Sustainability 10 04024 v2

sustainability
Article
Empirical Study on Structural Safety Diagnosis of
Large-Scale Civil Infrastructure Using Laser
Scanning and BIM
Namhyuk Ham and Sang-Hyo Lee *
Division of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Kangwon National University, 346, Jungang-ro,
Samcheok-si 25913, Gangwon-do, Korea; aaschool81@gmail.com
* Correspondence: leesh0903@kangwon.ac.kr; Tel.: +82-33-570-6527

Received: 12 September 2018; Accepted: 31 October 2018; Published: 2 November 2018
Abstract: Existing structural safety diagnosis methods are time-consuming due to personnel-oriented
measurement methods and have a limitation that it is difficult to obtain consistent research results.
In order to overcome these limitations, this study proposes a structural safety diagnosis method
using laser scanning and BIM. In spite of the various studies related to laser scanning and BIM, it is
difficult to find a study that verifies the effect of shortening the service period and cost reduction in
terms of project management. Therefore, in this study, case analysis of structural safety diagnosis of
large-scale civil infrastructure was conducted. In the structural safety diagnosis, the laser scanning
data and the BIM model were compared and analyzed to determine the degree of deformation of
pipe rack (e.g., truss, column). Laser scanning data reflects the deformation state of large-scale civil
infrastructure. On the other hand, the BIM model was constructed by reflecting the state before the
transformation with reference to the laser scanning data. Finally, proposed method of structural
safety diagnosis saved four months. In terms of manpower saving, 125 man-month was saved.
The research findings can provide a quantitative basis for the introduction of laser scanning and
BIM technology in the structural safety diagnosis of aging large-scale civil infrastructures. However,
the limitations of this study have not been analyzed economically by considering the investment cost
(e.g., hardware, software, training, etc.) of laser scanning and BIM technology and the cost saving
effect of technology introduction.
Keywords: large-scale civil infrastructure; structural safety diagnosis; laser scanning; BIM;
empirical study
1. Introduction
Facility management is important for AEC/FM organizations to maintain a sustainable
business [1,2]. In particular, the safety inspection of infrastructure, such as aging bridges [3],
highways and rail [4], traffic facilities (e.g., tunnel) [5], and pipe racks [6,7], needs to be urgently
dealt with in light of the possible economic damage owing to sudden safety accidents and operational
interruptions. However, few case studies have been conducted on the safety inspection of large-scale
civil infrastructure. The Facility Management System of the Korea Infrastructure Safety Corporation
manages information concerning 90,989 facilities across the country. The infrastructure for most of
these facilities was constructed in the 1970s and 1980s [8]. The increase in the number of aging facilities
increases management costs, and may lead to serious safety problems if accurate safety diagnosis and
maintenance are not performed [9]. Therefore, a system capable of inspecting and managing aging
facilities in advance is required for their efficient maintenance.
A facility safety inspection refers to the process where experts equipped with experience and
the relevant technologies examine factors affecting safety in facilities [4]. Precision structural safety
Sustainability 2018, 10, 4024; doi:10.3390/su10114024 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2018, 10, 4024 2 of 22
diagnosis refers to the process whereby the physical and functional defects of a facility are found,
and methods to repair and reinforce them are suggested by investigating, measuring, and assessing
structural safety, as well as the cause of such defects to take prompt and appropriate measures [10].
Precision structural safety diagnosis secures data required to determine the status and state of safety
of a facility through precise observations, measurements using testing equipment, and tests to identify
defects that cannot easily be detected otherwise by safety inspection. Status assessment refers to the
behavior whereby the exterior of a facility is investigated, and the status of the facility, including the
degrees of defects in it, is assessed. Safety assessment can be conducted using various methods, such as
the non-destructive loading test, ground investigation, and exploration, measurement, and analysis
according to the type of facility and its structural characteristics [10]. Currently, operational facility
safety diagnosis are carried out either by time-consuming site inspections or semi-automatically by
visually analyzing imagery and video data [4].
In general, facilities requiring precise structural safety diagnosis are often very large, such as
tunnels [5,11] and bridges [3]. In addition, there are many complicated cases such as the production
line inside the plant (e.g., nuclear power plant pipeline) [6], and the infrastructure (e.g., pipe rack) that
supplies the production resources [7]. The prevalent method of safety inspection derives risk factors
through comprehensive visual inspection, operational status check, and diagnostic equipment based
on checklists for each facility and type of infrastructure. This process of safety inspection requires the
long-term input of numerous personnel [4,12]. As this method involves the inspection of large-scale
civil infrastructure through separate measurements, it is challenging to obtain consistent results of
inspection, because the outcomes of safety diagnosis can differ depending on the capabilities of the
engineers. Furthermore, safety diagnosis is performed while the facility is in operation. Therefore,
the diagnosis itself entails high risk [13]. Although the data generated in each step of safety diagnosis
are in varied formats and large in number, they lack consistency and, thus, are not easily manageable.
In particular, in case of aging facilities, field surveys, status assessments, and safety assessments are
challenging because the design information is not properly managed, and it is difficult to find the
history of the modification of the facility. Moreover, sufficient information concerning the status of a
facility that can be used for safety diagnosis is not available.
Laser scanning can be considered to overcome the limitations of existing structural safety diagnosis
method [14]. Laser scanning technology offers the following benefits compared with the typical
contact-type sensors used in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industries [15]: (1) It
can perform high-speed scanning of large facilities, and can measure the surface profile. (2) It provides
millimeter-unit accuracy and spatial resolution through point cloud data. (3) It can theoretically provide
long-distance measurements of up to 6000 m [16]. Owing to these characteristics, laser scanning
technology has been used in reverse engineering [17,18], monitoring deflection and deformation [13],
monitoring the progress of construction [11,19], and topographical surveys [20]. Along with laser
scanning, building information modeling (BIM) has been widely used in the construction industry to
help construct, store, and manage information created during the lifecycle of a facility [21]. For instance,
participants of the construction project of the AEC/facility management (FM) area can obtain the
information needed for their tasks using BIM [15]. Some recent studies have combined the benefits of
these two technologies [22,23]. Therefore, in this study, we will examine the effect of structural safety
diagnosis of large-scale civil infrastructure using laser scanning and BIM.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Laser Scanning Technology

