CHAPTER 1 (PHILHIST)
yon (Albay); Bulusan (Sorsogon); Hibok-
THE PHILIPPINES
GEOGRAPHY
➢An archipelago lying southeast of the coast of mainland
Asia; mountainous
➢Has 7107 islands & islets; 4000 have no names
➢10 biggest islands: Luzon, Mindanao, Negros,
Samar, Palawan, Panay, Mindoro, Leyte, Cebu, Bohol
➢Total land area excluding bodies of water surrounded by
land: 300,000 square kilometers
➢Formosa (former name of the northernmost island of
Luzon): 100 km away from Taiwan
➢North & West of the phils: South China Sea
➢East: Pacific Ocean
➢South: Celebes Sea & waters of Borneo
➢Phil. coastline: 36,289 km
➢In a note verbale submitted by Phil. Gov’t. To
the UN on March 7,1955 the Phils. Was defined as “a
mid-ocean archipelagic state”
➢Manila Bay:
- Considered as one of the finest natural harbors in
the world ; less than 2000 sq
km (area) ; 190km(circumference)
➢Philippine Deep: considered as one of the
deepest seatrenches in the world; found east of
the Phils. Near samar& leyte
BIG MOUNTAIN RANGES
➢Mt. Apo in Mindanao: highest peak; 2954 m high
➢Mt. Dulang-dulang in bukidnon: 2nd highest; 2938 m
➢There are 3 mountain ranges in Luzon:
- Western Caraballo: N to S; divided into Central &
Northern Codillera
- Sierra Madre: from Baler to Cagayan, Isabela, &
Quezon; longest continuous mountain range in Phils.
- Caraballo de Baler: Baler to strait of San Bernandino;
includes Mayon Volcano (Albay) & Bulusan Volcano
(Sorsogon)
SMALL MOUNTAIN RANGES
➢Zambales Range: follows South China Sea ends in
Bataan Pensinsula
➢Tagaytay Ridge: crosses Cavite & Batangas; includes
Mt. Makiling (Laguna) & Taal Volcano;
➢Mt. Halcon (Mindoro) & Kanlaon Volcano (Negros)
are also 2 highest peaks in Panay, Mindoro & Negros
VOLCANOES & EARTHQUAKES
➢26 are active:
- Iraya (Batanes); Taal (Batangas); Banahaw (Quezon); Ma
hibok(Camiguin Island); Makaturing (Lanao)
- Mayon (known for its perfect cone shape) & Taal(known
as smallest volcano in the world) are most active; has
erupted less than 25 times; Taal erupted in 1966
➢Phils. Lies within the seismic belt
➢Earthquakes:
- 1863: caused destruction of many houses and buildings
also, death of Fr. Pedro Palaez; 1937; 1968; 1990: 7.8
magnitude
CLIMATE
➢has tropical & maritime climate
➢Dec to May (dry season); June to Nov (wet season)
➢Miguel Lopez de Legazpi said that the phils. Salubrious
& has a good climate
➢Typhoons & tropical cyclones mostly enter the
Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) during months
of july-oct
➢Some of the worst typhoons:
- Uring (Nov 1991); Rosing (Oct 1995); Reming (Nov
2006); Ondoy (Sept 2009); Pepeng (Oct 2009)
NATURAL RESOURCES
➢The phils has rich soil and natural resources; aside from
fruits and vegetation,
➢The country also has enough water resource
for electricity
➢There’s also an abundant supply of minerals
like gold, copper, silver, lead, zinc, nickel, manganese
and chromium
➢Non metallic minerals like salt, clay, coal, sulphur,
asbestos, limestones, gravel and gypsum
➢Gun resins & lumber can be obtained from the forests
➢Oil is also abundant. “Black gold” encouraged foreign &
Filipino firms to drill wells for oil; its commercial
exploration will greatly improve the country’s economy
➢However, conservationists & civil societies have
expressed concern over depletion of forests, abuse &
misuse of land resources, & threats to marine & coastal
ecosystems
➢Thus, DENR passed the National Integrated Protected
Areas System (NIPAS) Bill in 1992 now called R.A.
7586, indigenous people living in the protected areas are
given responsibility over their territories & sustainable
livelihood alternatives
➢Other laws that protect our environment includes:
- Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
- Ecological Solid Waste Management of 2000
- Clear Water Act of 2004
ECONOMY
➢RICE: main crop of the country; cultivated in large
quantities in Central Luzon, Western Visayas &
Mindanao but its production is insufficient due to several
factors:
1. Destructive typhoons and floods w/c destroys thousands
of rice lands
2. Agricultural sector remains backward despite gov’t
efforts to modernize it through the introduction of
programs
3. Production shift to sources of biofuels such
as jathropa and other cash crops w/c command higher
prices in market
4. Massive conversion of farm lands to residential &
commercial use affects rice production and also lessens
farm labor
Major philippine products for export includes:
- Coconut oil, fresh bananas, pineapples, sugar, gum resins
& abaca
Among countries growing industries:
- Mining, lumber, metal, woodrcraft, furniture & petroleum
➢Phils. Is also among the world’s supplier
of semiconductors & wiring sets
➢US remains as our TOP MARKET followed by Japan,
HK & China
POPULATION
Based on the National Statistics Office (2008-2009) the
country has a:
➢Birth rate: 26.42 births/1000
➢Life expectancy: 67.89 years (Men); 73.85 years
(Women)
➢There are approximately, 92 M Filipinos; 84% are
functionally literate
➢As of 2009, estimate of 35
M filipinos are employed ( 34% engaged
in Agriculture; 15% in Industry sector; 51% in Service
sector)
➢Majority of Filipinos belong to AUSTRONESIAN
GROUP
➢FILIPINO: national language; FILIPINO
&ENGLISH: official languages of the country
➢Major languages:
- Bicolano, Bisaya, Cebuano, Chabacano,
Hiligaynon/Ilonggo, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Maguindan
aon, Maranao, Pangasinense, Tagalog, Tausug & Waray
GOVERNMENT
The Phils. Is constitutional republic with co-
equal branches:
➢EXECUTIVE: headed by the President and Vice
P. ; administers the function of the govt through
the cabinet that is made up of departments
➢LEGISLATIVE: Senate (led by Senate Pres) and House
of Representatives (led by Speaker of the
House); responsible for enacting bills into laws
➢JUDICIARY: Supreme Court headed by the Chief
Justice
➢Province is headed by a Governor with his own
legislative body (Sangguniang Panlalawigan) ;composed
of cities and municipalities
➢Barangay: smallest political unit; headed
by barangaycaptain
➢The country has
undergone 5 constitutional changes since
the Malolos Convention of 1899 (set up the 1st Filipino
Republic w/ Emilio Aguinaldo as Pres) these
constitutions are:
1. 1935 Constitution; served as basis for transition
commonwealth government with Manuel L. Quezon as
president followed by Sergio S. Osmeña
2. 1943 Constitution of Japanese-sponsored gov’t; the
2ndrepublic under Jose P. Laurel
3. 1935 Constitution: 3rd republic under Pres. Manuel
A. Roxas, followed by Elpidio L. Quirino, Ramon
F. Magsaysay, Carlos P.
Garcia, Diosdado P. Macapagal, & Ferdinan Marcos ( 1s
t
term)
4. 1973 Constitution extended the term of Pres. Marcos and
setup the 4th republic
5. 1987 Constitution: Corazon C. Aquino (1st pres of
5threpublic) followed by, Fidel V. Ramos, short-
lived administration of Joseph E. Estrada,
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
FILIPINO TRAITS AND VALUES
➢Hospitality: most important trait of a Filipino
➢Filipinos maintain close family ties, the father is the head
of the family but the one
who governs is the mother who does a lot of things for
the family (as the 1st teacher, treasurer,
accountant, censor, laundrywoman, and cook)
➢Present day women’s rights in the country calls this
as “double-burden”
➢The problem of the family is not a problem of the parents
alone but of all the adult members of the family
➢There is cooperative work w/in the family
➢Respect for the elders: one of the best Filipino
traits; po is commonly used to respect even for
a younger person
➢Filipinos are sentimental; (e.g. pasalubong gifts brought
by a friend when he/she came from another place and
visits you)
➢Filipinos have several values
- Sense of togetherness (pakikisama): doing somebody a
good deed without an ulterior motive
 If one does this, he/she is said to be
a mabuting kasama, if one does the
opposite, masamang kasama
- Debt of gratitude (utang na loob): returning the favor; one
who fails to do so is called walang utang na loob
- Sense of shame (Hiya o Kahihiyan): out of this, filipinos
doesn’t want their neighbours to think they couldn’t
afford to have a feast during an event
CHAPTER 2: The Philippines in Ancient Times
 We lack awareness to our culture and we are
very dependent with western/colonial influences
as sources of our identity.
 Filipinos were already CIVILIZED long before
colonizers came.
 Philippines and Southeast Asia islands are site of
human evolutions between 200,000 & 300,000
years ago.
 During Ice age, waters were 47.5 meters below
of what it is now.
 Large areas of land are formed -> land
bridges
 First settles: Hominid
 Earliest stone tools and animal fossil are found
in Cagayan Valley in Northern Philippines
(dated back 200,00 years)
 Called Cagayan Man or Homo Erectus
Philippinesis -> same character with
Peking Man of China and Java Man in
Indonesia
 Skull cap was discovered in Tabon caves of
Palawan
 It’s owner is called the Tabon Man
 Prehistoric people hunted pygmy elephants &
rhinoceros.
 Negritos (Aeta, Ati, Dumagat) came to
Philippines by land bridges (from South by
Palawan and Borneo)
 Another came a little later by way of
Sulu and Mindanao, but are more
advanced because they use blow gun,
bow and arrow.
 They practiced dry agriculture similar to
kaingin system
 Austronesians came from Southeast Asia by
boats from Southern China – are kayumanggi
 Came by use of balangay; houses are
built with pyramidal roofs
 Indigenous People:
 Luzon – Kalingas, Gaddangs, Apayaos,
Igorots, Ilongos
 Visayas – Tagbanuas of Palawan,
Bagobos, Bilaons, Manobos, Tirarays of
Mindanao
 Early Filipinos irrigated their rice lands and built
the 1st rice terraces in the Philippines
 Austronesian migration continued until the
Christian era. They are more advanced than the
previous. They later lay the foundations of Islam
in Sulu and Mindanao.
 Agriculture – main source of their sustenance;
done in two ways:
 Kaingin System – land was cleared by
burning shrubs and bushes then planted
with corps
 Tillage System – land was plowed and
harrowed, then planted.
 Pigafetta – historian of Magellan expedition
which reached Philippines in 1521 where he
narrated about Sugbu (Cebu)
 Filipinos also practiced irrigation to increase
crop production by irrigating ditches.
 Filipinos engaged also in industries (fishing,
mining, shipbuilding, poultry & livestock,
logging, pottery and weaving)
 Textiles like Sinamay were woven with threads
obtained from banana and cotton plants.
 Fishing was a common industry because most
settlements were along rivers and seas.
 Antonio de Morga said that fishing is quite
general in the entire country and is considered a
 natural activity for the self-support of the
people.
 Mining was also another important industry
before the coming of the Spaniards.
 Shipbuilding and logging were also thriving
industries. Filipinos were “proficient in building
ocean-going vessels. It is because Philippines is
rich in hardwoods and are usually living near the
seas.
 No currency was used in trading. Goods were
bought and sold through the barter system called
baligya.
 Ancient Filipinos were divided into social
classes.
 Nobles composed of the chiefs and their
families, were the early society’s upper
class. Usually called Gat or Lakan.
 Freemen are regarded as the society’s
middle class during the ancient period of
the Philippine history.
 Dependents or alipins are the members
of the lowest class. It maybe because of
captivity in battle, failing to pay one’s
debts, inheritance, purchase, or by being
guilty of a crime.
 Aliping sagigilid had no house of his
own, lived with the master, and could
not marry without the latter’s consent.
 Aliping Namamahay had his own house
and family.
 Dependents are 3 kinds (tumataban –
who worked for his master when told to
do so), (tumarampuk – who worked one
day a week for his master), and (ayuey –
who worked 3 days a week for his
master)
Dependents were further classified into
3 levels (first as full dependent), (second
as one-half dependent (with one parent
as dependet)), (third as semi-dependent
(one parent being one-half dependent
and the other free)).
 Filipino Women Position in Society were equal
of men.
 A woman of one class should marry the same
class.
 A man can only marry someone with higher
class if he has showed bravery and courage in a
battle.
 Man was required to give a dowry or bigay-
kaya, which usually consisted of a piece of land
or gold.
 To the parents of the girl, the man must give a
gift called panghimuyat.
 To the girl’s wet nurse, the man must also give
a gift called bigay-suso.
 Mixed marriages were uncommon.
 Barangay was the basic unit of government.
Each headed by a chieftain.
 People under the chieftain must pay taxes or
buwis.
 The chieftain exercised the powers of
eexecutive, legislative, and judiciary.
 The chieftain was aided by the council of elders
in his role as lawmaker.
 An alliance was sealed through a ritual called
sanduguan or blood compact.
 A town cryer, the umalohokan announces to the
community the approval of the law and it’s
mechanics.
 Trial by ordeal is common. Examples for this
are: 1 the suspects dip their hands into a pot of
boiling water, the one scalded the most is the
suspect. 2 the suspects held lighted candles, the
one whose candle died out first was the guilty.
3 the suspects plunge into a deep river with
their lances, the one who rises to the surface is
guilty. 4 the suspects chew uncooked rice, the
one whose saliva was thickest is the culprit.
 Kangan – upper part, jacket with short sleeves.
Chief wears red. Lower rank wears black or
blue.
 Bahag – lower part of clothing
 Women were naked waist up. They wear saya
or skirt, patadyong in the Visayans.
 Tapis is a piece of white or red cloth. It was
usually wrapped around waist or the chest.
 Barefoot
 Putong – headgear usually worn by men. Red
means the man killed at least one man.
Embroidered putong means he had killed at
least seven men.
 Women as well as men wore armlets called
kalumbiga
 Tattoo represent war record
 Spanish missionaries call the Visayans,
pintados or painted people.
 Ancient house was built of bamboo, wood, and
nipa palm. Lower part of the was enclosed with
stakes for fowl enclosure. It also has a sort of
gallery called batalan where house work was
done. Sala is not only used for receiving
visitors, but also for sleeping. Silid was a place
where mats, pillows, and baskets of rice were
kept.
 Mothers were the first teachers.
 Father Pedro Chirino said there was hardly a
man or a woman who did not know how to read
and write.
 Ancestors possessed a system of writing or
alphabet called a syllabary, baybayin or alibata.
3 vowels – 14 consonants.
 Literature may be classified into written or oral.
 Filipinos are considered born musicians. The
ancient Filipinos from all region had dances
and songs for all occasions.
 Filipinos used metal and glass for weaponry
and pottery.
 Prehistoric Filipinos believed that the soul is
immortal.
 Believed in life after death as evidenced by the
manunggul jar, a container for the bones of the
dead. Believed in supreme being called
Bathalang Maykapal or simply Bathala.
 Idinayale – God of agriculture.
 Sidapa – God of death.
 Agni – God of fire.
 Balangaw – God of rainbow.
 Mandarangan – God of war.
 Lalahon – Goddess of harvest.
 Siginarugan – God of hell.
 Soul-spirits are called anito.
 Rituals were laid down by a woman priest
called a babaylan and occasionally by a male
priest.
 Morotal – mourning for a woman.
 Maglahi – mourning for a man.
 Laraw – mourning for a chieftain.
Chapter 3: Early Contacts with Neighboring Countries
Arab Trade Routes in Southeast Asia
Orang Dampuan – are group of people from Southern
Annam (Vietnam today), established trading posts in
Sulu.
Buranun – a flourishing trade developed in Champa
(Anamese Kingdom) and the people of Sulu
 This trade proved favorable to the Orang
Dampuans whose prosperity drew the entire
Buranuns. In a fit jealousy, the Buranuns
massacred the Orang Dampuans.
Banjar – another group of people who was attracted at
the famous pearl trade in Sulu
 Tungod sa nahitabo sa Buranun ug Orang
Dampuan kay mura silag na trauma so gi doubt
nila ang mga Banjar. So ang mga Banjar nag
think ug way para mo trust ang Buranun nila
sooo ila gi bring ilang Princess to be the bride sa
Buranun Prince and they were wed.
Arab Traders – dominated the Southeast Asian trading,
were later barred from the central Chinese cost.
 They relocated to the Malay Peninsula where
they sought an alternative route starting from
Malacca and passing through Borneo and
Philippines to reach Taiwan.
The Chinese trades in the Philippines greatly improved
during the Ming Dynasty.
  Emperor Yung-lo sent a fleet of vessels to the ganda ganda Beauty
Philippines, under the command of Admiral tara tala Star
Cheng Ho, to visit Lingayen, Manila Bay, Deities in the myths of the Filipinos nga nay trace of
Mindoro and Sulu. Indian:

ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL EXCHANGES  Indra Batara, Lord of the Universe

 Using the compass on sea voyages, Chines  Idiyanale, god of agriculture

traders competed with the Arabs from eleventh
and twelfth century.  Agni, god of fire

 By thirteenth century, the Chinese had overtaken
the Arabs in the region.
 Description of the profitable trade between
China and Philippine archipelago can be found
in Chao Ju-Kua’s, Chu fan-chi mentioned the
following places: Ma-I (Mindoro), Min-to-Lang
(Mindanao), Ma-li-lu (Manila), Su-lu (Sulu), Pi-
sho-ye (Visayas)
 A figurine of the Hindu goddess Padmapani was
found in Butuan. Pag use ug veil and cord sa
kasal is from India.
 Laguna Copperplate – discovered in Pagsanjan,
Laguna river delta. It contains an inscription in
an old Phil. Language, stating the full payment
of the loan obtained by a woman trader from her
contacts in the nearby Indonesia.

 Philippines trades include: bulak (raw cotton), THE COMING OF ISLAM

abaca, cloth of various patterns, hardwoods,
gums, raisins. Betel nuts, pearl shells, rattan, etc.
 In exchange, Chinese brought: iron bars,
porcelain, Java cloths, blue cloth, mirror, scales,
coins jade, etc.
After Mohammad’s death in 632 A.D., Islam spread
outside of Arabia in two stages:
1. Islam was brought to the rest of Middle East,
Northern Africa, Spain and Central Asia

2. Muslim missionaries travelled with Arab

 Trade was conducted in barter system but in 8 th
merchants to India, China and finally so
century, a type of currency began to be used in
Southeast Asia where a number of them married
the form of, barter rings
and settled.
Cultural Exchanges (also religion)
They set up mosques and madrasahs (school).
Chinese influence to the Filipinos like sa mga words nga
Tuan Masha’ika – a trader from Malaya; introduced
gi adapt sa mga pinoy:
Islam to the Philippines. His companion: Tuan Maqbalu
Chinese Tagalog English
Tarsila – Sulu genealogy
Am-pau ampaw Puffed rice
Ke-tai katay Cut up meat Karim ul’ Makhdum
Hok-bu hukbo army
Peh-chihai petsay Chinese cabbage  A missionary from Java
Customs from Chinese to Pinoys:
 Found a thriving muslim community nga nag
 Arrange Marriage welcome niya and sa iya effort so ga build syag
mosque in Tubig Indangan, Tawi-tawi.
 Wearing white instead of black kung nay
namatay Rajah Baginda – arrived from Sumatra; deepened
Islamic consciousness; built more madrasah’s (school)
Indians of India
Abu Bakr – husband of Baginda’s daughter, Paramisuli;
Alltough wa sila ning stay ug dugay diris Pinas, naka succeeded in establishing a government similar to the
influence gihapon sila especially sa words: sultanate of Arabia

Sanskrit Tagalog English Serif Kabungsuan

ahi ahas snake
Swamin asawa Husband or wife
  Arrived in Maguindanao (present day Cotabato They purify themselves by praying and
and Lanao) from Jahore and converted many practicing good deeds and self-
inhabitants to Islam.
restraint.
 First Sultan of Maguindanao
THE SULTANATE
TEACHINGS OF ISLAM

Qur’an (Koran) – basic tenets of Islam and the Holy

Bible for Muslims; written in Arabic, considered the
word from the Supreme Creator, Allah, as directly
communicated by the angel to the prophet Mohammad.

Teachings of the Koran:

 There is only one Supreme Being, Allah, the

creator of the Universe and all of humankind.

 Allah is a just and merciful God and it is Allah’s

desire that all should repent of their sins, purify
themselves so they could enter Paradise after
death.

 Life in this world is only temporary and one’s

good deeds, as well as the bad deeds, are listed
by an angel for final judgement on the last day
of the entire humanity. Each one will be judged
according to what one has done in his lifetime.

 The Koran forbids any human or animal

representation in their art. Only geometric
patterns are allowed.
 Eating pork, drinking wine, gambling and other
vices are forbidden in orthodox Islam.
 Islam forbids loans and usury.
 Muslims are duty-bound to help the poor, the
orphans and the widows.
Chapter 4
- To the west, the rest of the world was Tierra Incognita
(Unknown Lands)
- The spanish used both the sword and cross in
establishing colonies in the Americas.

