Sexually Transmitted Disease
 Are infections that are passed from an infected
person to another uninfected person through
sexual contact
 Can be caused by bacteria, parasites, yeast, and
viruses. Examples are Chlamydia, Gonorrhea,
Syphilis, Chancroid, Human Papillomavirus,
Herpes Simplex Virus, and Trichomonas
Vaginalis.
 Examples of STD also include HIV and AIDS.
HIV
 HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system,
our body’s natural defense against diseases. If
HIV is left untreated, a person’s immune system
will get weaker until it can no longer fight off life-
threatening infections and diseases.
AIDS
 Stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome.
 HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. AIDS is the
most serious stage of HIV, and it leads to death
over time.
 The virus attacks the immune system making the
individual prone to infections.
 HIV destroys an important kind of the cell in your
immune system (called CD4 cells or T cells) that
helps protect you from infections.
 The virus survives throughout the body and may
be transmitted via body fluids such as blood,
semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk.
SYMPTOMS
 May feel feverish, achy, and sick.
 Feeling really tired, dizzy, and lightheaded
 Headaches
 Losing lots of weight quickly
 Bruising more easily than normal
 Having diarrhea and fevers
 Feeling short of breath
 Bleeding from the mouth, nose, anus, or vagina
 Skin rashes
 Feeling very numb in your hands or feet
TRIVIA!! HIV does NOT spread through:
 skin-to-skin contact
 hugging, shaking hands, or kissing
 air or water
 sharing food or drinks, including drinking
fountains
 saliva, tears, or sweat (unless mixed with the
blood of a person with HIV)
 sharing a toilet, towels, or bedding
 mosquitoes or other insects
Chlamydia
 Over 1.5m cases were reported in 2016, making
it the most common notifiable condition in the US.
 Even when chlamydia causes no symptoms, it
can damage your reproductive system.
 This can make it difficult or impossible for the
women to get pregnant later on.
 This could cause an eye infection or pneumonia
in your newborn. Having chlamydia may also
make it more likely to deliver your baby too early.
 9.2% of 15-19 years old and 8.0% of 20-24 years old
were positive.
 Symptoms: An abnormal vaginal discharge;
burning sensation when urinating, rectal pain and
bleeding.
Gonorrhea
 In females, gonorrhea can also infect the cervix.
 In babies, gonorrhea most commonly affects the
eyes that can develop blindness, sores on the
scalp and infections.
 No symptoms
Syphilis (shangkur)
 The sores are usually painless, but they can
easily spread the infection to other people. You
get syphilis from contact with the sores.
 The sore appears at the spot where the bacteria
entered your body.
 Even the palms of your hands and the soles of
your feet. This rash is usually not
itchy.
 If left untreated it can lead to brain damage,
paralysis, and blindness.
Chancroid
 It attacks tissue in the genital area and produces
an open sore.
 The ulcer may bleed or produce a contagious
fluid that can spread bacteria during intercourse.
Human Papillomavirus
 Touches someone else’s genitals or mouth and
throat — usually during sex
 Usually harmless but some types can lead to
cancer or genital warts.
 But there are vaccines that can help prevent HPV.
Herpes Simplex Virus
 HSV-1 causes sores around the mouth and lips.
 Can be spread through kissing and sharing of lip
balm, toothbrush or utensils.
 HSV-2, the infected person may have sores
around the genitals or rectum.
 Treatment focuses on getting rid of sores and
limiting outbreaks.
Trichomonas Vaginalis
 Trichomoniasis can be treated with medication
(either metronidazole or tinidazole). These pills
are taken by mouth. It is safe for pregnant
women to take this medication. It can cause
severe nausea and vomiting.
Natural Methods of Contraception
- Natural birth control is a method of preventing
pregnancy without the use of medications or physical
devices. These concepts are based on awareness and
observations about a woman’s body and menstrual cycle.
- People follow this method because it is effective and
because others are more inclined with their religious
beliefs.
1. ABSTINENCE
- Abstinence can also help you focus on
things that are most important to you and
planning for your future.
2. CALENDAR METHOD
- Fertility awareness methods help you
track your menstrual cycle so you’ll know
when your ovaries release an egg every
month (this is called ovulation).
- The days near ovulation are your fertile
days when you’re most likely to get
pregnant.
3. BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE
- You'll be most fertile during the two to
three days before your temperature
rises.
- Some women may choose to use the
basal body temperature method for
religious reasons.
4. CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD
- Just before ovulation, the amount of
mucus made by the cervix noticeably
increases, and the mucus becomes thin
and slippery.
- Just after ovulation, the amount of mucus
decreases, and it becomes thicker and
less noticeable.
- It’s best to start this method with the help
of an expert because it can be hard to
learn on your own.
5. SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD
6. OVULATION DETECTION
- These kits use test strips that show
changes in the level of LH in the urine.
7. COITUS ( koidəs) INTERRUPTUS
- One of the oldest methods that prevents
conception.