Three-dimensional laser scanning technology collectively refers to technologies capable of
acquiring and adjusting 3D point clouds, such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR) [9].
Compared with currently used technology, laser scanning directly collects 3D data on facilities at high
precision and resolution [24,25]. Owing to these benefits, researchers in many fields have studied it.
Some studies on the reverse design that creates 3D models from laser scanning data are as follows:
Nahangi et al. [26] researched the removal of error from laser scanning data and their clustering.
Son et al. [27] researched the semantic creation of 3D models required in construction from laser
scanning data. Gimemez et al. [28] investigated technology related to creating 3D building models
from 2D scan data. Bosche et al. [29] proposed a method to monitor facilities by converting 3D scanning
data for the MEP pipe shape into BIM data. Reeder et al. [30] focused on a method to model data
required for engineering through 3D image scanning of highways. Murphy et al. [31] researched
assessment standards for 3D image adjustment, and Bhatla et al. [32] conducted research on methods
of precision assessment for as-built 3D modeling.
From the perspective of the quality assessment (QA) of facilities, some studies on the application
of laser scanning technology are as follows: Bosche [33] proposed an automated technique to recognize
3D CAD objects from laser scanning data for the visual inspection of facility elements. Shih and
Wang [34] proposed a system to measure the quality of construction of completed structures (e.g., walls).
Akinci et al. [35] proposed a general framework to inspect the quality of facilities by comparing as-built
models acquired from laser scanning data using CAD models. Han et al. [36] proposed an automated
technique to extract the cross-section of a tunnel from laser scanning data for quality management.
Gordon and Lichti [37] and Park et al. [13] acquired the results of measurements of facility deformation
from laser scanning data.
Some studies on improving the accuracy of laser scanning technology are as follows:
Teza et al. [38] proposed a damage detection technology based on the calculation of the average
and Gaussian curvatures of concrete surfaces. Tang et al. [39] investigated the detection of the
surface flatness detects of facilities using various damage detection algorithms and a 3D laser scanner.
Olsen et al. [25] proposed a technique to quantify the lost volume of reinforce concrete structures,
and Liu et al. [40] proposed an in-situ distance-and-gradient-based volume loss estimation technique
for concrete bridges.
In addition, Golparvar-Fard et al. [41] conducted a study on the accuracy evaluation of
image-based modeling and laser scanning. Brilakis et al. [42] conducted a study to automatically
generate BIM models based on hybrid video and laser scanning data. Zeibak-Shini et al. [43] conducted
a study to estimate the damage site of structures using laser scanning and as-built BIM. Despite the
various studies mentioned above, it is difficult to find any research on project duration and labor
saving when laser scanning is applied for project management.
2.2. Role of BIM in Facility Management

In general, BIM is defined as a model that contains the lifecycle information of a construction
project or its process for construction [44]. In facility safety management, the success of the application
of BIM depends on how efficiently the information generated at the design and construction stages is
handled up to the operation stage [45–47]. BIM significantly influences the FM stage in that owners
and facility managers require computerized information concerning facilities that can improve the
existing method of safety diagnosis [48]. Therefore, BIM requires information concerning facilities that
is consistent over time [49].
However, information concerning facilities is scattered in documented construction specifications,
warranties, and operation and maintenance manuals [50]. Safety problems with facilities may occur
in unexpected places [51]. The information used for the safety diagnosis of facilities consists of
as-built documentation created by the general contractor and sub-contractors who participated in the
construction. In case of the latest construction projects to which BIM was applied, the completion status
was reflected in the as-built drawings or models, which could be utilized to operate the facilities. In the
case of aging facilities, however, as-built drawings are lost or are different from the given scenario
because of long-term operation in most cases. Therefore, the role of BIM in facility management is to
provide comparative data on the status information of facilities collected through laser scanning to
determine the degree of transformation of facilities [14].
As shown above, Laser scanning and BIM have a number of advantages that can improve
the structural safety diagnosis of large-scale civil infrastructure. Using a case study where laser
scanning and BIM were applied to the structural safety diagnosis of a large-scale civil infrastructure,
this study investigates (1) the benefits of laser scanning and BIM in structural safety diagnosis of aging
facilities, and (2) the investigation method of the deformation state of large-scale civil infrastructure by
comparing laser scanning data with BIM model.
3. Structural Safety Inspection of Civil Infrastructure Using Laser Scanning and BIM
Generation of Safety Diagnostic Information for Large-Scale Civil Infrastructure

For aging civil infrastructure, the completed documents generally do not match its status at any
given time owing to long-term operation. Safety diagnosis must be based on accurate information
concerning the state of civil infrastructure. The proposed information generation process based on laser
scanning and BIM for the safety diagnosis of civil infrastructure is shown in Figure 1. This structural
safety diagnosis was established through an expert interview with Dongyang Structural Engineers
Group, a company carrying out the case project. The steps of the process are described as follows.
(1) The as-built drawing contains the completion information of a facility [17]. In the case of civil
infrastructure, however, the drawings can be lost during operation, or they do not match the
status at the given time in many cases. Therefore, it is difficult to use this information for
safety diagnosis.
(2) The as-built BIM data refer to the 3D model built based on the completed drawings of a facility,
and contain information concerning the shape of the facility. As-built BIM data are generated
based on as-built drawings. However, if there is no as-built drawing, the as-built BIM data should
be prepared before the transformation by referring to the laser scanning data [15].
(3) Three-dimensional laser scanning refers to scanning a facility in operation in three dimensions
using a 3D laser scanner. When the given facility is large or complex, laser scanning can acquire
accurate information concerning its status by designating scanning points at various positions [5].
(4) Three-dimensional laser scanning data can be generated by integrating data scanned from
multiple positions [23]. The data contain accurate information concerning the surface of the
facility in a point cloud data format. From the data, accurate information concerning shape
required for the safety diagnosis of the facility can be obtained. In other words, laser scanning
data contain status information, which reflect construction errors and displacement, that is
unknown in the as-built BIM data.
(5) The accurate as-built BIM data must be modeled based on laser scanning data [33]. Safety diagnosis
must be performed consistently instead of once. The BIM model should be a criterion for
determining the degree of deformation of the laser scanning data that accurately reflects the
deformation state.
(6) If laser scanning is repeated in the future for the safety diagnosis of a facility, the modifications
in it can be consistently monitored by directly comparing laser scanning data generated in the
previous safety diagnosis and the as-built BIM data [12].
(7) Field survey data relating to the external conditions of facilities are obtained by investigating
the design documents and related materials, the damage status of the components of the facility,
their deformation status, and the application status of the load. The data include the tilt,
displacement, crack, and surface damage information of the components [10].
(8) The laser scanning data and the BIM model should be integrated on the basis of specific
coordinates to more accurately analyze the results of the external condition of the large-scale civil
infrastructure [18,26]. The integrated 3D model is used to determine the degree of displacement
through cross-sectional analysis.
Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 21
(9) The field survey data concerning the internal conditions of a facility include information
concerning the cross-section of constituents of the facility. The data include information
concerning the cross-sectional status and performance of the components, such as the
fire-resistant covering of steel components, film thickness, bolt-tightening force, neutralization
(9) information
The field survey for reinforced concrete the
data concerning components, and compressive
internal conditions strength.
of a facility Such information
include information
is directly surveyed
concerning from the field
the cross-section [10].
of constituents of the facility. The data include information
(10) BIM data develops by reflecting the field
concerning the cross-sectional status and performance survey dataofin
theterms of the internal
components, such as conditions (e.g.,
the fire-resistant
material,
covering size, etc.)
of steel of facilities film
components, [29].thickness, bolt-tightening force, neutralization information for
(11) The BIM model
reinforced concretereflecting
components, the andinternal characteristics
compressive strength.ofSuchtheinformation
facility canis directly
be utilized as a
surveyed
structural analysis
from the field [10]. model for accurate structural safety diagnosis [45]. Therefore, it is possible
(10) toBIMeasily
dataextract
developsa modelby for accuratethe
reflecting structural analysis
field survey datausing BIM authoring
in terms tool (e.g.,
of the internal revit).
conditions
(12) Data for accurate structural analysis
(e.g., material, size, etc.) of facilities [29]. can be generated using this model. Such data are used to
repair and reinforce facilities [37].
(11) The BIM model reflecting the internal characteristics of the facility can be utilized as a structural
(13) Facilities are subject
analysis model to deformation
for accurate structural over timediagnosis
safety owing to [45].
the aging of theitconstituent
Therefore, is possiblematerials
to easily
or the effect of external forces. Therefore, the information generation
extract a model for accurate structural analysis using BIM authoring tool (e.g., revit). process for facilities can
be repeatedly used according to the period of safety inspection of the corresponding facility
(12) Data for accurate structural analysis can be generated using this model. Such data are used to
[13]. Through this, it is possible to consistently manage safety and secure the data.
repair and reinforce facilities [37].
(13) As a result
Facilities areofsubject
the expert interview, over
to deformation a largetimeamount
owingof to manpower
the aging ofisthe invested in the
constituent long-term
materials or
for thethe initial
effect offield investigation,
external data preparation
forces. Therefore, the informationand generation
data collection
processforforstructural safety
facilities can be
evaluation in theused
repeatedly structural safety
according to diagnosis
the periodofoflarge facilities.
safety inspectionWe ofexpect to save not only
the corresponding time [13].
facility but
also manpower
Through this, by replacing thistolabor-intensive
it is possible consistently manage work with laser
safety andscanning.
secure the data.
Figure 1. Laser scanning and BIM-based information generation process for civil infrastructure
structural safety diagnosis.
As a result of the expert interview, a large amount of manpower is invested in the long-term for
the initial field investigation, data preparation and data collection for structural safety evaluation in
the structural safety diagnosis of large facilities. We expect to save not only time but also manpower
by replacing this labor-intensive work with laser scanning.
4. Case Study
4.1. Project Description