 Telling lies, stealing, adultery, and murder are
all grave sins that deserve serious punishment.
 Every Muslim has goodness expressed in faith in
God and such virtues as patience, faithfulness,
honesty, industry, honor and courage.
 A follower of Allah has to observe the following
rituals or obligations: a declaration of faith in
oneness of God (shahada), prayer facing the east
(Mecca) five times a day (salah), fasting (sawm),
giving of alms (zakat), and a one-time
pilgrimage to Mecca (hadjj)
 Fasting is observed during Ramadan, held at the
ninth month of the Muslim calendar. No solids
are taken from early dawn until the sun sets.
COMING OF THE SPANIARDS
Europe at that time was experiencing changes because of
growth of industry and commerce, added to this was the
desire to know more about the countries of the Orient.
The commercial rivalry between European countries
with the trade led to expeditions in Asia.
TRADE ROUTES
There were 3 trades routes connecting Asia to Europe.
1. Northern Route - passed throught central Asia by land
then to cities if Samarkand and Bokhara, then around the
Caspian and Black sea, then to Constantinople in the
Mediterranean.
2. Central Route- started in Malacca in the Malay
Peninsula, then to the Indian ocean and ports, and finally
to Cairo in the Mediterranean.
3. Southern Route - started in Malacca, then to the
Indian Ocean, then to the Red Sea, and finally Cairo.
*the invasion of the Turks in Constantinople led to the
search for new trade routes because the Turks only let
the Venetian people trade*
EARLY VOYAGES TO ASIA
Portugal was the first to send expeditions to the East, one
famous navigator was PRINCE HENRY. He sent an
expedition to the Azores, near the coast of Africa. This
expedition discovered the Madeira and the Azores. He
also developed INSTRUMENTS FOR NAVIGATION
such as the ASTROLABE, WINDROSE COMPASS,
AND CARAVEL.
BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ - discovered Cape of Good
Hope, and he reached Calicut, India.
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS - discovered North
America, he thought that the land he discovered was
Asia.
AMERIGO VESPUCCI - geographers thought that
Amerigo founded a new world, therefore naming
America after him. He was sent by the king and queen to
explore what Columbus had found.
VICENTE PINZON - discovered Brazil
NUÑEZ de BALBOA - crossed Panama and discovered
the Pacific Ocean.
DIVISION OF THE WORLD
Portugal was the first country to sail East therefore she
earned the prestige as the first sea power to chart an
alternate passage to India.
POPE ALEXANDER VI
- issued a bull in 1493 dividing the world in two. All
lands south and west of the Azores and Cape Verde
Islands belonged to Spain, while Portugal took command
over Africa.
- Issued another bull on the same day (May 3) by which
an imaginary line ran from north to south. Any land east
of it would belong to Portugal, and those on the west
would belong to Spain.
- But because the pope favored Spain, he nullified this
bull making Spain own lands they had discovered in the
East.
*To avoid anymore conflict the TREATY OF
TORDESILLAS was created on JUNE 7, 1494*
MAGELLAN EXPEDITION
Ferdinand Magellan was a Portugese who went to Spain
to offer his services, he was ignored by the king of
Portugal making him go to the Spaniards. He explained
to King Charles I that he could reach the Moluccas by
sailing west.
He was given 5 ships by the king: the flagship
TRINIDAD, the CONCEPCION, the VICTORIA, the
SANTIAGO, and the SAN ANTONIO. On
SEPTEMBER 20, 1519 the expedition left port and
sailed southward across the Atlantic.
After 2 months, he reached Pernambuco, Brazil. When
he reached South America, there was a mutiny amongst
his men. By the time he crossed the straight of the
Pacific Ocean, he only had 3 ships left. In March 1521
he reached the Marianas Island, natives stole from him,
so he named the island Islas de Ladrones (Island of
Thieves).
On March 17, 1521 he sighted Samar. He ordered his
men to land in Homonhon, he then proceeded to
Limasawa ruled by Rajah Kulambu. They did a blood
compact, the first ever between Filipinos and Spaniards.
On Easter March 31 Magellan ordered a mass to be
celebrated by Father Pedro de Valderrama. Magellan
took possession of the islands and named them
Archipelago of St. Lazarus because it was on St. Lazarus
day.
FIRST BAPTISM
Magellan sailed for Cebu on April 8,1521. The chieftain
at that time was RAJAH HUMABON, whom he made a
blood compact with. On April 15, 1521 mass was
celebrated in Cebu, Magellan gave Juana the wife of the
chieftain the image of the Infant Jesus.
BATTLE OF MACTAN
Rajah Sula asked Magellan’s help to defeat Rajah Si
Lapulapu because he refused to recognize the king of
Spain. On April 28 Magellan went to Mactan to fight
Lapulapu, he lost.
After the battle two ships remained, the Victoria and
Trinidad. Victoria was to sail to Europe by way of
Africa, while the Trinidad by way of the Pacific. The
Victoria was the only ship to return. Magellan’s
expedition was of importance because it put an end to
Venetian monopoly of the southern trade route.
VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION
The king sent more expeditions but unfortunately were
not successful, some included: the Loaysa Expedition,
Cabot Expedition, Sayavedra Expedition (reached
Mindanao but did not succeed).
On April 22, 1529 the TREATY OF ZARAGOZA was
made between Spain and Portugal. Portugal won
possession of Moluccas after paying Spain 350,000 gold
ducats.
Spain respected these provisions, however King Charles
agreed with his viceroys to send expeditions to the
Moluccas. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos was chosen to lead
the expedition. He reached Mindanao but was rejected.
Sent one of his men to find food, a local chieftain of
Samar and Leyte named MAKANDALA gave him food.
LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
King Philip II sent an expedition to be headed by Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi and Father Andres de Urdaneta.
Arrived in Cebu and then proceeded to Samar, there he
did a blood compact with Bankaw, a datu of Limasawa.
Then he went to Bohol and had a blood compact with
Datu Si Katuna and Si Gala.
Legazpi ordered the return of the ship after settling in
Cebu. Father Urdaneta went through the Pacific and
ended in Santa Catalina in California then to the coast of
Mexico and then he reached the port of Navidad. From
Navidad, the ship sailed to Acapulco. This was the
discovery of the new route.
FIRST SETTLEMENT IN CEBU
Cebuanos were hostile to Legazpi and his men. The
chieftain Tupas did not believe his intentions. Legazpi
applied a POLICY OF ATTRACTION. Basically stating
that Filipino’s would be loyal to Spain and Spain would
protect the Filipino’s. FORT SAN PEDRO was built as
the Spanish settlement.
SETTLEMENT IN PANAY
Problems that Legazpi faced in Cebu:
Men refused to work, robbed graves of Filipino’s, and
the Portuguese harassed him. Led to him moving the
settlement in Panay.
FIRST SPANISH VOYAGE TO MANILA
Juan Salcedo, Legazpi’s younger grandson, led a small
expedition to the north. Voyage of Manila was headed
by Martin de Goiti and Mateo del Saz. At that time
Manila was a thriving Muslim kingdom ruled by Rajah
Sulayman. Firing of canons led to the Filipino’s burning
down their houses and leaving Manila.
FOUNDING OF MANILA
Legazpi was the first governor-general of the
Philippines. Father Diego de Herrera suggested to him
that they settle in Luzon instead. Upong hearing this,
Rajah Sulayman fought with the Spaniards in the Battle
of Bangkusay in Tondo. He and his men were defeated.
Legazpi declared Manila the capital of the acrhipelago,
and a ayuntamiento or city government was also made.
He appointed 2 alcaldes, an alguacil mayor, 12 regidores
and a edcribano.
Chapter 5
-Spain governed the Philippines through the UNION OF
CHURCH & STATE
-New beliefs, institutions and practices in the political,
economic and religious aspects of people’s lives
-Maharlika Class
-Principalia (Emerged as the new class)
REASONS FOR SPANISH COLONIZATION
King Charles I
-decided to send an expedition the the MOLUCCAS,
purpose was primarily commercial.
Spices
-commanded high prices that time, so trade in spices was
very profitable.
-Spice Islands
Spanish Claim
1st: The Philippines was rightfully owned by Spain
2nd: Spain claimed the Philippines by RIGHT OF
DISCOVERY and by RIGHT OF ACTUAL
OCCUPATION or conquest
Philippines was a possession or property of the King of
Spain, therefore a CROWN COLONY
POLITICAL CHANGES
Council of the Indies- they administered the Philippines
-1863, the Philippines, as a colony was placed under the
jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Colonies or Overseas
Ministry (Ministerio de Ultramar)
-Oversease Ministry was advised and aided in its work
by the Council of the Indies.
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
Law of the Indies- applied in the Philippines
-Some Spanish laws were likewise adopted like La
Novisima Recopilacion, Leyes de Toro and Siete
Partidas (humane)
-Spanish colonizers organized a highly centralized form
of government.
-Central or National Government was so powerful; had
to be done with its knowledge and consent.
-was headed by the GOVERNOR and GOVERNOR-
GENERAL/ CAPTAIN-GENERAL who was appointed
by the King of Spain.
GOVERNOR GENERAL- king’s official representative
in the colony.
-he possessed vast executive, legislative and judicial
powers
-was the president or presiding officer of the
AUDIENCIA
-was the VICE ROYAL patron in the Philippines
-he could appoint minor officials in the government
including the parish priests.
-was the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
-truly a powerful (Best shown in the right of cumplase
bestowed upon him by the King) official
-CUMPLASE the right of the governor to suspend the
operation of a Royal decree or order relative to the
Philippines if in his opinion. “i obey but do not comply”
THERE ARE ONLY 2 BRANCHES OF
GOVERNMENT: Executive & Judicial
Superior decrees- issued orders with the force of law
Royal decrees- decrees or orders coming from the King
of Spain
THE AUDIENCIA
Audiencia & Lower Courts- the ones who exercised the
judicial powers of the government.
AUDIENCIA- was established in the Phil. In 1583 to
administer to the aggrieved people in the colony.
-Governor Santiago de Vera- was its first president.
-was the highest court insofar as civil & criminal case.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
-Under the central government was the provincial
government.
-Pacified provinces were governed by civil provincial
governors.
-Not yet fully pacified and conquered were ruled by
military officers.
Alcalde mayor
- provincial governor
- Appointed by the governor-general
- His salary was small and became rich and powerful
because he was given the right to engage in trade
(indulto de comercio)
- Abused his power and committed graft & corruption
- Judge of the province ( provincial governors role=
anomalous practice )
- 1886, provincial governor should remain as JUDGE
only
-Under provincial government was the municipal
government
-Town/ Municipality is composed of several barrios
headed by Gobernadorcillo (litter governor)/capitan
municipal (capitan) or now called as MAYOR.
Gobernadorcillo
- Was elected by 13 electors: 6 (former Cabezas de
barangay), 6 (actual cabezas de barangay), 1 (outgoing
captain.
- Selected Gobernadorcillo have to be approved by the
Spanish friar-curate
Tenientes
- The captain was aided in the administration of the town
by deputies
Alguaciles
- A chief of police and subordinate officals
THE CITY AND ITS GOVERNMENT
-1st Spanish rule, there were only 2 cities: Cebu &
Manila.
-7th Century, Philippines had 6 cities:
Cebu
Manila
Vigan
Nueva Segovia (Lal-lo, Cagayan)
Arevalo (Part of Iloilo City)
Nueva Caceres (Naga)
-City then & now, was the center of social, commercial,
religious & cultural life
-AYUNTAMIENTO (2 alcaldes, 12 regidors/councilors,
cheif of police, city secretary and lesser officials)
-Each barangay/ bario is headed by Cabeza (was
considered as member of Principalia/ aristocracy)
PROPAGATING THE CATHOLIC FAITH
-Legazpi sailed for the Philippines, he was accompanied
by some friars belong to the Augustinian Order.
-Many Filipinos who were converted to the Catholic
faith by the first Augustinians that came with Legazpi in
1565, later on returned to their old animist religion.
-The missionaries spread catholicism in and around
manila, the Visayas, the Ilocos, Pampanga, and
Pangasinan.
-In 1577, the Franciscan missionaries arrived and spread
the Catholic faith in Manila, in the provinces near
Laguna de Bay.
-the jesuits who were not friars, arrived in the
Philippines.
-The Dominican missionaries came to manila in 1587 to
spread catholic faith in Manila, Cagayan region and
Pangasinan.
-The Recollect missionaries came in 1606 and
propagated the faith in Manila, Bataan, Zambales,
Mindoro, Masbate, Ticao, Burias, Cuyo, Romblon,
Negros and some parts of Mindanao.
-These missionaries worked hard to convert Filipinos to
Catholicism that in a span of a little more than 20 years
from the time Legazpi landed in Cebu, the number of
converts were about 250,000.
THE UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE
-A high Church official was also eligible to become a
governor-general during the latter’s absence or illness.
-church officials who became acting governor-general
were Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta (1719-1721);
Bishop Juan Arrechederra (1745-1750); Bishop Miguel
Lino de Ezpeleta (1759-1761); and Archbishop Manuel
Rojo (1761-1762)
THE CHURCH ORGANIZATION
-Catholic church were divided into districts.
-Each district divided into parishes and missions.
-The districts represented geographic areas or regions
that had different dialects or languages.
-The parishes represented villages, while missions
represented areas or regions that were not yet conquered
to Catholicism.
-1578, Manila became a diocese.
-Father Domingo de Salazar was appointed the first
Bishop in Manila.
-The bishopric of Manila became an archbishopric in
1595 with Father Ignacio Santibañez as the first
archbishop.
-Under the archbishopric of Manila were the bishopric of
Cebu, Nueva Caderes and Nueva Segovia.
-The Ecclesiastical Government was headed by the
Archbishop of Manila, who was appointed by the Pope
upon the recommendation of the King of Spain.
-Serving under him were the bishops who administered
the parishes under their jurisdiction.
-The church, like the civil gov’t, had a court of justice
called Ecclesiastical Court or Archbishop’s Court and
was composed of the Archbishop, the vicar-general,
notary, & other officials.
THE INQUISITION
-The Inquisition was an ecclesiastical office, who’s duty
was to search for heretics and those guilty of preaching
or practicing religious doctrines that were contrary to the
Catholic Church.
-There was no office for the Inquisition but there was a
representative or commissary of the Mexican Inquisition
in the Phils.
-It was the duty of this representative to ferret out
heretics among the Spaniards.
-The Filipinos were not subject to Inquisitional practice
and methods, accdg. to the instructions of King Philip II.
-Only the Spaniards were subject to arrest by the
representative of the Holy Inquisition in Mexico.
THE INTRODUCTION TO PRINTING
● Most religious works were handwritten
● Dominicans- introduced the art of printing in the
Philippines
● Xylography- first printing press; printing by woodblock
● Christian Doctrine in Tagalog and Chinese- first books
printed
● Father Francisco de San Jose- popularly called Blancas de
San Jose
- introduced the movable type of printing; typography
- Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala,
famous book by
Father Domingo
de los Santos
THE RESIDENCIA AND THE VISITA
● Two institutions; introduced to stop the abuses of high
Spanish officials in the colonies
● Residencia- public investigation and trial of outgoing
colonial officials
- Governor-General Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera-
his enemies filed
unfounded charges against
him, resulting in his imprisonment
● Visita- a secret investigation of an official’s conduct as a
public servant
THE PLAZA COMPLEX
● Can best illustrate this politico-religious structure of the
colonial government of the country under Spain
● Plaza or town center- brings them close to the church, the
convent, the municipio, the marketplace, and the
cemetery
● “Under the peal of bells” or bajo de las campanas