- Goal of the withdrawal method is to prevent
sperm from entering the vagina.
Chemical
1. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
- Accdg to family planning organization, it
can be 99% effective if it’s taken correctly
and continuously.
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from
the pituitary gland in the brain
- LH and FSH play key roles in the
development of the egg and preparation
of the lining of the uterus
- Ovulation or releasing of egg
- These side effects often subside after a
few months' use.
- Women with a history of migraines may
notice an increase in migraine frequency.
- Oral contraceptives should not be given
to women older than 35 years who also
smoke
2. TRANSDERMAL PATCH
- Patch that attaches to your skin and
contains medication.
- The drug from the patch is absorbed into
your body over a period of time.
- If using more than one patch at a time,
don’t overlap them. The entire sticky side
needs to be in direct contact with the
skin.
3. VAGINAL RING
- Small soft, silicon ring that is placed
inside the female’s reproductive organ
and steadily releases the hormones
estrogen and progestogen into the
bloodstream, which prevents the release
of an egg each month.
- A new ring is inserted on the first day of
the next menstrual cycle.
- One ring provides contraception for a
month
- When used correctly however, the
chance of getting pregnant is less than
1%.
- You can start using the vaginal ring 21
days after giving birth, and you'll be
protected against pregnancy straight
away.
4. SUBDERMAL IMPLANT
- Long-term birth control option for women.
- Releases a low, steady dose of a
progestational hormone to thicken
cervical mucus and thin the lining of the
uterus (endometrium)
- Progestin thickens the mucus on
your cervix, which stops sperm from
swimming through to your egg and also
stops ovulation.
- Can be removed at any time by your
health care provider during the 3-
year period, but must be removed by the
end of the third year.
- Doesn’t offer protection from sexually
transmitted infections.
5. HORMONAL INJECTIONS
- Stop your body from releasing eggs and
thickens the mucus at the cervix.
 - It lasts for 1 up to 3 months and doesn’t
interrupt sexual intercourse.
6. INTRAUTERINE DEVICE
- Long-term, reversible, safe and one of
the most effective birth control methods
- Prevent pregnancy by changing the way
sperm cells move so they can't get to an
egg.
- It can be put in at any time during your
menstrual cycle, as long as you're not
pregnant.
- It can be taken out at any time by a
specially trained doctor or nurse.
7. CHEMICAL BARRIERS
- These chemical barriers can be bought
in drugstores or prescribed by a health
care professional.
- Spermicides are easy to use, cost less
and can be bought in many stores.
- They have no effect on a woman’s
natural hormones.
- Spermicides do not affect milk supply if
you are breastfeeding.
8. DIAPHRAGM
- Barrier form of birth control. Combined
with spermicide, it prevents pregnancy
by blocking the uterine opening, and by
stopping the sperm from moving and
fertilizing an egg
- No serious health risks.
- More spermicide is needed if it's been in
place for more than 3 hours.
- Some women develop cystitis (a bladder
infection) when they use a diaphragm or
cap. Doctor can check the size –
switching to a smaller size may help.
9. CERVICAL CAP
- In order for a cervical cap to work best, it
must be used with spermicide (a cream
or gel that kills sperm).
- Smaller than diaphragm.
- You can leave the cervical cap in longer
than a diaphragm
- Diaphragms are slightly more effective
10. MALE CONDOM
- either lubricated or non-lubricated
- Easy to get, to use, and have no side
effects and help prevent cancer of the
cervix.
- DON’T store condoms in your wallet as
heat and friction can damage them.
11. FEMALE CONDOM
- Internal condoms offer convenience and
control.
- female condoms are made of
polyurethane and synthetic latex
12. SURGICAL METHOD
MALES
- It takes several months for the vasectomy to
have its full effect.
- Although a vasectomy is considered a
permanent form of birth control, it can be
reversed with a second surgery.
FEMALE
- Tubal ligation, or “getting your tubes tied,” is
where a surgeon seals the fallopian tubes with a
plastic clip or ring.
o This not only traps the egg in the ovary,
but it also blocks sperm from entering the
fallopian tubes to reach the egg.
- Essure system, a doctor inserts a non-hormonal
metal coil into the fallopian tubes.
o These coils cause scar tissue to develop
in the tubes over the course of about
three months, which blocks the passage
of eggs and sperm.
o This method is not reversible.
Glossary
Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus at the top of the vagina.
Hormones: Substances made in the body by cells or organs that
control the function of cells or organs.
Uterus: A muscular organ located in the female pelvis that contains
and nourishes the developing fetus during pregnancy.
Vagina: A tube-like structure surrounded by muscles leading from
the uterus to the outside of the body.
Spermicide: A chemical (cream, gel, foam) that inactivates
sperm.
Vasectomy: minor surgery to block sperm from reaching the
semen that is ejaculated from the penis.
Thimble: worn to protect the finger and push the needle in
sewing.