Ulsan plant of the H company was used for the case study of this research. The case project is the
largest single factory in the world with an area of 5,000,000 square meters. The Ulsan plant consists of
five finished car factories, engine and transmission plant, and road driving/crash test site that can be
independently produced. It is the largest single factory in the world, producing an average of 5400
vehicles a day. It is a large-scale civil infrastructure that can cause enormous losses economically if
production safety is interrupted due to facility safety problems. The factory was built from 1968 to
1975. Thus, the factory required structural safety diagnosis of the facilities owing to aging. Especially,
the scope of the case project is a structural safety diagnosis for pipe racks. The pipe racks of the factory
represented pipes and racks used for raw material transport inside the factory. Figure 2 shows the
layout of a case study project for a pipe rack. Yellow, green, pink, and red indicate the path of the
main pipe rack.
Figure 2. Layout of a case study project for pipe rack.
As the design documents created by the company that previously performed the structural safety
diagnosis had been different from the status of the plant at the time, the safety diagnosis of the facilities
could not be properly performed. Moreover, the facilities were large, the prevalent personnel-oriented
method of safety diagnosis was not economically efficient. Therefore, the authors performed a
safety diagnosis of the aging pipe racks in the factory using laser scanning and BIM technologies.
Dongyang Structural Engineers Group, which executed this project, is a structural engineering design
office that has examined the status of construction in factories, performed structural safety diagnosis
and maintenance, reverse engineering, and managed the quality of construction of irregular buildings
using BIM and laser scanning.
4.2. Laser Scanning- and BIM-Based Civil Infrastructure Safety Inspection
4.2.1. Equipment
The 3D laser scanner used in this case study was the TX8 model supplied by Trimble, and its
specifications are shown in Table 1. TX8 is a high-performance 3D laser scanner used to acquire
precision data. The representative characteristics of this model are that it can perform ultra-high-speed

precision data. The representative characteristics of this model are that it can perform
ultra-high-speed scanning using Trimble’s lightning technology and acquire data in a stable
scanningregardless
manner using Trimble’s lightning technology
of the reflectivity andobject.
of the target acquire
Thedata in aof
speed stable
basicmanner regardless
point cloud of the
acquisition
reflectivity
was of points/s,
1,000,000 the target object. The
indicating thatspeed of basic
the model waspoint cloud
suitable acquisition
to scan wasfacilities.
large-scale 1,000,000 points/s,
indicating that the model was suitable to scan large-scale facilities.
Table 1. Specifications of 3D laser scanner (TX8 supplied by Trimble).
Table 1. Specifications of 3D laser scanner (TX8 supplied by Trimble).
Category Specification
Scan speed
Category 1,000,000 pts/s
Specification
Scan
Scanrange
speed Horizontal 360°/vertical
1,000,000 pts/s 317°
Scan distance
Scan range 360◦ /vertical
0.6–340
Horizontal m 317◦
Scan
Scandistance
time 0.6–340
2–14 minm
Scan time 2–14 min
IP rating IP 54
IP rating IP 54
Accuracy
Accuracy 11mmmm(2–80 m)
(2–80 m)
Laser
Laserclass
class Class
Class 1
RGB
RGB External camera
External camera
Tilt sensor O (0.5”)
Tilt sensor O (0.5″)
Operating temperature 0–40 ◦ C
Operating temperature 0–40 °C
Furthermore, the
Furthermore, the scanner
scanner supported
supported anan intuitive
intuitive and
and simple
simple touchscreen
touchscreen interface
interface as
as shown
shown inin
Figure 3. All functions of the scanner could be controlled via the touchscreen. Constantly
Figure 3. All functions of the scanner could be controlled via the touchscreen. Constantly accurate accurate
data could
data could bebe acquired
acquired regardless
regardless of
of weather
weather conditions.
conditions. The
The scanner
scanner could
could be
be used
used in
in combination
combination
with images
with images from
from high-resolution
high-resolution cameras
cameras and
and point
point cloud
cloud data.
data. The
The applications
applications ofof this
this 3D
3D laser
laser
scanner are wide-ranging, including surveying, industrial facilities, civil infrastructure,
scanner are wide-ranging, including surveying, industrial facilities, civil infrastructure, mines andmines and
quarries, deformation
quarries, deformation monitoring,
monitoring, quality
quality control,
control, urban
urban environment,
environment, building
building asas built,
built, building
building
MEP, BIM, and VDC, tank calibration/inspection, preservation and restoration, and public
MEP, BIM, and VDC, tank calibration/inspection, preservation and restoration, and public safety safety and
forensics [52].
and forensics [52].
Figure
Figure 3.
3. Interface
Interface of
of TX8.
TX8.
When the as-built