ECONOMIC CHANGES
THE ENCOMIENDA
● Encomienda- a favor from the King, the Spaniard
receiving the favor was given the right to collect tributes
or taxes
● Encomendero- the man who received the favor
● Three kinds of encomienda:
1. Royal encomienda- belonged to the King
2. Ecclesiastical encomienda- belonged to the Church
3. Private encomienda- belonged to a private individual
FORCED LABOR
● Also known as polo y servico
1. Filipinos to be drafted for work must be paid for their
work
2. Filipino laborers should not be made to work in distant
places where they could not return to their families
3. The drafting of laborers should not coincide with the
planting and harvest seasons
4. Men who are physically incapable should not be
overworked
5. Forced labor should be resorted to only in cases of
absolute necessity
6. Number of laborers drafted should be diminished as soon
as laborers from other countries had volunteered to work
● Falla- a fee for Filipino laborers to be exempted from
forced labor
THE TRIBUTE
● Pay a tribute- in order to raise enough money to finance
the administration of the colony
- in cash or kind
- form of recognition of the Filipino’s loyalty
to the King of Spain
● Sanctorum- a small portion went to the church
● Cedula personal- the present equivalent of the residence
certificate class “A”
TAXES
● Diezmos prediales- tax which consisted of one-tenth of
the produce of the land
● Donativo de Zamboanga- tax specifically used for the
conquest of Jolo
● Vinta- tax paid by the people of some provinces along the
coast of western Luzon for the defense of the coasts
from Muslin pirates
THE GALLEON TRADE
● Jolo and Manila- trading centers of the archipelago
● Galleon trade- trade across the pacific
- only privileged persons, such as high-ranking
officials, were allowed to
engage in the trade
THE MEXICAN SUBSIDY
● Annual subsidy- was sent by the Mexican government to
the Philippines, in order to
prevent the government from
becoming bankrupt
- the subsidy amounted P250,000
THE ECONOMIC SOCIETY
● Economic Society of Friends of the Country- founded by
Governor Basco; to effectively implement an economic
policy in the colony
THE GOVERNMENT MONOPOLIES
● Governor Basco was remembered for his role in
establishing government monopolies
● Tobacco monopoly- the most important monopoly
● The government also had other monopolies, such as those
on wine and liquor, gunpowder, playing cards and anise
or buyo
THE ROYAL COMPANY
● Governor Basco’s administration was also highlighted by
the establishment of the Royal Company of the
Philippines
● The aims of the company
○ Promote the progress of the Philippines by improving the
foreign trade of the colony with Spain
○ To develop the natural resources of the Philippines by
encouraging industry, manufacturing, and agriculture.
CHAPTER 6- LEVIE
CHAPTER 7 - CULTURAL CHANGES AND
IDENTITIES (1600 – 1800)
SPANISH INFLUENCES
The coming of the Spaniards brought the Filipinos into
contact with Western culture.
The Spanish way of life was introduced: their Clothing,
Cooking, Eating Habits, Forms of Amusement, Spanish
words, and Christianity.
 They borrowed so many of the things that the Spaniards
introduced in the Philippines. In time, the things that
were borrowed were no longer Spanish but something
having the characteristics of both cultures. This new
culture, which was Spanish and Filipino in origin, has
now become recognizably Filipino yet colonial in impact
and function.
CHANGES IN FILIPINO NAME
- Before the coming of the Spaniards, Filipino had no
surnames.
- Filipino names were taken from physical appearance or
from any natural event, or object
- Ex. Si Malakas at Si Maganda.
- Governor-General Narciso Claveria issued a decree in
1849 allowing the Filipinos to change their names.
INTERMARRIAGE
- The Spaniards as a rule did not intermarry with Filipinos.
- There are exceptions that led to limited intermarriages
between Spanish men and Filipino women; there are
only few recorded marriages between a Filipino man and
a Spanish woman.
- The child of the marriages of a Filipino and a Spaniard
was called Spanish mestizo (mestizo Espanol).
- Toward the END of the Spanish period, the qualifying
word, “mestizo”, was also used to refer to children of a
male Chinese and a native woman, as in mestiza
de Sangley
- The intermarriage between Spaniards and Filipinos
resulted in an interesting addition to the racial stock. The
same thing happened to the blending of Spanish with
Chinese mestiza.
- Those who belonged to the pure indigenous stock were
called “Indios” or “Indias”.
SOCIAL LIFE
- The social life in any Christian community during the
Spanish times revolved around the church because
the FRIAR-CURATE was the all-powerful person in the
whole community. He was always followed.
- The Church was usually located in the best part of the
town. Beside the Church was the municipal building
called tribunal where the gobernadorcillo or captain held
office.
- If a fiesta was to be held, the capitan had to consult the
friar-curate. It was always in honor of the town patron
saints. Religious societies were very active in the
preparation for the fiesta and other religious events.
- The pista or fiesta gave the Filipinos a day or so of
relaxation from their toils in the farms.
The capitan created committees to be in charged with
preparing the program of activities.
- The staging of plays called moro-moro, comedia, and
later zarzuela, which lasted two or three nights; and of
course, the religious procession.
- The plays were theratical performances which were
popular not only in Manila but also in the provinces.
- It was during fiesta time that even the poorest Filipino
family prepared plenty of good foods for their guests.
Oftentimes, poor families became heavily indebted. This
practice was passed on from father to children, through
generations.
AMUSEMENT
- Cockfighting was the principal form of entertainment of
the Filipino men.
- According to a German scientist, Feodor Jagor, the
Filipinos used cockfighting as amusement and as a form
of gambling.
- Cockfighting was not introduced by the Spaniards.
- Pigafetta, the chronicler of the Magellan expedition,
testified that on their way back to Spain after Magellan’s
death, they saw men engaged in cockfighting in Palawan
- Cockfighting was a regular event during fiestas and even
to this day.
- Gambling were introduced from Spain
- Ex. Panggingge, monte, tres siete, and others.
- Wakes were held with mourners playing cards (with or
without stakes), or with juego de prenda.
- The ninth day after the death of a person was celebrated
by staging the duplo. This was kind of debate in verse
between two men or between a man, called balleco, and
a woman called bellaca. The loser was punished by
making him/her sing, dance, or simply let his/her palm
be hit lightly.
CHANGES IN CLOTHING
- The barong, or what is popularly called today as barong
Tagalog, began to be worn at this time by the ordinary
menfolk. Unlike the European and Spanish shirt that was
tucked in, the barong was loosely worn to distinguish the
natives from the foreigners. In place of the
original putong(indigenous counterpart for male head-
gear or hat), the Filipino male learned to wear hats.
- The capitan or gobernadorcillo, he wore a salakot with a
silver top. He also wore a coat over a long shirt, and
carried a gold-hitter cane. It was the symbol of his
authority as capitan.
- The women still wore their skirt or saya, the tapis, and
the patadyong. They learned to wear a camisa in a
Spanish way. The camisa was made of fine material such
as husi or pinya. They also learned to wear shoes and
slippers.
THE MESTIZA DRESS
- The mestiza dress was worn by Filipino women married to
Europeans and was definitely influenced by the Spanish
dress.
- Camisa – upper transparent part of the dress
- Saya or Skirt – lower part of the dress
- Baksa – supported by the shoulders
- The mestiza dress came to be worn by any woman who
could afford to buy the material for such dress.
- Today, the mestiza dress is still worn but without
the baksa.
- Clothing ultimately became a status symbol to distinguish
one’s social class and race.
THE ANTILLEAN HOUSES
- The house-types provided distinctions between the rich
and the poor.
- Antillean – either a rectangular or square house made of
strong materials such as first-class wood like narra, ipil,
and molave. (Rich Filipino kind of house)
- Azotea – At the back or at the side of the house
- The ordinary Filipino house during the Spanish period had
a banggera on which clean plates, cups, and other things
were placed.
- Another improvement was the addition of the balcon,
which was a sort of gallery where members of the family
could sit and look at the people passing by.
THE POSITION OF WOMEN
- Before the Spanish conquest, men and women were
treated equally.
- During Spanish times, the women existed as dependents
of men.
- The friar taught them to prepare themselves for marriage,
which was thought to be only function of women.
- They were taught prayers and how to behave in public.
Also how to use the fork, the spoon and the knife in
formal dinners.
- They were not, however, taught how to be independent,
how to help the husbands in earning more for the family,
how to work in order to earn when their husbands were
sick or away, and were not taught how to think for
themselves.
- During the Spanish period, the women lived to raise
children. Despite these changes, the Filipino women
continued, and still continue, to be the treasure of the
home. The husbands dutifully handed over the earnings
to their wives, who kept the money for the family.
A COMMON RELIGION
- The Spaniards introduced Catholicism to the Filipinos,
who, contrary to earlier views, did not readily accept the
new religion.
- If the Spanish missionaries and the friar-curates, in a span
of a comparatively short time, were able to convert a
great majority of the Filipinos to the Catholic religion,
this was due to a large extent to the adaptations of the
Catholic religion to the indigenous faith and traditions of
the people.
- The colourful cenaculo and processions were just as
festive and unifying as the ancient rituals and chanting of
epics.
- Bathala or creator amidst adversities and sufferings as a
people.
GEOGRAPHICAL IDENTITY
- The conquest and colonization of the Philippines by the
Spaniards created geographical unity for the country.
Before their arrival, there was no such geographical unit
as the Philippines. There were only thousands of islands
and islets divided into many barangays with their
respective chieftains.
- There was no central government because all the
chieftains did not recognized one supreme authority to
rule over the independent barangays.
- When the Spaniards came, they organized a central
government through the plaza complex. A central
authority ruled the whole country, except the non-
Christian areas.
- The Christianized Filipinos recognized this central
authority and followed the laws promulgated either by
the Government of Spain or by the governor-general.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE SPANISH LANGUAGE
- Spanish administrators, including the friar-curates, did not
teach the Spanish language to the Filipinos, nevertheless,
many Filipinos who had contacts with the Spaniards
learned the language.
- Such contacts led to adoptions of Spanish words among
many Filipino languages.
- Tagalog was especially influenced by the Spanish
language because the Tagalog region was, and still is, in
the center of the social, political, cultural, and economic
setup of the country.
- The native languages were enriched by the incorporation
of Spanish words, which have become part of everyday
language or communications.
PRINTING AND ENGRAVING
- The Dominican missionaries introduced printing by
woodblocks when they published the first books in the
Philippines.
- The Doctrina Christiana, one in Tagalog and one in
Chinese.
- Filipinos and Christianized Chinese aided the Spanish
friars in their printing work.
- One of the earliest printers was Tomas Pinpin, he was
called the “Prince of Filipino printers” because of the
many books he printed for the Dominicans.
- Another Filipino printer who became famous was Nicolas
de la Cruz Bagay, he was not only a printer, but a good
engraver. He engraved a map prepared by a Jesuit.
- Domingo Loag was also a printer and an engraver. He
printed many religious books and dictionaries.
- Catholicism became a common religion among the
Filipinos, with its beliefs, own set of morality and
practices
EDUCATION
- During the early period of Spanish rule, education was not
available to the majority of Filipinos. However, in the
second half of the nineteenth century, primary and
secondary schools were opened to Filipino school-age
children.
- Many children were still afraid to go to school because the
teachers were oftentimes brutal.
- Many Filipinos were able to go to colleges like San Juan
de Letran, San Jose, and the Ateneo Municipal. Later,
these Filipinos were admitted to the University of Santo
Tomas where they finished courses in law, pharmacy,
medicine, and surveying.
- The teaching methods of the Spaniards was very poor.
- Science courses were not taught as they should be.
- It must be remembered that the last half of the nineteenth
century, was a period when European imperialism was
approaching its climax.
- The motive for imperialism of other European countries
was based solely on the economic exploitation of their
colonies.
- Only the children of the ruling class were educated up to a
certain level, just like in India, Malaya, and in
Indonesia. However they were not allowed to study to
become lawyers, education, and were only allowed to
serve as clerks in the civil service.
- On the other hand, the Filipinos, at least those who had the
money and the talent were given a chance to become
lawyers, physicians, teachers, and so on.
IMPACT OF CULTURAL CHANGES
- The overall impact or effects of the cultural changes
brought by Spain in the Philippines may be described as
both positive and enriching, as well as negative and
divisive. Naming the islands after King Philip II as
“Felipinas”, later becoming “Filipinas” was positive.
- The archipelago could be found on world maps as a
colony, but nonetheless an identifiable political unit of
more than 7,000 islands with a central government and
body of laws.
- The creation of pueblos (towns) within this geographic
entity through the plaza complex, however, held the
inhabitants under the control of both the parish priest
and gobernadorcillo. Except the Prinipalia class. The
Filipinos had no rights or privileges of their own.
- Christianity may have deepened and enriched the
indigenous spirituality or faith of the people, but its
colourful processions, fiestas, and pilgrimages rendered
them generally oblivious, if not passive, to the difficult
and worsening economic and political conditions around
them.
- The use of the vernaculars by the priests in both sermons
and printed materials.
- These religious traditions and activities kept the people,
women in particular, long-suffering and obedient to the
friar-curates.
- Clothing may have advanced in style and comfort, and
may have been a delight in sight, especially as the
Spanish and the Filipino styles produce a beautiful mix.
- Intermarriages between a male Spaniard and a native
woman produced the mestisaje among the population
whose looks, languages, values, and ways of the
colonizers, further widened the gap between
the Indios and the non-Indios.
- Education was limited to a few, was conservative in
orientation and kept the majority ignorant for a long
time.
CHAPTER 8
BRITISH INVASION AND OCCUPATION
England's Ambition for supremacy
• 1761 - Spain and France entered into a treaty of
alliance against England
• 7 years war in Europe - between France and England
- Spain was naturally part
• British sent an expedition from India to the Philippines
and seize it from Spain - Archbishop Manuel Rojo
(acting governor general)
• British with 6000 men bombarded intramuros on
September 22, 1762
• Weapons of Spanish were no match to that of the
British
• Archbishop Rojo surrendered Manila and Cavite
• Simon Anda (magistrate of Audiencia) escaped to
pampanga
• British took over
THE SILANG AND PALARIS REVOLTS
Spanish Defeat to the British
• Opened the minds of Filipinos to the impermanent rule
of spanish thus gave rose to revolts
• 1762 - Diego Silang from Ilocano
- expulsion of Spaniards from ilocos
- successful at first; King of the Ilocos
- British were impressed and tried to win him
over by promising gifts and to be the governor general
- accepted offer but was assassinated
• Gabriela Silang (wife) took over. Captured and hanged
with 100 followers
• Same year still 1762 - Juan dela Cruz Palaris
- widespread revolt in Pangasinan. Started in
Binalatongan
- demanding for end of payment of tributes
and abuses by Spanish officials
- inspired by British invasion; he persuaded
people to join him
• British left in 1764 due to the end of the war with Illustrados- wealthy and highly educated Filipinos
France and Spain.
• Spain sent 3000 ilocanos to fight against palaris. He Filipinos (late 19th)- refers to spaniards born in the
was defeated and killed. philippines or insulares

