WINDINGS

Winding consists of Insulator

1. Conductors or wires
2. Turns 1 2 3 conductor

3. Coils 1 2 3

series
Parallel
When these coils are connected in series or parallel
then winding is formed
 WINDINGS
The windings in rotating electrical machine can be
be classified as
a) Concentrated winding
b) Distributed winding
a) Concentrated winding:
Turns have SAME magnetic axis
Wdg turns are wound together.
One multi-turn coil
For example, primary and secondary wdg of transformer

Magnetic axis
Φ

primary secondary
a) Concentrated winding:
Turns have SAME magnetic axis
Wdg turns are wound together.
One multi-turn coil
For example, primary and secondary wdg of transformer
Top view of wdg

primary secondary
a) Concentrated winding:
Turns have SAME magnetic axis
Wdg turns are wound together.
One multi-turn coil
For example, primary and secondary wdg of transformer
Top view of wdg

primary secondary

If wdg is cut, vartically, conductors can be viewed

Another example is of field wdg of DC machines
For this wdg first former is made with insulation
Another example is of field wdg of DC machines
For this wdg first former is made with insulation

Φ
Another example is of field wdg of DC machines
For this wdg first former is made with insulation

Φ
Earth's Magnetic Field

S
N

Magnet
Earth
S
N Compass
 Flux Path
through rotor
and stator core
Pole
 Flux Path
through rotor
and stator core
Pole
Now if the pole is cut, the front view will be
as shown below

Flux Path
through rotor
and stator core
Pole
Now if the pole is cut, the front view will be
as shown below

Flux waveform
Flat Topped

4 4

Flux Path
through rotor
and stator core
Pole
Now if the pole is cut, the front view will be
as shown below

Flux waveform
Sinusoidal
Flat Topped
2 4 4 2
1 3 3 1

Flux Path
through rotor
and stator core
Pole
 Φ
ROTOR

STATOR
b) Distributed winding:
The wdg turns are arranged in several FULL- PITCH
or fractional-pitch coils.
The coil are housed in the slots spread around the
air gap periphery to form phase or commutator wdg.
For example
Stator and rotor of Induction machines
The armature of synchronous machines
The armature of DC machines
 Slot
Tooth

Stator core or Stamping

 Slot
Tooth
Air gap

Rotor
Shaft

Stator core or Stamping

 Slot
Tooth
Air gap

Rotor
Shaft

Insulator

Conductors
Stator core or Stamping
b) Distributed winding:
Armature Winding is again classified as
a) Closed Winding
b) Open Winding
a) Closed Winding means
If one starts from any point on the wdg and traverses it,
one again reaches the same starting point
For example commutator wdg in AC and DC m/cs

Insulation
Conductor Shaft
Commutator
Brush
b) Distributed winding: Commutator
Commutator
Armature Winding is again classified as
a) Closed Winding
b) Open Winding
a) Closed Winding means
If one starts from any point on the wdg and traverses it,
one again reaches the same starting point
For example commutator wdg in AC and DC m/cs

Insulation Armature Wdg

Conductor Shaft
Commutator Armature Core
Brush
Due to commutation action, wdg is shorted & closed
The open wdg terminates at another point or terminal or
slip rings. For example, star wdg
Slip
Rings
R1

Shaft
B2 R2

Y2
B1
Slip Rings
Y1
The delta wdg is a closed wdg, can be made open
by making reconnection in star
But commutator wdg in no case, can be open circuited.
Some common terms used in wdg are described below:
1. Turn: One turn consists of TWO conductors, T=2 Z
Conductor AB and Conductor DE
C Overhang

B D

CORE

A E

Start Finish
terminals
BCD is called as OVERHANG.
This portion is outside the core
1. Turn: One turn consists of TWO conductors
Conductor AB and Conductor DE
C Overhang C C

B D B D B D

A E A E A E

Start Finish
terminals
One coil may consists of 1 turn ie one turn coil,
2 turns, 3 turns, N turns or Multi-turn
A multi-turn coil is one which has more than one turn
2. Coil Sides:
AB and DE are called as Coil Sides of a coil
C Overhang C C

B D B D B D
Coil Sides
Coil sides

A E A E A E

Start Finish
terminals
T=2 CS Conductors in One coil side = No of turns
Two turn coil = four coil sides One coil side = 2 Z=2T
3. Layer Winding:
If one coil side occupies the total SLOT area, then it
is called as Single Layer Winding.