When the as-builtBIMBIM data
data werewere generated
generated usingusing point data,
point cloud cloud data, multiple
multiple software
software programs
programs
were used. were used. Autodesk’s
Autodesk’s ReCap, ReCap, Revit, Plant3D,
Revit, Plant3D, and Civil3D;
and Civil3D; Trimble’s
Trimble’s Realworks
Realworks and
and Tekla;
Tekla; Intergragh’s PDS and Smart Plant3D, Leica’s Cyclone and CloudWorkx;
Intergragh’s PDS and Smart Plant3D, Leica’s Cyclone and CloudWorkx; and Faro’s PointSense Plant and Faro’s
PointSense Plant for
provide solutions provide solutions adjustment,
the management, for the management, adjustment,
analysis, simulation, analysis,
automatic simulation,
modeling, and 3D
automatic
modeling of point cloud data so that the status of facilities can be easily modeled [53]. In thiscan
modeling, and 3D modeling of point cloud data so that the status of facilities be
study,
easily modeled
the as-built BIM[53].
dataInwere
this study, the as-built
generated throughBIM data
Revit were
using generated
point through
cloud data Revitconnection
because using point to
cloud data because connection to model generation for structural analysis and the structural
analysis task, which
model generation forare follow-up
structural tasks, was
analysis considered
and the as analysis
structural the safetytask,
diagnosis
which ofarethe status oftasks,
follow-up the
facilities was theas
was considered final
the objective.
safety diagnosis of the status of the facilities was the final objective.
4.2.2. Process
4.2.2. Process
Preliminary Field
Preliminary Field Survey
Survey
A preliminary
A preliminary field
field survey
survey ofof the
theproject
projectrevealed
revealedproblems
problemsofofconstituent
constituentdeformation,
deformation,such suchas
deflection of structural beam, height increase due to pipeline expansion, subsidence
as deflection of structural beam, height increase due to pipeline expansion, subsidence and junction and junction
defects as
defects as shown
shownininFigure
Figure4. 4.Accordingly,
Accordingly, inspections
inspections of aging
of aging facilities,
facilities, enhanced
enhanced facilities,
facilities, and
and external
external deformation
deformation were were required.
required. As a of
As a result result of the interview
the interview with the with the project
project managermanager
of the
of the structural
structural engineering
engineering company,company, the prevalent
the prevalent personnel-oriented
personnel-oriented method method
of safetyof safety diagnosis
diagnosis was
was applied,
applied, 20 personnel
20 personnel for three
for three monthsmonths
wouldwould
havehavebeenbeen needed
needed onlyonly for field
for field measurements.
measurements. It
It was
was also
also found
found that
that 2525 personnel
personnel forfor threemonths
three monthswouldwouldhavehavebeen
beenneeded
neededfor formodel
modelcreation,
creation,
structural analysis,
structural analysis, and
and data
data summary.
summary. AAnumbernumberof ofrestrictions
restrictionsalso
alsoapplied,
applied,including
includingaalimited
limited
survey period,
survey period, the
the absence
absenceof of past
pastdata,
data,complex
complexstructural
structuralsystems,
systems,and
andrisks
risksofofhigh-place
high-placework.work.
Therefore, laser scanning and and BIM
BIM were
were used
used for
for the
the safety
safety diagnosis
diagnosis ofof the
the project.
project.
Figure
Figure 4.
4. The
Theresults
resultsof
of the
the preliminary
preliminaryfield
field survey:
survey:(a)
(a)deflection
deflectionofofstructural
structuralbeam,
beam,(b)
(b)height
height
increase due to pipeline expansion, and (c) subsidence and junction defects.
increase due to pipeline expansion, and (c) subsidence and junction defects.
Preliminary Survey
Preliminary Survey of
of the
the Location
Location and
and Status
Status of
of Target
Target Building
Building
Prior to
Prior to performing
performing 3D 3D laser
laser scanning,
scanning,aapreliminary
preliminarysurvey
surveyon onthe
thelocation
locationand
andstatus
statusofofthe
the
target building
building was
wasconducted
conductedasas shown
shown in Figure
in Figure 5 to5examine
to examine the performance
the performance of theof3Dthe 3Dscanner.
laser laser
scanner. As the
As the scale scale
of the caseofproject
the casewas
project
large,was large,
it was it was impossible
impossible to generateto the
generate the integrated
integrated point cloudpoint
data
cloud
for all data for all
facilities at afacilities
time. Toatimprove
a time. To
theimprove
accuracythe accuracy
of the safety of the safety
diagnosis, diagnosis,
the the facilities
facilities were divided
were divided and
and integrated integrated
point point
cloud data cloud
were data were obtained.
obtained.
In order to improve the efficiency of structural safety diagnosis, the structural safety diagnosis
scope of case project was set around the long span where deformation is expected. As shown in Table 2,
the total length of the area surveyed by laser scanning is close to 1 km (959.2 m) in this case project.
Therefore, as shown in Figure 6a–c, complicated areas where the pipe rack path changes or
facilities are integrated are excluded from the structural safety diagnosis. Figure 6a–c shows an
examples for a site to be surveyed. In order to minimize the manpower for a certain period of time,
the scope of the survey was set up using laser scanning around the main long span area.
.
Preliminary Survey of the Location and Status of Target Building
Prior to performing 3D laser scanning, a preliminary survey on the location and status of the
target building was conducted as shown in Figure 5 to examine the performance of the 3D laser
scanner. As the scale of the case project was large, it was impossible to generate the integrated point
cloud data2018,
Sustainability for 10,
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facilities at a time. To improve the accuracy of the safety diagnosis, the facilities
9 of 22
were divided and integrated point cloud data were obtained.
.
Figure 5. Preliminary survey of the location and status of pipe racks.
Table 2. Total structural safety diagnosis service scope of case project using laser scanning.
Scope of Structural Safety Diagnosis Using Laser

