MODULE 4

TEST OF HYPOTHESES:
TWO SAMPLES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. KRISTAN IAN CABANA
 OUTLINE

• Inference on the Difference in Means of Two Normal

Distributions, Variances Known
• Inference on the Difference in Means of Two Normal
Distributions, Variances Unknown
• Comparing Means of Two Related Populations
• Comparing Two Population Proportions
 INFERENCE ON THE
DIFFERENCE IN MEANS
OF TWO NORMAL
DISTRIBUTIONS,
VARIANCES KNOWN
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES KNOWN
MODULE 4

TWO SAMPLE HYPOTHESIS TESTING

In a two-sample hypothesis test, two parameters from two
populations are compared.

For a two-sample hypothesis test,

1. the null hypothesis H0 is a statistical hypothesis that usually states
there is no difference between the parameters of two populations.
The null hypothesis always contains the symbol , =, or .
2. the alternative hypothesis Ha is a statistical hypothesis that is true
when H0 is false. The alternative hypothesis always contains the
symbol >, , or <.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES KNOWN
MODULE 4

TWO SAMPLE HYPOTHESIS TESTING

To write a null and alternative hypothesis for a two-sample hypothesis
test, translate the claim made about the population parameters from
a verbal statement to a mathematical statement.

H0: μ1 = μ2 H0: μ1  μ2 H0: μ1  μ2

Ha: μ1  μ2 Ha: μ1 > μ2 Ha: μ1 < μ2

Regardless of which hypotheses used, 𝝁𝟏 = 𝝁𝟐 is always assumed to

be true.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES KNOWN
MODULE 4

TWO SAMPLE Z-TEST

Three conditions are necessary to perform a z-test for the difference
between two population means 𝝁𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝁𝟐

1. The samples must be randomly selected.

2. The samples must be independent. Two samples are independent
if the sample selected from one population is not related to the
sample selected from the second population.
3. Each sample size must be at least 30, or, if not, each population
must have a normal distribution with a known standard deviation.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES KNOWN
MODULE 4

TWO SAMPLE Z-TEST

A two-sample z-test can be used to test the difference between two
population means μ1 and μ2 when a large sample (at least 30) is randomly
selected from each population and the samples are independent. The
standardized test statistic is

( x1 − x2 ) − ( 1 −  2 )
Zc =
 2
 2
1
+ 2
n1 n2
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES KNOWN
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

A high school math teacher claims that students in

her class will score higher on the math portion of the
ACT than students in a colleague’s math class. The
mean ACT math score for 49 students in her class is
22.1 and the standard deviation is 4.8. The mean ACT
math score for 44 of the colleague’s students is 19.8
and the standard deviation is 5.4. At 0.10 level of
significance, can the teacher’s claim be supported?
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES KNOWN
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
STEP 1: State the null and alternative hypotheses.
H0: 𝝁𝟏 = 𝝁𝟐 or 𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 = 𝟎
(There is no difference between the two means of ACT Math scores.)
Ha: 𝝁𝟏 > 𝝁𝟐 or 𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 > 𝟎
(There is a difference between the two means of ACT Math scores.)

STEP 2: Choose the level of significance, type of test, and sample size.
Level of significance, α = 0.10 ; Right-Tailed Test; n1 = 49 students and
n2 = 44 students
STEP 3: Identify the critical value of the test statistic.
Test Statistic, 𝑍𝑡 = + 1.28
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES KNOWN
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
STEP 4: Determine the rejection region.

0.10
z
0 Z = 1.28

STEP 5: Calculate the standardized test statistic.

𝑋ത1 − 𝑋ത2 − (𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ) 22.1 − 19.8 − 0

𝑍𝑐 = = = 2.161
𝜎12 𝜎22 4.82 5.42
+
+𝑛 49 44
𝑛1 2
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES KNOWN
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
STEP 6: State the Decision Rule.

Using the standardized and critical values of the test statistic.

|𝑍𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 | ≥ |𝑍𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 | : Reject H0
|𝑍𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 | < |𝑍𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 | : Do not reject H0
|𝑍𝑐 = 2.161| > |𝑍𝑡 = 1.28| : Reject H0

STEP 7: Interpretation.