Two coil sides

per slot

If the slot contains even number of coil sides, then the

winding is called as Double Layer Winding.
1 3 5 7 are numbered ODD
Top coil sides
(Top Layer)
Bottom coil sides
(Bottom Layer)
2 4 6 8
Four coil sides per slot are numbered EVEN
3. Layer Winding:
Double layer wdg has one side in the top layer and
other side in the bottom layer.
In the drawing the top coil side is shown by a SOLID
line and bottom coil side is shown by a DOTTED line.

Top coil side Bottom coil side

1 8
3. Layer Winding:
Single layer wdg is used in small machines upto 5kW.
Double layer wdg is used in m/cs above 5kW.
Advantages of double layer wdg over single layer wdg:
1. More economical
2. Easier to house in slots during repair
3. Lower leakage reactance
4. Better performance
5. Better emf waveform in case of generator
 4. Pole Pitch:
Pitch indicates a particular method of measurement.
The peripheral distance between two adjacent poles
is called pole pitch.
Pole pitch is always expressed in electrical degrees.
Pole pitch is also expressed in terms of coil sides and .
teeth.
The flux under pole is

1800
π radians Electrical
 Pole Pitch 1800 electrical
=1800
Mechanical

Pole
Pitch

Two Pole Machine

 Pole Pitch Pole Pitch
Total mech.
angle
=3600 mech
Pole Pitch

Total elect.
angle
=7200 elect

Four Pole Machine E=MP, P=pole pairs

1800 electrical 1800 electrical =450 Mechanical
=1800 Mechanical
Pole Pitch Pole Pitch
Pole Pitch
Pole Pitch

Pole Pitch
Two Pole Machine

Four Pole Machine

5. Coil Span or Coil Pitch:
The distance between two coil sides of a coil is called
as coil span or coil pitch.
It is usually measured in terms of teeth, slot or electrical
degrees.
If supply is given to end
N S terminals, the current
Pole
pitch direction is as shown in fig.
Suppose upward direction of
Coil side
Coil side

Coil current produces N pole

Span Then downward direction of
current will produce S pole
If coil span is equal to pole
pitch, then the coil is called as
FULL-Pitched coil
5. Coil Span or Coil Pitch:
If coil span is less than pole pitch, then the coil is called
as Chorded, Short-Pitched or Fractional–Pitch coil
The coil pitch is rarely greater than pole pitch.

N S N S
Pole Pole
pitch pitch
Coil side
Coil side

Coil Coil
Span Pitch

FULL-Pitched coil Short-Pitched coil

 6. Slot Angular Pitch:
The peripheral distance between two adjacent slots,
is called slot angular pitch.
Slot angular pitch is always expressed in elect. degrees.
Slot angular pitch is given by gamma

0
30
180 0

γ=
 electrical
Slots per Pole 12 1 2
If total no of slots = 12, 11 3
Poles = 2, then S/P=6 γ =300
0 10 4
180
  300 elect
6 9 5
If coil pitch=S/P, then it results 8 7 6
in Full Pitch Winding
If coil pitch < S/P, then it results in Short Pitch Wdg
Distributed winding:
Armature Winding
Closed Winding
If one starts from any point on the wdg and traverses it,
one again reaches the same starting point
Used all types of DC m/cs and AC commutator m/cs
Closed type wdg is always double layer wdg.
Simple closed type wdgs are of two types
1. Simplex Lap Wdg
1. Simplex Wave Wdg
This types depends on the manner of connections to the
commutator segments.
1. Simplex Lap Wdg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
In race, what is
it called?
LAP

So this is the shape of LAP wdg

1. Simplex Lap Wdg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
In race, what is
it called?

Bottom coil side

LAP

Top coil side 1 8

So this is the shape of LAP wdg

1. Simplex Lap Wdg

Single Multi-Turn Lap Coil

Coil 1 Movement of lap
Coil 1

Bottom coil side

first to forward

Top coil side

Start 1
Commutator then to backward
1 8
segment
Finish 2

Commutator 1 2 3 4 5

Conductor Insulator
1. Simplex Lap Wdg Coil 3
Start -3
3 Multi-Turn Lap Coils
Coil 2 Finish -4
Coil 1 Coil 3
Coil 1
Commutator
Start 1
segment 2
Commutator
135 81012 Bottom side of
segment
coil 1
Finish 2 & top side of
coil 2
Commutator 1 2 3 4 5 are connected
Coil 2
Start -2 Conductor Insulator
Finish -3
1. Simplex Lap Wdg Coil 3
Start -3
3 Multi-Turn Lap Coils
Coil 2 Finish -4
Coil 1 Coil 3
Coil 1
Commutator
Start 1
segment 2
Commutator
135 81012 Bottom side of
segment coil 1
Finish 2 & top side of
coil 2
Commutator 1 2 3 4 5 are connected
Coil 2
Start -2 Conductor Insulator
Finish -3
2. Simplex Wave Wdg
This movement is similar to wave
2. Simplex Wave Wdg
This movement is similar to wave
2. Simplex Wave Wdg
This movement is similar to wave