BASCO’S ECONOMIC PLANS Españoles or peninsulares- spaniards born in Spain

• Revolts alarmed Spanish Authorities - led to reforms 2 events that foreshadowed the developing
1. Incompetence consciousness of the masses as a different race and
2. Graft and greed society:
3. Restrictive economic policies 1. Tagalog publication of Florante and Laura in 1838 by
Francisco Baltazar
4. Constant quarrels
2. Revolt by Apolinario de la Cruz in Tayabas on 1841
• 1778 - Jose Basco y Vargos (governor general of the
Philippines)
EDUCATION OF SOME FILIPINOS
• Galleon trade was unproductive - only few officials and
religous order benefitted
• Basco encouraged cultivation of crops for export -
coffee, sugar and spices
• Development of mines, offered prizes to those who
excelled in certain fields
• Government Society of Friends of the Country in 1781
- effective implentataion of economic plans
• Royal Company in 1785 - failed to improve foreign
trade
- due to mismanagement and lack of cooperation of
Manila merchants ( want to engage in galleon trade)
• Only government had the right to sell and trade
tobacco
• Led to Basi revolt - 10 000 rebels in ilocos
• Bloodiest revolt recorded during this time.
THE OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL
- opened in 1869 and resulted in the shorter route and travel
LAISSEZ-FAIRE AND THE OPENING OF PORTS time between Spain and Philippines.
Laissez-Faire or “let alone policy”
- a policy that gives full freedom to private individuals ● EFFECTS OF THE OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL:
○ Spaniards with progressive ideas that advocates freedom
and firms to engage in economic activities without much
and liberties migrated the Philippines.
interference from the government. ○ Spaniards influenced some educated Filipinos and both
were asking the government to introduce changes in the
THE RISE OF THE “FILIPINO” MIDDLE CLASS administration.
○ Influx of progressive books and periodicals to the
country. Sending materials from Spain to Philippines
Inquilos- tenants in a hacienda became easy and inexpensive.
○ Printed literature and magazines
○ Introduction of modern technology (Mail, Telegraph,
Middle class- a group below the aristocratic spanish
Telephone and Manila-Dagupan Railway)
officials but above the masses
○ Encouraged many educated Filipinos to go to Europe to
continue their studies and prove that they were equal of
1. REGULAR PRIESTS
the Spaniards.
- belonged to religious orders (Dominicans, Recollects,
Augustinians, Franciscans)
- Converts Non-christians to Christians

2. SECULAR PRIESTS
- not members of religious orders

FRIAR-CURATES- members of religious orders made

to convert christianity and occupies PARISHES
● REFUSAL of friar-curates to vacate parishes lead to a
CONTROVERSY between Seculars and Regulars
● A decree was passed denying the Native Clergy the right
to administer parishes occupied by Regulars
○ This lead to SECULARIZATION (Filipinization)

● Secular priests felt that the position of being spanish head

was being DENIED to them because they were Not
SPANIARDS.

LIBERALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES ● Fr. Pedro Pablo Pelaez (1812-1863) - leader of the
● In 1868, a revolution in Spain took place. secularization campaign
Revolutionaries were against Queen Isabel II and when
they won, the Queen was forced to flee to Spain. As a THE CAVITE MUTINY
result of this, the Republic of Spain was born.
January 20, 1872 - mutiny was caused by revocation of
● Governor - General Carlos Maria de la Torre
⁃Arrived Manila in 1869 privelage of shipyard workers to be exempted from
⁃Put into practice liberal FORCED LABOR and from PAYING TRIBUTE to the
● principles of the revolutionists in Spain and showed his Governor-General de Izquierdo
democratic ways ● Indios
⁃Was the best governor-general the Philippines has ever ● Mestizos
● SIGNIFICANCE OF HIS ADMINISTRATION: ● Criollos - Spaniards born in Mexico and exiled in Cavite
- Abolished censorship of the press
- Abolished flogging as punishment
- Solved the agrarian unrest in Cavite La Madrid -led the mutiny
● Spanish soldiers and officers were killed
THE RETURN OF AUTOCRACY ● Priests and some civilians were arrested and was banished
⁃The administration of Governor de la to GUAM
Torre was brief because The Republic of Spain ended in ● GomBurZa were sentenced to death
1870 and was back to monarchy.
Rafael de Izquierdo THE EXECUTION OF GOMBURZA
● Fr. Mariano Gomez
⁃Was appointed governor-general in 1871 to replace de
● Fr. Jose Burgos
la Torre. ● Fr. Jacinto Zamora
⁃He reversed the reforms of de la Torre.
○ Jailed in FORT SANTIAGO
CAMPAIGN FOR SECULARIZATION
Priesthood during the Spanish period was composed of 2 ○Gobernor-General failed to prove convincingly
Classes: but promised to present documents to prove their
guilt