No. of Survey Sections
Scanning: Straight Length (mm)
No. 1 50,000
No. 2 133,200
No. 3 79,180
No. 4 96,240
No. 5 57,300
No. 6 143,130
No. 7 144,700
No. 8 26,820
No. 9 61,130
No. 10 55,780
No. 11 38,240
No. 12 39,200
No. 13 34,280
Total 959,200
Laser Scanning
Figure 7 shows the results of integrating laser scanning points for the target facilities and the point
cloud data scanned at each point. To acquire the point cloud data for the target facilities, scanning was
performed at five points, and it took two to three minutes per point. The point cloud data acquired from
each scanning point were integrated into a file using Trimble’s Realworks. In the case project, pipe racks
are not only large in size but also vary in location. The global positioning system (GPS) coordinate
system was used to manage laser scanning data for large-scale civil infrastructure. According to the
results of interviews with structural experts, the coordinate system can use relative coordinates instead
of absolute coordinates depending on the type, size, and service range of the project.
Total 959,200
Therefore, as shown in Figure 6a–c, complicated areas where the pipe rack path changes or
facilities are integrated are excluded from the structural safety diagnosis. Figure 6a–c shows an
examples for
Sustainability 2018,a10,
site to be surveyed. In order to minimize the manpower for a certain period of10time,
4024 of 22
the scope of the survey was set up using laser scanning around the main long span area.
Figure 6. Scope of structural safety diagnosis using laser scanning: (a) case 1 for Service Scope, (b)
case 2 for Service Scope, and (c) case 3 for Service Scope.
Laser Scanning
Figure 7 shows the results of integrating laser scanning points for the target facilities and the
point cloud data scanned at each point. To acquire the point cloud data for the target facilities,
scanning was performed at five points, and it took two to three minutes per point. The point cloud
data acquired from each scanning point were integrated into a file using Trimble’s Realworks. In
the case project, pipe racks are not only large in size but also vary in location. The global
positioning system (GPS) coordinate system was used to manage laser scanning data for large-scale
civil infrastructure. According to the results of interviews with structural experts, the coordinate
system can 6.
Figure use relative
Scope coordinates
of structural instead ofusing
safety diagnosis absolute coordinates
laser scanning: depending
(a) case onScope,
1 for Service the type, size,
(b) case 2 and
service range of the project.
for Service Scope, and (c) case 3 for Service Scope.
Figure
Figure 7.
7. Laser
Laser scanning
scanning points.
points.
Generating BIM
Generating BIM Data
Data for
for Given
Given Conditions
Conditions
Point cloud
Point cloud data
data can
can be
be associated
associated with
with various
various data
data formats
formats asas shown
shown inin Figure
Figure 8. The point
8. The point
cloud data
cloud data acquired
acquired through
through laser
laser scanning
scanning accurately
accurately reflected
reflected the
the status
status of
of the
the target
target facilities.
facilities.
Although Realworks integrates point cloud data and provides functions to use them in various
ways, the data were connected to the CAD and BIM for structural analysis, creating a status
drawing, and securing facility management data. In the project, Revit was used as the authoring
tool for the BIM data because the information it generates is useful for the structural analysis task.
In other words, the structural BIM model for the facilities based on Revit was used as the model for
Although Realworks integrates point cloud data and provides functions to use them in various ways,
the data were connected to the CAD and BIM for structural analysis, creating a status drawing,
and securing facility management data. In the project, Revit was used as the authoring tool for the
BIM data because the information it generates is useful for the structural analysis task. In other words,
the structural BIM model for the facilities based on Revit was used as the model for structural analysis.
As mentioned Section 2.2, the BIM model should be comparable to laser scanning data. Therefore,
the BIM model is not modeled in the same way as the 3D shape of the laser scanning data reflecting
the post-transformation state of the facility. However, the BIM model for the pipe rack was constructed
based on the exact positional coordinates. Although this method is very simple, it can overcome the
limitations of accuracy in automatically modeling the BIM model from laser scanning data. In addition,
the manpower required for additional work required to build a BIM model using laser scanning data
can be reduced. Most importantly, it provides two quantitative, comparative data (laser scanning
data and BIM) to support structural engineer’s decision making, which is the subject of assessing the
stability of large-scale facilities in the structural safety diagnosis service.
Method of Structural Safety Diagnosis

Structural engineers can make accurate judgments by comparing and analyzing two pieces of
information in a structural safety diagnosis. The first piece of information is laser scanning data that
reflects the deformation of large-scale civil infrastructure. The second information is the BIM model
which does not reflect the deformation state created by referring to the laser scanning data. The two
pieces of information can be integrated in 3D as shown in Figure 9.
Using the integrated 3D model (Figure 9) for conditions prevailing at the given time, the plan,
elevation, and cross-sectional information was extracted, and the structural safety diagnosis of large-scale
civil infrastructure was then performed. With reference to the integrated 3D model, the structural
engineer performs the structural safety diagnosis. As shown in Figure 10, the cross-sectional information
of the structural problem can be freely extracted from the 3D model, and the degree of deflection can
be grasped by comparing and analyzing the laser scanning data and the BIM model.
Furthermore, it was possible to perform structural safety diagnosis for a specific area using laser
scanning and BIM data. Figure 11 shows a visual representation of the deflection analysis of the truss
supporting the pipes passing through the pipe rack.
The structural engineer analyzes the deflection of the truss at a specific location by reviewing
the section of the 3D model incorporating the laser scanning data and the BIM model. The degree of
deflection is analyzed by directly comparing the laser scanning data, which reflects the deformation of
the facility, and the BIM model before the deformation, through the extracted section. Through this
analysis, structural engineer perform structural safety diagnosis. The contents of analysis included the
magnitude of deflection, its span, and deflection-to-span ratio according to the measurements.
Figure 12 shows the structural safety diagnosis results for the deflection of the truss. The values
of points A, B, and C shown in Figure 12 indicate the level difference (z value difference) between laser
scanning data and BIM model at each position. The magnitude of deflection and deflection-to-span
ratio were calculated by the following Equations (1) and (2). Based on these results, the structural
engineer evaluates the structural safety of large-scale civil infrastructure. Based on these results,
a follow-up repair and reinforcement plan will be established.
Deflection = B − (A + C)/2 (1)
Deflection-to-span ratio = Deflection/Span (2)

Figure 8. Point
Figure 8. Point cloud
clouddata
data(upper
(upperleft),
left),integration
integration
ofof point
point cloud
cloud data
data andand
CADCAD (upper
(upper right),
right), integration
integration of point
of point cloudcloud dataBIM
data and and(lower
BIM (lower left),
left), and BIMand BIM
model
model (lower
(lower right). right).
Method of Structural Safety Diagnosis
Structural engineers can make accurate judgments by comparing and analyzing two pieces of
information in a structural safety diagnosis. The first piece of information is laser scanning data that
reflects the deformation of large-scale civil infrastructure. The second information is the BIM model
Sustainability
which not10,
does2018, 4024 the deformation state created by referring to the laser scanning data. The
reflect 13 two
of 22
pieces of information can be integrated in 3D as shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Integration of point cloud data and BIM.

9. Integration of point cloud data and BIM.
Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEERFigure
REVIEW 13 of 21
Using the integrated 3D model (Figure 9) for conditions prevailing at the given time, the plan,
elevation, and cross-sectional information was extracted, and the structural safety diagnosis of
large-scale civil infrastructure was then performed. With reference to the integrated 3D model, the
structural engineer performs the structural safety diagnosis. As shown in Figure 10, the
cross-sectional information of the structural problem can be freely extracted from the 3D model,
and the degree of deflection can be grasped by comparing and analyzing the laser scanning data
and the BIM model.
Furthermore, it was possible to perform structural safety diagnosis for a specific area using
laser scanning and BIM data. Figure 11 shows a visual representation of the deflection analysis of
the truss supporting the pipes passing through the pipe rack.
The structural engineer analyzes the deflection of the truss at a specific location by reviewing
the section of the 3D model incorporating the laser scanning data and the BIM model. The degree of
deflection is analyzed by directly comparing the laser scanning data, which reflects the deformation
of the facility, and the BIM model before the deformation, through the extracted section. Through
this analysis, structural engineer perform structural safety diagnosis. The contents of analysis
included the magnitude of deflection, its span, and deflection-to-span ratio according to the
measurements.
Figure
Figure 10.
10. Cross-sectional
Cross-sectional information
information extraction
extraction of large-scale civil
of large-scale civil infrastructure.
infrastructure.
Figure 11. Visual representation of the deflection analysis of truss.

