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The Indus River Valley was once home to the most widespread and peaceful of
the ancient civilizations: the Indus Valley civilization also referred to as the Harappan
civilization. Known for its two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, this society
lasted from roughly 3300 B.C. to 1300 B.C., yet it was only recently rediscovered
within the last one hundred years. Studies of the long-buried sites show surprising
and interesting findings about the people, culture, and structures that made up this
great civilization.
The phrase “early civilizations” usually conjures up images of Egypt and
Mesopotamia and their pyramids, mummies, and golden tombs.
But in the 1920s, a huge discovery in South Asia proved that Egypt and
Mesopotamia were not the only “early civilizations.” In the vast Indus River plains
(located in what is today Pakistan and western India), under layers of land and
mounds of dirt, archaeologists discovered the remains of a 4,600-year-old city. A
thriving, urban civilization had existed at the same time as Egyptian and
Mesopotamian states—in an area twice each of their sizes.
The people of this Indus Valley civilization did not build massive monuments
like their contemporaries, nor did they bury riches among their dead in golden
tombs. There were no mummies, no emperors, and no violent wars or bloody battles
in their territory.
Remarkably, the lack of all these is what makes the Indus Valley civilization so
exciting and unique. While others civilizations were devoting huge amounts of time
and resources to the rich, the supernatural, and the dead, Indus Valley inhabitants
were taking a practical approach to supporting the common, secular, living people.
Sure, they believed in an afterlife and employed a system of social divisions. But
they also believed resources were more valuable in circulation among the living than
on display or buried underground.
Amazingly, the Indus Valley civilization appears to have been a peaceful one.
Very few weapons have been found and no evidence of an army has been
discovered. Excavated human bones reveal no signs of violence, and building
remains show no indication of battle. All evidence points to a preference for peace
and success in achieving it.
So how did such a practical and peaceful civilization become so successful?
(To be continued)
Procedures:
1. Prepare the herbs that you want to plant. The herbs you can choose for
windowsill herb garden are basil, cilantro, dill, oregano, rosemary, sage and
thyme. You can start from seed for annual herbs and from plants for perennial
herbs.
2. Use individual pots for each herb so you can give each plant the specific care it
needs. Be sure containers have drainage holes and waterproof saucers. If you
want to plant multiple types of herbs in a single container, make sure they have
the same cultural requirements.
3. If starting seeds, fill container with potting mix. Avoid using garden soil, which
tends to be heavy and may contain disease organisms. Sow seeds, checking the
seed packet to determine planting depth. Learn what conditions each herb
prefers; for example, basil prefers warmth, while sage and rosemary like cooler
temperatures. Consider choosing compact or dwarf varieties to fit your space.
4. Next, place containers in a sunny, south-facing window. A south-facing window
is adequate for most herbs. Water your herbs to keep soil moist but not soggy,
and drain saucers after watering. Fertilize every two weeks with a half-strength
solution of an all-purpose fertilizer. Pinch back branching plants, such as basil, to
keep them shrubby rather than leggy.
8. It is not recommended to use garden soil to plant the indoor herbs because ....
A. garden soil may give viruses to indoor herbs
B. the indoor herbs may be too heavy to carry
C. the garden soil is too warm for indoor herbs
D. the indoor herbs may become dwarf if planted in soil
E. Garden soil may harm the fertilizer for the herbs
Recently, I took a trip to Japan. I went across the country and visited
most of its famous places. One that I noted was Akihabara. One notable
establishment which can be found in Akihabara is called a Girl/Maid Cafe, a
themed restaurant where the servers are women and they come and have
conversations with you at your table. Together with my friends, we went to a
Mermaid Cafe, which was themed to be under the sea. Our waitress was named
Momone, and while she did not look exactly like a Mermaid, she was definitely
wearing a stereotypical maid outfit. Unfortunately I did not speak Japanese,
though the rest of my small cohort did, so a long conversation ensued about our
servers’ interests and adventures. I purchased a special drink, which costed a bit
more than the others, but came with a cute Polaroid which Momone and I posed
for. She wrote all over the Polaroid with markers, writing cute messages and
drawing hearts, to help build the illusion that we were a cute (Kawaii) couple.