February 17, 1872
- GomBurZa marched from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan
Field
- Death by Garrote
- Filipinos began to feel as Filipinos
CHAPTER 9
THE CAMPAIGN FOR REFORMS (1882- 1892)
THE REFORM MOVEMENT
- Ten peaceful years elapse after the execution of Gomez,
Burgos and Zamora.
- There were threats of persecution for those who would
oppose or criticize Spanish rule.
• Propaganda Movement – Reform Movement
- Began in 1882
- Lasted up to the early months of 1892
o La Liga Filipina - founded by Dr. Jose Rizal
-progressive organization
- propaganda movement
- the idea to assimilate the Philippines as a
province
• Cortes – Spanish Lawmaking body
• Assimilation - A move to make the Philippines a province
of Spain and the granting of Spanish Citizenship to
Filipinos
- Allows Indios to be finally called “Filipinos”
THE IMPORTANT FILIPINO REFORMIST
 Graciano Lopez Jaena - Great Orator
• Jose Rizal – Great Thinker and Writer
• Marcelo H. Del Pilar - Great Political Analyst and
Journalist
- All young men went to Europe to study.
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
- Was born in Jaro ( now part of Ilo- Ilo City) on December
18,1856
- Suffered from hunger and illness, died on January 20,
1896 in Barcelona (Spain)
- Parents: Placido Lopez and Maria Jacobo Jaena
- Studied at the seminary of Jaro to become a priest.
- Changed his mind and decided to be a physician.
- Wrote a long story about a certain friar he
named Fray Botod
- Fray was greedy, immoral and cruel
- the story circulated around Iloilo and Soon.
- The friars hated Lopez because of the story
- He went to manila to escape persecution and to
continue his studies
- Spanish Authorities harassed him, which
compelled him to secretly sail for Europe in 1880
- In spain, he studies medicine but later on gave it up and
devoted his time and energy to writing articles.
- He founded the Fortnightly Newspaper
La Solidaridad(Solidarity)
AIMS OF THE NEWSPAPER (Fortnightly Newspaper
La Solidaridad ):
1. To fight reaction
2. To stop all efforts to keep the Philippines a backward
country
3. To extol liberal ideas
4. To defend progress
- The newspaper became the propaganda arm of the Filipino
reformists in Spain.
- Copies were sent secretly to the Philippines and
distributed to educated Filipinos.
- Lopez wrote articles favorable to the Filipinos and
delivered speeches defending them from the cruel
charges of Spanish writers
like Pablo Feced and Wenceslao E. Retana (Anti –
Filipino)
- Lopez called the Philippines “ Pearl of Orient” and “A
piece of the palpitating heart of Spain”
DEMANDS OF THE FILIPINOS REFORMISTS
(EXPRESSED BY LOPEZ):
1. Representation in the Spanish Cortes
2. Right to vote
3. Freedom of Speech of assembly and the press
4. Freedom of commerce
5. Removal of friars from the Philippines
6. The education of the people
7. Reforms in the jails of the country
8. The abolition of the diezmos prediales or the tithe
consisting of one- tenth of the produce of the land.
JOSE RIZAL
- Born in Calamba, Laguna on June 19, 1861
- Executed the on Bagumbayan Field ( now Luneta Park/
Rizal Park) on December 30, 1896.
- Studied at the Ateneo Municipal and later at the
University of Santo Tomas
- Went to Europe to continue his medical studies
- Returned to the Philippines and became a founder
of La Liga Filipina
- At the age of 26 he wrote his first
novel : Noli Me Tangere(Touch Me Not)
- In Noli Me Tangere, he exposed the defects of
the Spanish administration of the Philippines, the
 greed and immorality of the Friars and
superstitions of the Filipinos.
- Second Novel : El Filibusterismo (The Rebel)
- the sequel of the first novel
-In this novel, he expressed his political ideas and in
story form.
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
- The greatest journalist produced by purely Filipino race
- Was born in the barrio of Cupang, Bulacan on August 30,
1850
- Due to heavy work and lack of proper food, he contracted
tuberculosis died on July 4, 1896
- Studied at the college of San Jose and later at the
University of Santo Tomas where he finished his law
studies.
- He began a campaign against the abuses of the friars and
the Spanish Civil Officials.
- He founded the Tagalog – Spanish
Newspapers, DiariongTagalog
- He became the editor of La Solidaridad]
- Wrote two books : : La Soberania Monacel en Filipinas
( Monastic Sovereignty in the
Philippines) and LA Frailocracia Filipina ( Frailocracy in
the Philippines)
THE PRO- FILIPINO SOCIETIES
• Circulo Hispano- Filipino (The Spanish – Filipino Circle)
– the purpose of this newspaper was to bring attention of
the Spanish authorities in Spain the conditions in the
Philippines and to work for the introduction of the
reforms which would benefit the Filipinos.
• Asociacion Hispano – Filipina – founded with patriotic
aims.
- it was composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who
sympathized with the Filipino cause.
- Association’s aspiration “ to work for the material and
moral improvement of the Philippines.
AIMS:
1. The abolition of the diezmos prediales and the sanctorum
2. The compulsory teaching of Spanish in all schools in the
Philippines
3. Radical reforms in the University of Santo Tomas
4. The abolition of flogging as a form of punishment
5. The establishment of agricultural banks
6. Tax and other reforms
FREEMASONRY AND ITS ROLE
- The Filipino reformists in Spain did not spare any effort to
win friends for the sake of the country
- Anti – Friar Character
- Provides an inspiration to the Filipinos who were
questioning their right to remain the Philippines.
- Lopez Jaena was very active in Masonry and founded
the Lodge, Revolucion in Barcelona.
- La Solidaridad (another lodge not to be confused with the
newspaper) in Madrid.
- 35 Masonic Lodges
- Walana – Masonic Lodges founded by the women.
• Masonic Lodge Nilad in Manila
AIMS OF THE ORGANIZATION:
1. To work for freedom and prosperity of the Philippines
2. To work for good government
3. To ask representation in the Spanish Cortes
4. To establish the Philippines as province of Spain
LA LIGA FILIPINA (society)
- Founded by Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio ( with
Patriotic Filipinos)
Following Officers:
• President : Ambrosio Salvador
• Fiscal: Agustin De La Rosa
• Treasurer: Bonifacio Arevalo
• Secretary : Deodato Arellano
THE AIMS OF THE LIGA:
1. To unite the whole archipelago into one strong body
2. To give mutual protection of all members in case of
necessity
3. To encourage agriculture, commerce and education
4. To defend members against any kind of violence and
injustice
5. To study and apply reforms
The members of La Liga Filipina were to pay a monthly
due to ten centavos.
THE PURPOSE OF THE MONEY:
• To support a member or his son without financial means
but with enough ability and industry
• To support the poor against the rich and powerful
• To give financial help to any member who suffered losses
• To open stores and shops which would sell goods to
members at low prices
• To introduce machines in order to promote industries.
• Cuerpo de Compromisarios ( Body of Compromiders)
– due to members that quarreled they ended up making
another society.
WHY THE REFORM MOVEMENT FAILED
1. The Spanish high officials in Spain were too busy with
their own problems to listen to the collective voice of the
reformists.
2. The reformists in Spain and in the Philippines did not
have the necessary financial
3. The reformists themselves were not united.
4. The friars in the Philippines had influential friends and
supporters in Spain.
BONIFACIO AND THE KATIPUNAN
(1892-1896)
Chapter 10
• THE FOUNDING OF THE KATIPUNAN
• July 7, 2982 – the newspapers published the news about
the arrest of Rizal the previous night and the governor-
general’s order to banish him to Dapitan.
•A small group of patriotic Filipinos
(Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Valentin Diaz, Ladisl
ao Diwa, Deodato Arellano and one or two others) met
at Azcarraga Street, Manila (now Claro M. Recto Ave.)
and decided to create a story. They organized a society
called Kataastaasan Kagalanggalanganna Katipunan ng
mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK). The founders performed
the Blood Compact ritual to show patriotism and love.
• Blood Compact – was an ancient Filipino custom of
sealing friendship or brotherhood (kapatiran).
• Triangle System – a method of recruiting Filipinos to
become members. This method was used to minimize
the danger of discovery by the Spanish authorities.
• THE AIMS AND STRUCTURE OF THE KATIPUNAN
• Andres Bonifacio – laid down three primary objectives
of Katipunan: Civic, Political and Moral.
• Civic – based on the principle of self-help and
the defense of the weak and the poor.
• Political – separation of the Philippines from Spain that is
to secure the independence of the colony.
• Moral – teaching of good manners, hygiene and good
moral character.
• THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT
• Bonifacio – the one who attended the only meeting of the
La Liga Filipina.
• Three Governing Bodies: KataastaasangSanggunian or
Supreme Council (Central Government),
the Sangguniang Bayan or Provincial Council
(Provincial Government), and
the Sangguniang Balangay or Popular Council
(Municipal Government).
• Supreme Council – the highest of these governing bodies,
followed by Provincial Council and Popular Council
• Judical Council (Sangguniang Hukuman) – passed
judgement on members who violated the rules of the
society.
• Katipunan Assembly – composed of the members of
Supreme Council and the presidents of the Provincial
and Popular councils.
• Secret Chamber – composed of Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto,
