swedish

• Stated that a meteor carried amounts of
organic materials that started the 1. METABOLISM
evolution. • Sum of chemical processes in an
3. ABIOGENESIS organism.
• Spontaneous generation, life originated 2. RESPONSE TO STIMULUS
from non- living matter. • TROPISM= reaction
4. BIOGENESIS • PHOTOTROPISM= sunflower
• Life originated from pre-existing life. • THIGMO(touch)TROPISM= makahiya
 3. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 3. NUCLEUS & NUCLEOID
• Intussusception (internal)
• Accretion (external) Nucleus Nucleoid
4. ADAPTATION through EVOLUTION only found in found in
• To survive, change or cope with EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC
environment. CELLS CELLS
• THEORY OF USE & DISUSE Bacteria cells: infects
eukaryotic cells
“control center of the
• GROWTH= + size Virus cells: reformats
cell”
• EVOLVE= happens slowly with time. eukaryotic cells
ihii= has genetic change. (nucleus)
a. Nucleolus
• Is a sub organelle, composed of
Lesson 3: CELL TYPES & proteins and RNA.
ORGANELLES • ROLE: to assemble rRNA codes for
synthesis.
b. Nuclear envelope
TYPES • A double membrane lipid enclosing the
nucleus.
• ROLE: protects DNA and nucleoplasm.
c. Nuclear pores
PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC • Are permeable barriers.
BEFORE KARYON= Nucleus TRUE
• ROLE: limits entry of proteins and RNA,
DNA is circular DNA is linear allows water, ATP, ions & other small
DO NOT contain introns Contains introns molecules.
d. Nucleoplasm
Found in cytoplasm
(nucleoid)
Found in nucleus • Gelatinous liquid inside the nucleus,
contains enzymes and nucleotides.
NO MEMBRANE- e. Chromatin (fibers)
MEMBRANE BOUND
BOUND • Cellular bundles pf macromolecules of
70 ribosomes 80 ribosomes DNA, RNA and protein.
4. MITOCHONDRION
Asexual Mitosis and Meiosis
• Plural: mitochondria
Haploid (singular) Diploid and more • “the powerhouse of the cell”
• Site of cellular respiration and production
Smaller (=1-5 upm) Larger (=10-100 upm) of ATP energy molecules.
ORGANELLES 5. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• Meaning “little organs". • The network of membranous tubules
• Separated by membranous compartment • ROLE: transports materials needed by
inside the cell. the cell.
• Is responsible for: storage, structure, a. Rough E.R
manufacture of proteins, repair, digest of • Grainy rough structure comes from
substance inside the cell. ribosomes.
• The most important parts: CELL • In-charge of glycoproteins.
MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS • MANUFACTURE & TRANSPORTS
b. Smooth E.R
1. CELL MEMBRANE • Has a smooth texture, no ribosomes.
• Surrounds the cell to selectively screen • In-charge of metabolism.
the kinds of substances that can go in or • SYNTHESIZES CHEMICALS
out of the cell. 6. GOLGI BODY
• made up of: LIPID, PROTEIN, • Consists of flattened sacs called
CARBOHYDRATES. CISTERNAE.
2. CYTOPLASM • Receives proteins from rough E.R, to be
CELL GEL-LIKE processed and packed then distributed to
• Made from dissolved particles and liquid other organelles.
encasing part of the cell, giving it a fluid 7. VACUOLE
nature. • In plants: tonoplast or central vacuole
 • ROLE: stores water, food and materials. • 90% of the cells’ life is about growing.
8. LYSOSOMES • Cell growth is where ASSIMILATION OF
NUTRIENTS & DUPLICATION OF DNA
• found only in ANIMAL CELLS.
happens.
• a membrane powerful enough to break
• Diploid (2n) = 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
down MACROMOLECULES.
• Haploid (n) = 23 chromosomes
• ROLE: for intracellular digestion with
help of HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES. • Body cells/somatic
• Sex cells/gametes
9. CHLOROPLAST • KARYOKINESIS = division of nucleus
• exclusive for plants • CYTOKINESIS = division of cytoplasm &
• contains chlorophyll pigments, needed contents
for PHOTOSYNTHESIS. • Uncontrollable cell division may result to
• XANTHOPHYLL: violet TUMORS or CANCER
• LYCOPENE: red
• LUTEIN: yellow
10. CELL WALL
• exclusive for:
PLANT CELLS: cellulose made from
FUNGI: chitin CARBOHYDRATES
or SUGAR
BACTERIAL: peptidoglycan
OTHER PARTS:
11. CYTOSKELETON
• for structure, pampatibay
12. CILIA
• only for EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• hair-like structures
• Motile: moving; Non-motile: not moving
13. MICROVILLI
• singular: microvillus
• useful for absorptions and secretion
functions.
14. ROOT HAIRS
• only found in PLANT CELLS
• collects water and mineral nutrients.
15. FLAGELLA
• singular: flagellum MITOSIS vs. MEIOSIS
• long, whip-like structure to help cell need to perform the
movement. same function and to 4 haploid cells
• e.g. sperm cell replace worn-out cells.
PROPHASE I: form a tetrad
Lesson 4: CELL DIVISION (pairing of homologous
chromosomes) (synapsis)
why cells are
Cell Cycle IDENTICAL.
MEIOSIS 1: reductional
division (46 to 23)
MEIOSIS 2: equational
M Phase division
Interphase (Mitosis & Meiosis) (23 to 4)

Gap 1 Prophase Properties MITOSIS MEIOSIS

DIVISON 1 2
cell growth

Synthesis Metaphase # of daughter cells 2 4

cell division

PLOIDY Diploid (46) Haploid (23)

CELLS
Gap 2 Anaphase INVOLVED somatic cells gametes

GENETICS identical

Telophase
 MITOSIS 2. size of molecules
• MACRO & MICRO
3. pressure gradient
• “concentration of molecules”
4. energy gradient
• Molecules diffuse FASTER at HIGHER
temperature.

Transport Mechanisms

PASSIVE ACTIVE BULK

a. PASSIVE
1. simple diffusion (channel proteins)
solute
2. diffusion
3. osmosis (passive movement of water)
• does not require ATP

Channels

gated leak

opened by stimulus

Lesson 5: CELL TRANSPORT

• inside CELL MEMBRANE
• controls what molecules can enter or not.
• water aids for the transportation of
molecules
• SIMPLE DIFFUSION = molecules simply
pass through Cell Membrane.
• hydrophilic = water-loving & charged
• hydrophobic = water-fearing & no charge
•
May affect:
1. structure of Cell Membrane
• the more complex, the harder it enters.
b. ACTIVE

c. BULK