The arcades in Akihabara are filled with people playing games. I am a big
fan of Guilty Gear, but I could not find it in the arcade I was in, so I instead
settled for Blaz Blu, its cousin. This arcade, and many other buildings in the
area, have very slow elevators and no staircases. If there were a fire I could
only assume everybody would die.
One of the shops I went to was several stories tall. The first story
contained modern console video games, the next stories contain retro console
games. One story is dedicated to movies, while another to board games. There I
purchase one toy as a souvenir for a friend back in the States, though I had not
yet asked how it worked.
When riding between cities, the trains were very packed. In these trains
one will find many Japanese Businesspersons, who mostly appear sad and
tired. This offers a sharp contrast with the whole “Kawaii” culture which is
especially prevalent in Akihabara.
At the age of sixty-five, Laura Ingalls Wilder began writing a series of novels
for young people based on her early experiences on American frontier. Born in the
state of Wisconsin in 1867, she and her family were rugged pioneers. Seeking better
farm land, they went by overed wagon to Missouri in 1869, then on to Kansas the
next year, returning to Wisconsin in 1871, and travelling on to Minnesota and Iowa
before settling permanently in South Dakota in 1879. Because of this constant
moving, Wilder’s early education took place sporadically in a succession of one-room
schools. From age thirteen to sixteen, she attended school more regularly, although
she never graduated.
At the age of eighteen, she married Almanzo James Wilder. They bought a
small farm in Ozarks, where they remained for the rest of their lives. Their only
daughter, Rose, who had become a nationally known journalist, encouraged her
mother to write. Serving as agent and editor, Rose negotiated with Harper’s to
publish her mother’s first book, Little House in the Big Woods. Seven more books
followed, each chronicling her early life on the plains. Written from the perspective
of a child, they have remained popular with young readers from many nations.
Twenty years after her death in 1957, more than 20 million copies had been sold,
and they had been translated into fourteen languages. In 1974, a weekly television
series, “Little House on the Prairie”, was produced based on the stories from the
Wilder books.
15. Which one of the following events is not true in the life of Laura Ingalls Wilder?
A. She went west by covered wagon.
B. She graduated from one-room school.
C. She lived in Ozarks since her marriage.
D. Her daughter worked as a journalist.
E. She write seven books during her life.
The earth has four major layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle and crust.
The crust and the top of the mantle make up a thin skin on the surface of our
planet. But this skin is not all in one piece – it is made up of many pieces like a
puzzle covering the surface of the earth. Not only that, but these puzzle pieces keep
slowly moving around, sliding past one another and bumping into each other. We
call these puzzle pieces tectonic plates, and the edges of the plates are called the
plate boundaries. The plate boundaries are made up of many faults, and most of the
earthquakes around the world occur on these faults. Since the edges of the plates
are rough, they get stuck while the rest of the plate keeps moving. Finally, when the
plate has moved far enough, the edges unstuck on one of the faults and there is an
earthquake.
While the edges of faults are stuck together, and the rest of the block is
moving, the energy that would normally cause the blocks to slide past one another is
being stored up. When the force of the moving blocks finally overcomes the friction
of the jagged edges of the fault and it unsticks, all that stored up energy is released.
The energy radiates outward from the fault in all directions in the form of seismic
waves like ripples on a pond. The seismic waves shake the earth as they move
through it, and when the waves reach the earth’s surface, they shake the ground
and anything on it, like our houses and us!
21. ... and most of the earthquakes around the world “occur” on these faults. (Par
1)
The underlined word has a closest meaning to....
A. happen
B. prevent
C. locate
D. hold
E. exist
34. The meaning that best expresses these two sentences: ‘We joined a workshop
by a facilitator’ and ‘His workshop topic was inspiring.’ is….
A. We joined a workshop by a facilitator the workshop topic of whom was
inspiring
B. We joined a workshop by a facilitator, the workshop topic of which was
inspiring
C. We joined a workshop by a facilitator of whose workshop topic was inspiring
D. We joined a workshop by a facilitator whose workshop topic was inspiring
E. We joined a workshop by a facilitator that workshop topic was inspiring
35. The meaning that best expresses this: ‘The computer program is not at hand
now. As a result, we analyze the data manually’ is….
A. If the computer program is at hand now, we will not analyze the data
manually
B. Were the computer program at hand now, we would not analyze the data
manually*
C. If the computer program was at hand now, we would not analyze the data
manually
D. Should the computer program be at hand now, we will not analyze the data
manually
E. If the computer program would be at hand now, we would not analyze the
data manually
37. We planned to attend the conference overland; but it was not easy to find the
transports … we traveled as most were fully booked.