There is enough evidence at the 10% level to support the teacher’s claim
that her students score better on the ACT.
 INFERENCE ON THE
DIFFERENCE IN MEANS
OF TWO NORMAL
DISTRIBUTIONS,
VARIANCES UNKNOWN
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES UNKNOWN
MODULE 4

TWO SAMPLE t-TEST

If samples of size less than 30 are taken from normally-distributed populations,
a t-test may be used to test the difference between the population means
μ1 and μ2.
Three conditions are necessary to use a t-test for small independent samples.

1. The samples must be randomly selected.

2. The samples must be independent. Two samples are independent if
the sample selected from one population is not related to the
sample selected from the second population.
3. Each population must have a normal distribution.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES UNKNOWN
MODULE 4

TWO SAMPLE t-TEST

A two-sample t-test is used to test the difference between two population

means μ1 and μ2 when a sample is randomly selected from each population.
Performing this test requires each population to be normally distributed,
and the samples should be independent. The standardized test statistic is:

Pooled variance t-test where Separate variance t-test where

 =
2
1
2
2  
2
1
2
2
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES UNKNOWN
MODULE 4

Pooled variance t-test where Separate variance t-test where

 =
2
1
2
2
 12   22

( x1 − x2 ) − ( 1 −  2 ) ( x1 − x 2 ) − ( 1 −  2 )
tc = tc =
1 1 s12 s 22
Sp + +
n1 n2 n1 n2
Where Pooled Estimator of Variance  s12 s 22 
2

 + 
(n1 − 1) S12 + (n2 − 1) S 22 Degrees of  n1 n2 
Sp = =
n1 + n2 − 2 Freedom s2

2
s 2

2

 n 
1
 n  2
 1
+
2
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 n1 − 1 n2 − 1
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES UNKNOWN
MODULE 4
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES UNKNOWN
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

A random sample of 14 police officers in Brownsville

has a mean annual income of $35,800 and a
standard deviation of $7,800. In Greensville, a
random sample of 15 police officers has a mean
annual income of $35,100 and a standard deviation
of $7,375. Test the claim at 0.01 level of significance
that the mean annual incomes in the two cities are
not the same. Assume the population variances are
equal.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES UNKNOWN
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
STEP 1: State the null and alternative hypotheses.
H0: 𝝁𝟏 = 𝝁𝟐 or 𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 = 𝟎
(There is no difference between the mean annual incomes.)
Ha: 𝝁𝟏 ≠ 𝝁𝟐 or 𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 ≠ 𝟎
(There is a difference between the mean annual incomes.)

STEP 2: Choose the level of significance, type of test, and sample size.
Level of significance, α = 0.01 ; Two-Tailed Test; n1 = 14 police officers and
n2 = 15 police officers; df = 14+15-2 = 27
STEP 3: Identify the critical value of the test statistic.
Test Statistic, 𝑡𝑡 = + 2.771
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES UNKNOWN
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
STEP 4: Determine the rejection region.

Rejection Region Rejection Region

z
t = -2.771 0 t = +2.771

STEP 5: Calculate the standardized test statistic.

14 − 1 7800 2 + (15 − 1)(7375)2 35,800 − 35,100 − 0

𝑆𝑝 = 𝑡𝑐 = = 0.2484
14 + 15 − 2 1 1
7582.6038 14 +
15
𝑆𝑝 = 7, 582.6038
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES UNKNOWN
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
STEP 6: State the Decision Rule.

Using the standardized and critical values of the test statistic.

|𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 | ≥ |𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 | : Reject H0
|𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 | < |𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 | : Do not reject H0
|𝑡𝑐 = 0.2484| < |𝑡𝑡 = 2.771| : Do not reject H0

STEP 7: Interpretation.