Figure 10. Cross-sectional information extraction of large-scale civil infrastructure.
Sustainability 2018, 10, xFigure

FOR 11.
PEER
Figure Visual
Visualrepresentation
11.REVIEW representationofofthe
thedeflection
deflectionanalysis
analysisofoftruss.
truss. 14 of 21
Figure 12 shows the structural safety diagnosis results for the deflection of the truss. The
values of points A, B, and C shown in Figure 12 indicate the level difference (z value difference)
between laser scanning data and BIM model at each position. The magnitude of deflection and
deflection-to-span ratio were calculated by the C following Equations (1) and (2). Based on theseC
(135.50) (147.66)
results, the structural engineer evaluates the structural safety of large-scale civil infrastructure.
A B
Based (111.18) A
on these results, a follow-up repair and reinforcement plan will be(125.08)
established.
B (118.25)
(86.70) Deflection = B − (A + C)/2 (1)
(a) X1~X2/Y1 Deflection-to-span ratio(b) X1~X2/Y2
= Deflection/Span (2)
deflection : -36.64 mm deflection : -7.88 mm
span : 26,751 mm span : 26,751 mm
deflection-to-span ratio : 1/730 deflection-to-span ratio : below 1/1000
C C
(144.27) A (156.63)
A
(123.66) (140.15)
B B
(41.22) (60)
(c) X2~X3/Y1 (d) X2~X3/Y2
deflection : -92.7 mm deflection : -88.4 mm
span : 33,814 mm span : 33,814 mm
deflection-to-span ratio : 1/368 deflection-to-span ratio : 1/382
Figure 12. Structural

Figure 12. Structuralsafety
safetydiagnosis
diagnosisresults
resultsforfor
thethe
deflection of the
deflection truss:
of the (a) Location:
truss: X1~X2/Y1,
(a) Location: (b)
X1~X2/Y1,
Location: X1~X2/Y2,
(b) Location: (c) (c)
X1~X2/Y2, Location: X2~X3/Y1,
Location: X2~X3/Y1,and and(d) Location:
(d) Location:X2~X3/Y2.
X2~X3/Y2.
Tables
Tables 33 and
and44show
showthetheresults
resultsofofthe
theinvestigation
investigationofof
the deformation
the deformation (e.g., degree
(e.g., of tilting)
degree of
of tilting)
the column supporting the pipe rack. The structural engineer performs a structural
of the column supporting the pipe rack. The structural engineer performs a structural safety safety diagnosis of
the main columns by analyzing sections on the planes extracted from the 3D model
diagnosis of the main columns by analyzing sections on the planes extracted from the 3D model incorporating the
laser scanning the
incorporating datalaser
and scanning
the BIM model.
data and The degree
the of deflection
BIM model. is analyzed
The degree by directly
of deflection comparing
is analyzed by
the laser scanning data, which reflects the deformation, and the BIM model before
directly comparing the laser scanning data, which reflects the deformation, and the BIM model the deformation,
through the extracted
before the section.
deformation, The contents
through of analysis
the extracted included
section. Thethe directionofofanalysis
contents displacement, anglethe
included of
displacement, degree of displacement,
direction of displacement, angle of displacement
displacement,ratio according
degree to the measurements.
of displacement, displacement ratio
according to the measurements.
Table 3. Structural safety diagnosis of the tilt of the column through plan view).
Location of Column Direction of Angle of Degree of Displacement

Measurement Height Displacement Displacement Displacement Ratio
X1
A
56
12
X1/Y2 7700 0.09 12 Below 1/1000

. 22
Y2
°
A
of the column
diagnosis of thesupporting
main columns the by
pipe rack. The
analyzing structural
sections on theengineer performs from
planes extracted a structural safety
the 3D model
diagnosis
diagnosis of the
of the main columns by analyzing sections on the planes extracted from the 3D model
incorporating themain
lasercolumns
scanningby analyzing
data and thesections on the
BIM model. Theplanes extracted
degree from is
of deflection theanalyzed
3D model by
incorporating the
incorporating the laser
laser scanning
scanning data
data and
and the
the BIM
BIM model.
model. The
The degree
degree ofof deflection
deflection is
is analyzed
analyzed by by
directly comparing the laser scanning data, which reflects the deformation, and the BIM model
directly comparing
directly comparing the the laser
laser scanning
scanning data, which
which reflects
reflects the
the deformation,
deformation, and
and the
the BIMBIM model
model
before the deformation, through the data,
extracted section. The contents of analysis included the
before the
before the deformation,
deformation, through
through the
the extracted
extracted section.
section. The
The contents
contents of
of analysis
analysis included
included the the
direction
Sustainability of displacement, angle of displacement, degree of displacement, displacement ratio
direction
direction of10,displacement,
2018, 4024
displacement, angle of
of displacement,
displacement, degree
degree ofof displacement,
displacement, displacement
displacement15 of 22
ratio
according of to the measurements. angle ratio
according to
according to the
the measurements.
measurements.
Table 3. Structural
Table safety
3. Structural diagnosis
safety of the
diagnosis tilt of
of the tiltthe column
of the through
column planplan
through view.
view).
Location of of
Location Column
Column Direction of
Direction of Angle
Angle of of Degree of of Displacement
Degree Displacement
Location of
Location
Measurement of Column
Column
Height Direction of
Direction
Displacementof Angle of
Angle
Displacement of Degree of
Degree
Displacement of Displacement
Displacement
RatioRatio
Measurement Height Displacement Displacement Displacement
Measurement
Measurement Height
Height Displacement
Displacement Displacement
Displacement Displacement
Displacement Ratio
Ratio
X1
A A A
X1
X1
56565.6.
2
12121
X1/Y2 7700 0.09 12 12 Below 1/1000
. 222222
X1/Y2 7700 0.09 Below 1/1000
X1/Y2 7700 Y2 0.09 12 Below 1/1000
1/1000
° ° °
X1/Y2 7700 Y2
Y2
0.09 12 Below
A A A
X1-1
X1-1
24
X1-1
24
X1-1/Y1 7700 24 0.18 24 1/320
1.75°
B
X1-1/Y1
X1-1/Y1 7700
7700 Y1 B
0.18
0.18 24 24 1/3201/320
1.75°
X1-1/Y1 7700 B B
0.18 24 1/320
1.75°
Y1 B
Y1 B
X2
X2
95 X2
.9° 2°
X2/Y2 6300 95 C
0.86 95 1/66
95 C
X2/Y2 6300 0.86 95 1/66
20°2
Y2 C
02.9
X2/Y2
X2/Y2 6300
6300 Y2 0.86
0.86 95 95 1/661/66
202.9
C
Y2C
C

X2-1
X2-1
86X2-1
86
191.5
D
X2-1/Y1
X2-1/Y1 6300
6300 86 D 0.78
0.78 86 86 1/731/73
X2-1/Y1 6300 0.78 86 1/73
91.5
Y1 D
X2-1/Y1 6300 0.78 86 1/73
99°.5
Y1D
9°9
Y1D
D
°
X3
X3
X3
10 3
1033
E
8°8°
X3/Y2 5855 10
E
1.01 103 1/57
84°.4
X3/Y2
X3/Y2 5855
5855 Y2 E
1.01
1.01 103103 1/571/57
42.4
X3/Y2 5855 Y2 1.01 103 1/57