TATA
2. Simplex Wave Wdg
This movement is similar to wave
2. Simplex Wave Wdg Movement of
wave wdg
N S N S
is only
Start of coil 1 180
forward
0

is bent towards Coil 1 Coil 2

Left wrt lap wdg
1 10 17 26
Finish of coil 1
is bent towards
right 360
0 3600

1 11 21
Commutator
Conductor Insulator

Wave wdg - Single turn coil

2. Simplex Wave Wdg Movement of
wave wdg
N S N S
is only
Start of coil 1 180
forward
0

is bent towards Coil 1 Coil 2

Left wrt lap wdg
1 10 17 26
Finish of coil 1
is bent towards
right 360
0 3600

1 11 21
Commutator
Conductor Insulator

Wave wdg – MULTI -turn coil

 2. Simplex Wave Wdg Movement of
wave wdg
N S N S
is only
Start of coil 1 180
forward
0

is bent towards Coil 1 Coil 2

Left wrt lap wdg
O K 1 10 17 26
Finish of coil 1
Havetowards
is bent U followed?
or shall I move like wave?
right 360
0 3600

1 11 21
Commutator
Conductor Insulator

Wave wdg – MULTI -turn coil

7. Back Pitch:
The distance between top and bottom coil sides of one,
coil is called back pitch, symbol yb.
It is measured at the back of the armature
First comes TOP side, second comes BOTTOM side
You have to see from bottom to top for measurement
That’s why the name BACK
Coil 2
It may be expressed in terms of Coil 1 Coil 3
slots, teeth or coil sides
yb
For lap wdg, for coil 1
135 81012
yb=8-1=7
For coil 2, yb=10-3=7
For coil 3, yb=12-5=7
12345
7. Back Pitch:
The distance between top and bottom coil sides of one,
coil is called back pitch, symbol yb.
It is measured at the back of the armature
It may be expressed in terms of slots, teeth or coil sides
For wave wdg, N S N S
for coil 1 1800

yb=10-1=9 Coil 1 Coil 2

For coil 2, yb yb
yb=26-17=9 1 10 17 26

Thus the back pitch is

Always ODD 3600 3600

1 11 21
8. Front Pitch:
The distance between two coil sides connected to the
same commutator segment is called front pitch,
symbol yf. Consider lap wdg
Stand on commutator segment, raise your hand and see
towards front side. You will see bottom side of coil 1
and top side of coil 2 Coil 2
Coil 1 Coil 3
For commutator segment 2
yf =8-3=5
yf
For commutator segment 3
135 81012
yf =10-5=5

12345
8. Front Pitch:
Consider wave wdg
For commutator segment 11
yf =17-10=7

Front Pitch yf is N S N S
always ODD 1800

number Coil 1 Coil 2

yf
1 10 17 26

3600 3600

1 11 21
9. Winding Pitch:
The distance between two consecutive and similar top
or bottom coil sides, as the winding progress is called
the winding pitch, symbol yw.
It is expressed in terms of coil-sides.
For lap wdg the consecutive and similar top coil sides
are numbered 1, 3, 5 or Coil 2
Coil 1 Coil 3
similar bottom coil sides are
numbered 8, 10, 12 yw yw
Therefore, wdg pitch yw=3-1=2
1 3 5 y 81012
yw=5-3=2 =10-8=2 =12-10=2; b

yf
Therefore, for lap wdg
y w= yb - y f
12345
9. Winding Pitch:
Consider wave wdg
The consecutive and similar top coil sides are numbered
1, 17 or similar bottom coil sides are numbered 10, 26
Therefore, wdg pitch yw=17-1=16
yw=26-10= 16 N S N S
Therefore, for 1800

wave wdg Coil 1 Coil 2

yw
yw= yb + yf
1 10 17 yw 26
yb
yf
3600 3600

1 11 21
1. Simplex Wave Wdg
This movement is similar to wave

Have U followed?
or shall I move like wave
1. Simplex Wave Wdg
1 8

1. Simplex Wave Wdg

This types depends on the manner of connections to the
commutator segments.
1. Simplex Lap Wdg
1. Simplex Lap Wdg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
In race, what is
it called?
LAP

So this is the shape of LAP wdg

2. Simplex Wave Wdg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
In race, what is
it called?
LAP

So this is the shape of LAP wdg

1. Simplex Lap Wdg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
In race, what is
it called?
LAP

So this is the shape of LAP wdg