There is not enough evidence at the 1% level to support the claim that
the mean annual incomes differ.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES UNKNOWN
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
Arsenic concentration in public drinking water supplies is a
potential health risk. An article in the Arizona Republic (2001
Issue) reported drinking water arsenic concentrations in
parts per billion (ppb) for 10 metropolitan Phoenix
communities with a sample mean of 12.5 and standard
deviation of 7.63, and 10 communities in rural Arizona with a
sample mean of 27.5 and standard deviation of 15.3.
Determine whether any difference exists in mean arsenic
concentrations. Assume that the population variances are
not the same.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES UNKNOWN
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
STEP 1: State the null and alternative hypotheses.
H0: 𝝁𝟏 = 𝝁𝟐 or 𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 = 𝟎
(There is no difference between the mean arsenic concentration of
the Metro Phoenix and Rural Arizona.)
Ha: 𝝁𝟏 ≠ 𝝁𝟐 or 𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 ≠ 𝟎
(There is a difference between the mean arsenic concentration of the
Metro Phoenix and Rural Arizona.)
STEP 2: Choose the level of significance, type of test, and sample size.
Level of significance, 7.632ൗ + 15.32ൗ
2
10 10
α = 0.05 ; Two-Tailed; 𝑑𝑓 = 2 2 = 13.2 𝑜𝑟 13
2
7.63 ൗ 2
15.3 ൗ
n1 = 10 and n2 = 10 10 ൘ 10 ൘
10 − 1 + 10 − 1
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES UNKNOWN
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
STEP 3: Identify the critical value of the test statistic.
Test Statistic, 𝑡𝑡 = + 2.160

STEP 4: Determine the rejection region.

Rejection Region Rejection Region

z
t = -2.160 0 t = +2.160
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES UNKNOWN
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE

STEP 5: Calculate the standardized test statistic.

12.5 − 27.5 − 0
𝑡𝑐 = = −2.77
7.632 15.32
+
10 10
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS, VARIANCES UNKNOWN
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
STEP 6: State the Decision Rule.

Using the standardized and critical values of the test statistic.

|𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 | ≥ |𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 | : Reject H0
|𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 | < |𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 | : Do not reject H0
|𝑡𝑐 = −2.77| > |𝑡𝑡 = 2.160| : Reject H0

STEP 7: Interpretation.

There is strong evidence to conclude that the mean arsenic

concentration in the drinking water in Rural Arizona is different from the
mean arsenic concentration in Metro Phoenix.
COMPARING MEANS OF
TWO RELATED
POPULATIONS
 COMPARING MEANS OF TWO RELATED POPULATIONS
MODULE 4

INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT SAMPLES

Two samples are independent if the sample selected from one
population is not related to the sample selected from the second
population. Two samples are dependent if each member of one
sample corresponds to a member of the other sample. Dependent
samples are also called paired samples or matched samples.

Independent Samples Dependent Samples

 COMPARING MEANS OF TWO RELATED POPULATIONS
MODULE 4

INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT SAMPLES

Illustrative Examples:
Classify each pair of samples as independent or dependent.

Sample 1: The weight of 24 students in a first-grade class

Sample 2: The height of the same 24 students
These samples are dependent because the weight and height can be
paired with respect to each student.
Sample 1: The average price of 15 new trucks
Sample 2: The average price of 20 used sedans
These samples are independent because it is not possible to pair the
new trucks with the used sedans. The data represents prices for
different vehicles.
 COMPARING MEANS OF TWO RELATED POPULATIONS
MODULE 4

Z TEST FOR MEAN DIFFERENCE

ഥ − 𝜇𝐷
𝐷
𝑧𝑐 = 𝜎
𝐷
ൗ 𝑛

σ𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐷𝑖
Where: ഥ=
𝐷
𝑛
μD = hypothesized mean difference
σD = population standard deviation of the difference scores
n = sample size
𝐷𝑖 = difference between two samples
 COMPARING MEANS OF TWO RELATED POPULATIONS
MODULE 4