242.4
E
Y2
E
E
X3-1
X3-1
63X3-1
63
° °
X3-1/Y1 5855 F
0.61 63 1/93
° 29
63
X3-1/Y1 5855 F
0.61 63 1/93
29
Y1
17.
X3-1/Y1
X3-1/Y1 5855
5855 F
0.61
0.61 63 63 1/93 1/93
29
Y1F
17.
Y1F
17.
Table 4. Structural safety diagnosis of the tilt of the column through section view.
Facility Management Using Laser Scanning Data and a BIM Model
Location of
Location of X1/Y2 X1-1/Y1 X2/Y2 X2-1/Y1 X3/Y2 X3-1/Y1
Location
Measurement
The of of this X1/Y2
case study study focused X1-1/Y1
on the way toX2/Y2
investigate X2-1/Y1 X3/Y2
the safety status X3-1/Y1
of the large-scale
Measurement X1/Y2 X1-1/Y1 X2/Y2 X2-1/Y1 X3/Y2 X3-1/Y1
Measurementby comparing the laser scanning data with the BIM model. The advantage of the
civil infrastructure
structural safety diagnosis using the laser scanning data and the BIM model proposed in this study is
that it provides quantitative information necessary for long-term operation and maintenance of the
large-scale civil infrastructure. This information can be used as basic data for the maintenance and
reinforcement planning of large-scale civil infrastructure, and can also be directly used for extracting
the drawings for the status of the facilities as shown in Figure 13. Various stakeholders can take
advantage of drawings that reflect accurate state of large-scale civil infrastructure. This information
can shorten the duration of operational and maintenance services and reduce the workforce.
Section view of
Section view of
Section view of
column
column
column
X3/Y2
X3/Y2
X3/Y2
X3/Y2 5855
5855
5855
5855 1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01 103
103
103
103 1/57
1/57
1/57
1/57
224.4
4.
224..
Y2
Y2Y2
Y2
4
EE EE
X3-1
X3-1
6633
17. 29°°
X3-1/Y1
X3-1/Y1 5855
5855 FF
0.61
0.61 63
63 1/93
1/93
29°° 17. 29
X3-1
X3-1
X3-1
X3-1
Y1
Y1
FF
66336633
X3-1/Y1 5855 0.61 63 1/93
°
X3-1/Y1
X3-1/Y1 5855
5855 FF FF
0.61
0.61 63
63 1/93
1/93
7.29°
X3-1/Y1 5855 0.61 63 1/93
7.29
29
Y1
Y1Y1
117.
Y1
117.
FF FF
TableTable
Table 4.4.Structural
Structural safety
4. Structural
safety diagnosis
safety ofthe
the
diagnosis
diagnosis of tilt
oftilt
the oftilt
of the
the column
ofcolumn through
the column section
through
through view.
section
section view. view.
Location
Location ofTable
of
Location of
Table 4.4.4.4.
Table
Table Structural
Structuralsafety
Structuralsafety
Structuralsafetydiagnosis
diagnosis
safetydiagnosisof
diagnosis the
ofofthe
ofthetilt
thetiltof
tilt
tilt the
ofof
ofthe
thecolumn
thecolumn
column
columnthrough
through
throughsection
throughsection
sectionview.
view.
sectionview.
view. X3-1/Y1
X1/Y2
X1/Y2
X1/Y2 X1-1/Y1
X1-1/Y1
X1-1/Y1 X2/Y2
X2/Y2
X2/Y2 X2-1/Y1
X2-1/Y1
X2-1/Y1 X3/Y2
X3/Y2
X3/Y2 X3-1/Y1
X3-1/Y1
Measurement
Measurement
Measurement
Location
Location
Location
Locationof
ofof
of
X1/Y2
X1/Y2
X1/Y2
X1/Y2 X1-1/Y1
X1-1/Y1
X1-1/Y1
X1-1/Y1 X2/Y2
X2/Y2
X2/Y2
X2/Y2 X2-1/Y1
X2-1/Y1
X2-1/Y1
X2-1/Y1 X3/Y2
X3/Y2
X3/Y2
X3/Y2 X3-1/Y1
X3-1/Y1
X3-1/Y1
X3-1/Y1
Measurement
Measurement
Measurement
Measurement
Section
Section view
view
Section ofof
view
column
column
of column
Section
Section
Section
Section view
view
view
view ofofofof
column
column
column
column
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shorten theduration
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the durationof
duration
duration ofoperational
ofof operationaland
operational
operational and
and
and
maintenance
maintenance
maintenance
maintenance services
services
services
services and
and
and
and reduce
reduce
reduce
reduce the
the
the
the workforce.
workforce.
workforce.
workforce.
Sustainability2018,
Sustainability 10,x 4024
2018,10, FOR PEER REVIEW 1617ofof2122
Figure
Figure13.
13.Extracted
Extracteddrawing
drawingofoffacility
facilitystatus.
status.
5. Discussion
5. Discussion
Dongyang Structural Engineers Group introduced laser scanning to improve the structural
Dongyang Structural Engineers Group introduced laser scanning to improve the structural safety
safety diagnosis service of the facility. The purpose of introducing these latest technologies is to
diagnosis service of the facility. The purpose of introducing these latest technologies is to improve
improve service quality, reduce input costs, shorten the service period, and secure worker safety.
service quality, reduce input costs, shorten the service period, and secure worker safety. As a result of
As a result of the interview with the structural engineer who manages the case project, it was
the interview with the structural engineer who manages the case project, it was confirmed that the
confirmed that the manpower input is reduced as shown in Figure 14.
manpower input is reduced as shown in Figure 14.
Figure 14.
Figure 14. Personnel
Personnel input
input comparison
comparison (as-is
(as-is vs.
vs. to-be).
to-be).
In
In the
the conventional
conventional method, method, 20 manpower is invested for three months months in in the
the drawing
drawing reviewreview
and
and field
field measurement
measurement of of large
large facilities.
facilities. Next, 25 manpower is injected injected into
into the structure
structure analysis
analysis
and
and the
the collection
collection of of analysis
analysis results
results over
over three months. Finally, Finally, five personnel
personnel are are invested
invested in in the
the
detailedfield
detailed fieldsurvey
surveyand andstructural
structuralsafety
safetydiagnosis
diagnosisfor foroneonemonth.
month.However,
However, with
with thethe introduction
introduction of
of laser
laser scanning,
scanning, onlyonly five people
five people were were
addedadded to the to the data
initial initial data collection
collection for two months.
for two months. In addition, In
addition,
only only five manpower
five manpower was put into wastheput into the
structure structure
analysis, analysis,
collection collectionresults,
of analysis of analysis
detailed results,
field
detailed
survey and field survey and
structural safetystructural
diagnosis safety
work diagnosis
for only work for only one month.
one month.
In the
In the service
service period
period of of the
the structural
structural safety
safety diagnosis,
diagnosis, itit saved
saved fourfour months.
months. In In terms
terms of of
personnel savings,
personnel savings, interviews
interviews revealed that 20 people would would have have to to be
be put
put inin for
for anan average
average of of
seven months
seven months (140 (140 man-month)
man-month) when performing performing structural
structural safety
safety diagnosis
diagnosisin inthe
theexisting
existingway. way.
However, when
However, when laserlaser scanning
scanning and and BIMBIM were used, it was found that five manpower manpower was was actually
actually
invested(15
invested (15man-month)
man-month) for for
threethree
months months on average.
on average. In termsInof termsmanpower of manpower
saving, 125saving,man-month 125
man-month
was was saved.
saved. Existing Existing
practice practice
reported thatreported
the laser that the laser
scanning scanning
of large bridges of large
took onlybridgesfivetook
daysonly[54].
fivethe
On days
other [54].
hand, Onthis thestudy
otherconsidered
hand, thisnot study
only considered
the time required not only the time
for laser scanningrequired for laser
of a large-scale
scanning
pipe rack, of buta also
large-scale pipe rack,
the manpower andbutduration
also therequired
manpower for and durationsafety
a structural required for a structural
diagnosis. In terms
safety diagnosis. In terms of cost efficiency, the laser scanning technology
of cost efficiency, the laser scanning technology proved to be 50% cheaper compared with traditional proved to be 50% cheaper