A. in which
B. which
C. where
D. that
E. by which
38. When traveling by ... trains, we can not only arrive on time but also save our
time to our destination.
A. express
B. speedy
C. quick
D. rapid
E. swift
39. … riding a motorcycle or driving a car can be blamed as the main cause of
accidents on the road.
A. Hurried
B. Reckless
C. Speedy
D. Quick
E. Rapid
40. Everyone present in the seminar was … petrified seeing that Raisha answered
the examiner’s questions brilliantly.
A. completely
B. massively
C. extremely
D. wholly
E. fully
41. During the interview session we must be confident. Do not even show in your
words ….
A. brass farthing
B. besetting sins
C. broken accents
D. natural spirits
E. brute force
42. Thesis draft consultation can also be a challenge for some students. Not only do
they have to present their ideas but also to answer their advisor’s questions
during the consultation session. Many really feel they.… before even they meet
their thesis advisor.
A. have butterflies in their stomach
B. sit on the edge of their seat
C. make their blood run cold
D. can’t stand the pace
E. are like a silly goose
43. The explanation on the new teaching method can take a long time. But, the
lecturer did not have much time as he had to go out of town on duty. So, he
tried to keep the explanation….
A. high and dry
B. free and easy
C. meek and mild
D. short and sweet
E. first and foremost
Wine making has been around for thousands of years. (44) …. It is a natural
process requiring little human intervention. However, each wine maker guides the
process through different techniques. In general, there are five basic components of
the wine making process: harvesting, crushing and pressing, fermentation,
clarification, and aging and bottling. (45) …. However, they also add variations and
deviations along the way to make their wine unique.
The Input Hypothesis claims that humans acquire language in only one way--by
understanding messages, (46)... by receiving "comprehensible input." If acquisition
is the core of this theory, the crucial question then becomes: How do we acquire?
According to the hypothesis, we move from one stage of understanding to (47)....
More specifically, we acquire a new rule by understanding messages that contain
this new rule. We move from stage "i", the present level of the understood message
or "current competence", to the next level, giving us the formula "i+1." (48)…,
"i+1", "comprehensible input" and the Input Hypothesis (IH) mean the same thing
and can be used interchangeably for the purpose of this paper.
The main causes of obesity are: the decreased level of nutrients intake, and
sedentary lifestyle. For example, the intake of fast food meals tripled between 1977
and 1995, and calorie level magnified four times during the same period.
Nevertheless, it is insufficient explanation of phenomenal rise in the obesity levels in
the well-developed countries. Overall, obesity is a major health and social problem,
which has reached pandemic levels.
(49) … A survey indicates that more than 2 in 3 adults are considered to be
overweight. There are health risks caused by overweight or obesity. These are
osteoarthritis, high blood pressure, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and nonalcoholic
fatty liver diseases. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting
millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the protective cartilage on the ends of
your bones wears down over time. …
49. The sentence that best completes blank spaces in (49) is….
A. The causes of obesity are interrelated factors, such as genetics, lifestyle and
body energy use
B. People who are obese are at increased risk for many serious diseases and
health conditions
C. A number of health hazards have been associated with overweight several
studies reveal.
D. Overweight and obese persons are often blamed for their condition and
considered lazy
E. Recently obesity or overweight has been the subject of intensive research
medically
50. The best arrangement of these sentences to make a logical paragraph is…
1. Therefore, it needs a broad effort by everyone to make the proper education
system in such countries.
2. Education is very necessary for the betterment of everyone’s life.
3. However, the education system is still weak in the undeveloped countries.
4. It enables us and prepares us in every aspect of life.
5. People living in such countries are poor and spend their whole day in
arranging only some basic needs.
6. Proper education also creates lots of ways to go ahead in the future.
7. Thus, we all should know the importance of education in our life.
A. 2 – 7 – 4 – 3 – 1 – 5 – 6
B. 2 – 6 – 7 – 4 – 3 – 5 – 1
C. 2 – 7 – 4 – 6 – 3 – 5 – 1
D. 2 – 6 – 4 – 7 – 1 – 3 – 5
E. 2 – 5 – 7 – 4 – 6 – 3 – 1