PAIRED t TEST FOR MEAN DIFFERENCE

ഥ − 𝜇𝐷
𝐷
𝑡𝑐 = 𝑠
𝐷
ൗ 𝑛

σ𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐷𝑖
Where: ഥ=
𝐷 2
𝑛 σ𝑛𝑖=1(𝐷𝑖ഥ
− 𝐷൯
μD = hypothesized mean difference 𝑠𝐷 =
n = sample size 𝑛−1
𝐷𝑖 = difference between two samples
 COMPARING MEANS OF TWO RELATED POPULATIONS
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
A reading center claims that students will perform better on
a standardized reading test after going through the reading
course offered by their center. The table shows the reading
scores of 6 students before and after the course. At = 0.05,
is there enough evidence to conclude that the students’
scores after the course are better than the scores before the
course?
Student 1 2 3 4 5 6
Score (before) 85 96 70 76 81 78
Score (after) 88 85 89 86 92 89
 COMPARING MEANS OF TWO RELATED POPULATIONS
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
STEP 1: State the null and alternative hypotheses.
H0: 𝝁𝑫 = 𝟎
(The students’ scores after the exams are not better.)
Ha: 𝝁𝑫 < 𝟎
(The students’ scores after the exams are better.)

STEP 2: Choose the level of significance, type of test, and sample size.
Level of significance, α = 0.05 ; Left-Tailed; n = 6; df = 6-1 = 5
 COMPARING MEANS OF TWO RELATED POPULATIONS
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
STEP 3: Identify the critical value of the test statistic.
Test Statistic, 𝑡𝑡 = - 2.015

STEP 4: Determine the rejection region.

Rejection Region

z
t = -2.015 0
 COMPARING MEANS OF TWO RELATED POPULATIONS
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
STEP 5: Calculate the standardized test statistic.

Student 1 2 3 4 5 6 ෍ 𝐷𝑖 = −43
Score (before) 85 96 70 76 81 78
Score (after) 88 85 89 86 92 89 −43
ഥ=
𝐷 = −7.167
d −3 11 −19 −10 −11 −11 6
d2 9 121 361 100 121 121 𝑠𝐷 = 10.245

ഥ − 𝜇𝐷 −7.167 − 0
𝐷
𝑡𝑐 = 𝑠 = = −1.714
𝐷
ൗ 𝑛 10.245ൗ
6
 COMPARING MEANS OF TWO RELATED POPULATIONS
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
STEP 6: State the Decision Rule.

Using the standardized and critical values of the test statistic.

|𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 | ≥ |𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 | : Reject H0
|𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 | < |𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 | : Do not reject H0
|𝑡𝑐 = −1.714| < |𝑡𝑡 = 2.015| : Do not reject H0

STEP 7: Interpretation.

There is not enough evidence at the 5% level to support the claim that
the students’ scores after the course are better than the scores before
the course.
COMPARING TWO POPULATION
PROPORTIONS
 COMPARING TWO POPULATION PROPORTIONS
MODULE 4

TWO SAMPLE Z-TEST

A z-test is used to test the difference between two population proportions, p1
and p2.

Three conditions are required to conduct the test.

1. The samples must be randomly selected.

2. The samples must be independent.
3. The samples must be large enough to use a normal sampling
distribution. That is,
n1p1  5, n1q1  5,
n2p2  5, and n2q2  5.
 COMPARING TWO POPULATION PROPORTIONS
MODULE 4

෢1 − 𝑃
𝑃 ෢2 − (𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )
𝑍=
ത 1 1
𝑃(1 − 𝑃) 𝑛 + 𝑛
1 2

WITH

x1 + x2 p1 =
x1
p2 =
x2
p=
n1 + n2 n1 n2
 COMPARING TWO POPULATION PROPORTIONS
MODULE 4

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
A recent survey stated that male college students smoke
less than female college students. In a survey of 1245 male
students, 361 said they smoke at least one pack of cigarettes
a day. In a survey of 1065 female students, 341 said they
smoke at least one pack a day. At = 0.01, can you support
the claim that the proportion of male college students who
smoke at least one pack of cigarettes a day is lower then the
proportion of female college students who smoke at least
one pack a day?
END OF PRESENTATION