compared with traditional surveying methods and by reducing
surveying methods and by reducing the need to work through the night savings were made the need to work through the nighton
savings
staff were [4].
overtime made This on research
staff overtime
analyzed [4].theThiscostresearch analyzed
effectiveness of thethestructural
cost effectiveness of the
safety diagnosis
structural
method usingsafety
laser diagnosis
scanningmethod and BIM. using
The laser
research scanning
findings andcanBIM. The aresearch
provide quantitative findings
basiscan for
the introduction of laser scanning and BIM technology in the structural safety diagnosis ofinaging
provide a quantitative basis for the introduction of laser scanning and BIM technology the
structural safety
large-scale diagnosis of aging large-scale civil infrastructures.
civil infrastructures.
However, the limitations of
However, the limitations of this
this study
study havehave not not yet
yet been
been analyzed
analyzed economically
economically by by considering
considering
theinvestment
the investmentcost cost(e.g.,
(e.g.,hardware,
hardware, software,
software, training,
training, etc.)
etc.) of laser
of laser scanning
scanning andandBIMBIM technology
technology and
and the cost saving effect of technology introduction. Structural engineering
the cost saving effect of technology introduction. Structural engineering companies in the case project companies in the case
projectinformation
collect collect information(e.g., man, (e.g.,project
man, project
period,period,
etc.) toetc.) to calculate
calculate cost effectiveness
cost effectiveness by applying
by applying laser
laser scanning
scanning to various to various
areas, asareas,
well asasstructural
well as safetystructural safety Ifdiagnosis.
diagnosis. If such is
such information information
accumulated, is
accumulated, the economic feasibility of the proposed method
the economic feasibility of the proposed method can be analyzed from a long-term perspective. can be analyzed from a long-term
perspective.
In addition, we In addition,
could notweanalyze could not theanalyze
effect ofthe effect
laser of laser on
scanning scanning
safety on safety improvement
improvement of workers. of
workers. Therefore,
Therefore, it is necessary it is necessary
to analyzetothe analyze
effectstheof effects of laser scanning
laser scanning and BIM and BIM technology
technology (e.g., safety(e.g.,of
safety of workers)
workers) in a future study. in a future study.
6. Conclusions
This paper reported a case study to improve the structural safety diagnosis of large-scale
civil infrastructure using laser scanning and BIM technologies. From a sustainability perspective,
this paper provides a technological approach to laser scanning for aging large-scale civil infrastructures.
In addition, we have presented a method to access the displacement of the large-scale civil
infrastructure by comparing the data generated from laser scanning and BIM. In this way, we can
diagnosis the precise structural safety condition of the aging large-scale civil infrastructure. Based on
these accurate diagnoses, we can establish maintenance strategies for large-scale civil infrastructures.
Finally, even if it is a very innovative technology in any research field, it is difficult to introduce it if it
is not economical. In terms of sustainable construction management, this study presents strategies
for recovering investment costs for expensive laser scanning equipment (e.g., laser scanner, SW,
training cost, etc.). We confirmed that the proposed structural safety diagnosis method can save service
duration and significantly reduce the manpower input compared with the conventional method.
The major contributions of this study are as follows:
First, an information generation process for the safety diagnosis of large and aging facilities was
proposed. The safety diagnosis must be based on accurate information concerning the status of the civil
infrastructure. To this end, a method to generate and utilize information through laser scanning and
BIM was proposed. The limitations of the prevalent method of safety diagnosis were also confirmed
through the case study and the feasibility of the proposed method was verified.
Second, the economic efficiencies of the prevalent method of safety diagnosis and the proposed
safety were analyzed by applying both to the case study. Interviews with officials of the structural
engineering offices that had built the facility revealed that the proposed safety diagnosis method was
effective in terms of time and personnel input. In other words, when the project was performed using
the prevalent safety diagnosis method, 20 personnel were needed for seven months. However,
the proposed method required only five people for three months. Finally, proposed method
of structural safety diagnosis saved four months. Additionally, in terms of manpower saving,
125 man-month was saved. These results show that the proposed method of safety diagnosis can
save cost in terms of time and personnel for AEC/FM companies, which are burdened with the costs
of investment.
Third, from the perspective of long-term facility safety management, the feasibility of laser
scanning and BIM as methods for managing the status information of facilities was examined.
The point cloud data and BIM data for conditions prevailing in the target facility at the given time,
generated through laser scanning, can contain a diversity information regarding the facility. Therefore,
they are essential data management tools for constructing a safety management system to consistently
monitor the safety of facilities.
To improve the capabilities of AEC/FM, which is relatively slow in innovating businesses using
the latest technologies, further research is required to analyze ROI (return on investment) of introducing
these technologies, e.g., through analyses of the economic efficiency of the maintenance and safety
diagnosis that uses laser scanning and BIM, maintenance by securing facility management data,
and improvement in the efficiency of safety diagnosis.
Author Contributions: N.H. developed the concept and drafted the manuscript, and S.-H.L. revised the
manuscript and supervised the overall work.
Funding: This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2015R1D1A1A01059286).
Acknowledgments: The research was conducted using data for the case study provided by the Dongyang
Structural Engineers Group.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
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2.1. Laser Scanning Technology

2.2. Role of BIM in Facility Management

Generation of Safety Diagnostic Information for Large-Scale Civil Infrastructure

4.1. Project Description

Figure 2. Layout of a case study project for pipe rack.

4.2. Laser Scanning- and BIM-Based Civil Infrastructure Safety Inspection

Sustainability 2018, 10, 4024 7 of 22

When the as-built

Scope of Structural Safety Diagnosis Using Laser

Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 21

Method of Structural Safety Diagnosis

Deflection = B − (A + C)/2 (1)

Deflection-to-span ratio = Deflection/Span (2)

pieces of information can be integrated in 3D as shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9. Integration of point cloud data and BIM.

Figure 11. Visual representation of the deflection analysis of truss.

Sustainability 2018, 10, xFigure

Figure 12. Structural

Location of Column Direction of Angle of Degree of Displacement

X1/Y2 7700 0.09 12 Below 1/1000

Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 21

X3/Y2 5855 Y2 1.01 103 1/57

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