Civil Engineering – Drawings 2011

Question 1

i. Clients :
Clients are known as the owners of the Engineering project. The project engineers
have to meet the client’s requirements as specified in the contract of the project.
ii. Colleagues:
They are the partners of engineers in a project. They are part of the project team and
assist the engineers to run the project progress in time and quality base. They are M &
E Engineers, geotechnical engineers, drafters, etc.
iii. Drafters:
The role of the drafters is to produce construction drawings based on the job
parameters and the Engineer’s design calculations and sketches.
iv. Architects
Their primary role is to ensure that the building design fulfils the client’s needs as
stated in the engineering project. They have to ensure the scale and measurements of
the building are correct.
v. Consultants
Consultants liaise with clients to plan, manage, design and supervise the construction
of projects. They are the designers of the projects whereas contracting engineers turn
their plans into reality.

Question 2

a) Orthogonal Projection illustrates a two dimensional view of each of the sides of an

object. The height and the width are drawn to scale. These parameters provide
simplicity in understanding for the parties involved in a construction project. Drawings
are the communication tools in a construction project, so it has to be simple and easy to
understand. Compared to 3D drawings, 2D drawings can prevent the misunderstanding
of any parties because orthogonal projection is commonly used throughout engineering
drawings.
b)
View a = Plan view View b = Side view View c = Front view

Question 3

a) Footing plan – a horizontal cut through the building at ground level looking at the
footings. It shows the location and type of the footings used in the building.
b) 8mm fillet weld-all-around

Question 4

a) Connecting dimensions are important because it show the locations where the objects
that are to be connected together and it has to dimension to the centres of the
connecting bolts.
E.g in shop detail drawings of steel beams the critical dimension is to the centre of the
connecting bolt holes.

b)
Question 5

i) Horizontal alignment: The horizontal alignment of a road is usually a series of straights

(tangents) and circular curves connected by transition curves.
ii) Vertical curves: The longitudinal profile of a road consists of a series of straight grades
and vertical curves
iii) Grade: It is not practical to construct roads with grades sufficiently flat to permit all
vehicles to operate at the same speed. Limits are set on steepness and length of
grade
iv) Batters: Road side batters can be the area directly adjoining the bitumen surface or
concrete kerbing; or the area from the drainage structure to the adjoining property
line.

Question 6

a) Kerbing serve a number of purposes:

- retaining the carriageway edge to prevent 'spreading' and loss of
structural integrity
- acting as a barrier or demarcation between road traffic and
pedestrians or verges
- providing physical 'check' to prevent vehicles leaving the
carriageway
- forming a channel along which surface water can be drained
b)
Question 7

(Answer in the hardcopy solution I have given)

Question 8

Question 9

(I googled it but nothing relevant, try your best in answering this =P)

Question10

(Use your feel to draw)

Question 11

1 = raking angles, support the ends of purlins at the end of the roof

2= bracing, provide lateral support

3 = rafter, support purlins

4 = purlins, support roof sheeting

Question 12