Calculus Assignment

Submitted by: Muhammad Teham Tahir

Registration No:180501016

Submitted to: Dr. Waqas Ashraf

Integration Formulae: -

1-∫x n = x n+1 /n+1 + C

2-∫cos x = sin x + C
3-∫sin x = -cos x + C
4-∫sec 2 x = tan x + C
5-∫cosec 2 x = -cot x + C
6-∫sec x tan x = sec x + C
7-∫cosec x cot x = -cosec x + C
8-∫dx/√ 1- x 2 = sin -1 x + C
9-∫dx/√ 1- x 2 = -cos -1 x + C
10-∫dx/√ 1+ x 2 = tan -1 x + C
11-∫dx/√ 1+ x 2 = -cot -1 x + C
12-∫e x =ex+C
13-∫a x = a x / log a + C
14-∫dx/x √ x 2 - 1= sec -1 x + C
15-∫dx/x √ x 2 - 1= cosec -1 x + C
16-∫1/x = log |x| + c
17-∫tan x = log |sec x| + c
18-∫cot x = log |sin x| + c
19-∫sec x = log |sec x + tan x| + c
20-∫cosec x = log |cosec x - cot x| + c
Partial Fraction Integration: -
Integration by Substitution
Integration by substitution, it is possible to transform a difficult integral to an
easier integral by using a substitution. For example, suppose we are integrating a
difficult integral which is with respect to x. We might be able to let x = sin t, say, to
make the integral easier. As long as we change "dx" to "cos t dt" (because if x = sin
t then dx/dt = cost) we can now integrate with respect to t and we will get the same
answer as if we had done the original integral. The second one is especially
important. If you want to integrate a fraction, where the top is the differential of
the bottom, the answer is simply ln of the bottom plus a constant.

Example
Find the integral of:
(a) -sin x cos²x
(b) 3x² / x³ + 1

(a) Using the first of the two above formulae above, imagine f(x) = cos x and n = 2.
Therefore [f(x)] ² = cos²x and f "(x) = -sin x. Therefore, since n = 2, the answer is
simply (cos³x)/ 3 + c

(b) Since the top is the differential of the bottom, we can use the second of the two
formulae above to get the answer of ln (x³ + 1) + c.
Integration by Parts
When we have an integral like ∫x sin x, integration by parts is used. In it one function is
integrated and the other is differentiated and expressed in form uv - ∫vu’. Solving the above
function using integration by parts:
∫x sin x. dx
u= x u'= 1
v'= sin x v= - cos x

= -x cos x - ∫ - cos x. dx
= -x cos x - (-sin x) +c
= sin x – x cos x +c