and Pio Valenzuela. They are the one who exposed the
secrets of the Katipunan.
• THE KATIPUNAN ELECTIONS
• The elected officers of the first Supreme
Councilwere: Deodato Arellano (Supremo),
Andres Bonifacio (Comptroller), Ladislao Diwa (Fiscal),
Teodoro Plata (Secretary), and Valentin Diaz (treasurer).
• Early in 1893, Bonifacio through an election moved to
replace Arellano.
• The elected officers of the second Supreme Council were:
Roman Basa (Supremo), Bonifacio(Fiscal),
Jose Turiano Santiago (secretary), and Vicente Molina
(treasurer).
• Early in 1895, Bonifacio, not contented with the
performance of Basa as supremo, had himself elected to
replace Basa.
• Bonifacio remained the Supremo until the establishment
of a revolutionary government in Tejeros, Cavite.
• MEMBERSHIP
• First Grade – called katipon. Password: Anak ngBayan
• Second Grade – kawal. Password: Gom-Bur-Za
• Third Grade – bayani. Password: Rizal
• To recognize each other, member should place the palm of
his right hand on his breast, and as he passed the other
member should close his hand and bring his index finger
and thumb together.
• THE KATIPUNAN CODES
• Bonifacio the one who invented a system of writing
which wold make it difficult fo the Spaniard to read.
• THE KATIPUNAN FLAGS
• Bonifacio wanted a flag to be used by the members as a
symbol of their unity.
• THE TEACHINGS OF KATIPUNAN
• Bonifacio prepared some sort of Ten Commandments for
the members. He called these
“Katungkalang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan”.
These may be described as a Decalouge.
(1) Love God with all your heart.
(2) Bear always in mind that the love of God is
also love of Country, and this, too, is love of one’s
fellowmen.
(3) Engrace in your heart that the true measure
of honor and happiness is to die for the freedom of
your country.
(4) All your good wishes will be crowned with
success if you have serenity, constancy, reason,
and faith in your acts and endeavour.
(5) Guard the mandates and aims of the KKK as
you guard your honor.
(6) It is the duty of all to defend, at the risk of their
own lives and wealth, anyone who runs great risks
in the performance of his duty.
(7) Our responsibility to ourselves and the
performance of our duties will be the example set
of our fellowmen to follow.
(8) Insofar as it is within your power, share your
means with the poor and the unfortunate.
(9) Diligence in the work that gives sustenance to
you is the true basis of love – love for your own
self, for your wife and children, and for your
brothers and countrymen.
(10) Punish any scoundrel and traitor and praise all
good work. Believe, likewise, that the aims of the
KKK are God-given, for the will of the people is
also the will of God.
• Emilio Jacinto, close friend and right-hand man
of Bonifacio. He wrote the Kartilla which consisted of
13 teachings.
(1) A life that is not consecrated to a lofty and
sacredcause is like a tree without a shadow or a
poisonous weed.
(2) A good deed that springs from a desire for
personal profit and not from a desire to do good is
not kindness.
(3) True greatness consists in being charitable, in
loving one’s fellowmen and in adjusting every
movement, deed and word to true Reason.
(4) All men are equal, be the color of their skin
black or white. One mat be superior to another
in knowledge, wealth and beauty, but cannot be
superior in being.
(5) He who is noble prefers the honor to personal
grains; he who is mean prefers personal profit
to honor.
(6) To a man with a sense of shame, his word is
inviolate.
(7) Don’t fritter away time; lost riches may be
recovered, but time lost will never come again.
(8) Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
(9) An intelligent man is he who is cautious in
speech and knows how to keep the secrets that
must be guarded.
(10) In the thorny path of life, man is the guide of
his wife and children; if he who guides moves
toward evil, they who are guided likewise move
toward evil.
(11) Think not of woman as a thing merely to
while away time with, but as a helper and partner
in the hardships of life. Respect her in her
weakness, and remember the mother who brought
you into this world and who cared for you in your
childhood.
(12) What you do not want done to your wife,
daughter and sister, do not do to the wife, daughter
and sister of another.
(13) The nobility of a man does not consist in
being a king, nor in the highness of the nose and
the whiteness of the skin, nor in being a priest
representing God, nor in the exalted position on
this earth, but pure and truly noble is he who,
though born in the woods, is possessed of an
upright character; who is true to his words; who
has dignity and honor; who does not oppress and
does not help those who oppress; who knows how
to look after and loves the land of his birth.
• THE WOMEN OF THE KATIPUNAN
• Bonifacio decided that only wife, sister, daughter of
a Katipunero , and a few selected women could be
eligible for membership to minimize danger.
• Katipunera’s Duty – aside from helping the male members
in their work of propagating the ideas and ideal of the
society, was to make the police authorities believe that
no Katipunan meeting was being held in a house. They
sing and dance in full view of the people in the
street while the male members were holding a meeting in
a room behind the sala, and in this way, the authorities
were not able to detect the meetings.
• Women members were Josefa Rizal
(president), Gregoria de Jesus (vice p),
Marina Dizon(secretary), and Angeliza Lopez Rizal
(fiscal).
• THE KALAYAAN
• Bonifacio & Jacinto believed that they could propagate
their revolutionary ideas by having a printing press.
• Two visayan patriots form Kalibo & capiz gave
the Katipunan the money to purchase the printing press,
they were Candido Iban & Francisco Del Castillowho
won one thousand pesos from a lottery.
• Ulpiano Fernandez & Faustino Duque are
both Katipuneros and are experienced printers managed
the press.
• Dr. Pio Valenzuela suggested the name of the
newspaper, Kalayaan.
• In the middle March 1896 the newspaper written in
tagalong was published, the Kalayaan contained articles
written by Bonifacio, Jacinto & Valenzuela.
• To mislead the Spanish authorities they put Yokohama as
the place of publication and Marcelo H. Del Pilar as the
editor.
• Jacinto’s Pahayag (Manifesto) & Bonifacio’s poem, Pag-
ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (love of country) were published
in the only issue of the Kalayaan.
• They did not sign their true names for fear that
the Katipunan might be discovered, they used pen
names instead.
• Jacinto – Pingkian and Dimas-Ilaw
• Bonifacio – Agapito Bagumbayan
• Valenzuela – Madlang-Away
• TWIN SOULS OF THE
KATIPUNAN: Andres Bonifacio & Emilio Jacinto
• The katipunan aimed to make the Philippines a free
country by force of arms.
• Its founder Andres Bonifacio, was born on November 30,
1863 in a small nipa house now known as
the Azcarraga Street. His parents, Santiago Bonifacio &
Catalina De Castro belonged to the middle
• Santiago Bonifacio – was a tailor, a boatman, and a
former municipal official of Tondo.
• Catalina De Castro – was a Spanish-Chinese of Filipino
origin form Zambales, and worked at a cigarette factory.
• At a young age Bonifacio had to support his family after
both of his parents died, his
brothers Ciriaco, Procopio and Troadio & his
sisters Esoiridiona and Maxima.
• Bonifacio taught himself to read and write in bislanguage
and in time he became literate in Spanish. One of the
books he read was the original Spanish version of
Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and later, Filibusterismo. He
also read books on the French Revolution of 1789. When
Rizal was executed on December 30,
1896, Bonifacio felt sad and angry.
• He felt sad because a great Filipino was executed; and he
felt angry with the Spaniards because of what they did to
Rizal and his cause to fight for justice and liberty.
• Bonifacio was anti-friar and anti-spanish. He hated all
Spaniards, to him they are all same: greedy, immoral,
cruel & lazy.
• His poems in tagalong,
especially Tapunan ng Lingap& Ang Mga Cazadores, att
acked the Spaniards furiously. He called the Spaniards
“White cattle”. His poem
“Huling Hibik ng Pilipinas” openly called for
independence from colonial rule.
• The Revolution of 1896 a.k.a The KatipunanRevolution,
for it was the katipunan that sowed the seeds of national
independence in the minds of the masses. As founder
and later became the Supremoof
the Katipunan Revolution, and rightly regarded as a
leading thinker of the Revolution 1896.
• Bonifacio found Twin soul in the Katipunan-the young
and intelligent Emilio Jacinto. Born in Tondo, Manila on
December 15, 1875. He first studied ate San Juan
de Letran and later transferred to the Univerity of Santo
Tomas where he studied Law.
• Bonifacio came to love this young man who was serious-
minded, humble, intelligent and industrious. The two of
them greatly influenced the Katipunan.
• Jacinto, like Bonifacio, wrote in Tagalog, the language of
the masses, except for one poem in Spanish, A Mi Patria
(To My Country). They believed that the people, the
masses, could be reached only through their own
language, so they both wrote in Tagalog. It is for this
reason that Bonifacio and Jacinto succeeded in uniting
the people behind them.
• Jacinto wrote such pieces as
the Kartilla, Liwanag at Dilim, Pahayag, Sa Mga Kababa
yan. When the Revolution broke out, he fought side by
side with Bonifacio. He was assigned to lead the rebels
in Laguna, he died in Mahayhay, Laguna on April 6,
1899 at the young age of twenty-four.