03/09/2019

STEAM POWER
PLANT
ME-512L ME LABORATORY 3
A. RECACHO

STEAM ENGINE
STEAM ENGINES ARE EXTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES, WHERE THE
WORKING FLUID IS SEPARATED FROM
THE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS. NON-
COMBUSTION HEAT SOURCES SUCH AS
SOLAR POWER, NUCLEAR POWER OR
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY MAY BE USED.
THE IDEAL THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE
USED TO ANALYZE THIS PROCESS IS
CALLED THE “RANKINE CYCLE”.

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WATT’S STEAM
JAMES WATT
ENGINE

JAMES WATT
USE OF STEAM POWER STARTED
WHEN IT WAS FIRST USED IN
LOCOMOTIVE INVENTED BY JAMES
WATT.

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WATT’S STEAM
ENGINE

WHAT IS STEAM POWER PLANT?

ALSO KNOWN AS THERMAL POWER PLANT, STEAM
POWER PLANT IS A POWER STATION IN WHICH THE ELECTRIC
GENERATOR IS STEAM DRIVEN.
WATER IS HEATED, TURNS INTO STEAM AND SPINS A STEAM
TURBINE WHICH DRIVES AN ELECTRICAL GENERATOR. AFTER IT
PASSES THROUGH THE TURBINE, THE STEAM IS CONDENSED IN A
CONDENSER.

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• ALMOST ALL COAL, NUCLEAR, GEOTHERMAL, SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRIC

POWER PLANTS, WASTE INCINERATION PLANTS AS WELL AS MANY NATURAL
GAS POWER PLANTS ARE STEAM-ELECTRIC.

• NATURAL GAS IS FREQUENTLY COMBUSTED IN GAS TURBINES AS WELL AS

BOILERS. THE WASTE HEAT FROM A GAS TURBINE CAN BE USED TO RAISE
STEAM, IN A COMBINED CYCLE PLANT THAT IMPROVES OVERALL EFFICIENCY.

• WORLDWIDE, MOST ELECTRIC POWER IS PRODUCED BY STEAM-ELECTRIC

POWER PLANTS, WHICH PRODUCE ABOUT 86% OF ALL ELECTRIC
GENERATION.

LAYOUT OF A COAL-FIRED STEAM POWER

PLANT

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BASIC LAYOUT OF A GEOTHERMAL POWER

PLANT

BASIC LAYOUT OF A NUCLEAR POWER

PLANT

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COMBINE CYCLE POWERPLANT

(SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM)

SITE SELECTION
• SITE SELECTION
• COST OF THE LAND
• POPULATION DENSITY OF THE LAND
• AVAILABILITY OF WATER SOURCES
• AVAILABILITY OF FUEL
• TYPE OF LAND
• AVAILABILITY OF ASH HANDLING FACILITY
• AVAILABILITY OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITY

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BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE

A STEAM POWER PLANT CONSISTS OF A BOILER WHICH IS USED
TO GENERATE THE STEAM FROM WATER, PRIME MOVER LIKE A
STEAM TURBINE TO CONVERT THE ENTHALPY OF THE STEAM INTO
ROTARY MOTION OF THE TURBINE WHICH IS LINKED TO THE
ALTERNATOR TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY. THE STEAM IS AGAIN
CONDENSED IN THE CONDENSER AND FED INTO THE BOILER
AGAIN.

BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE

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RANKINE CYCLE
THE RANKINE CYCLE IS A MODEL THAT IS USED TO PREDICT THE
PERFORMANCE OF STEAM TURBINE SYSTEMS, THOUGH THE
THEORETICAL PRINCIPLE ALSO APPLIES TO RECIPROCATING ENGINES
SUCH AS STEAM LOCOMOTIVES. THE RANKINE CYCLE IS AN
IDEALIZED THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF A HEAT ENGINETHAT
CONVERTS HEAT INTO MECHANICAL WORK WHILE UNDERGOING
PHASE CHANGE. THE HEAT IS SUPPLIED EXTERNALLY TO A CLOSED
LOOP, WHICH USUALLY USES WATER AS THE WORKING FLUID.

RANKINE CYCLE
• 1-2 ISENTROPIC COMPRESSION IN A
PUMP
• 2-3 CONSTANT PRESSURE HEAT
ADDITION IN A BOILER
• 3-4 ISENTROPIC EXPANSION IN A
TURBINE
• 4-1 CONSTANT PRESSURE HEAT
REJECTION IN A CONDENSER

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RANKINE CYCLE
PROCESS 1-2: THE WORKING FLUID IS PUMPED FROM LOW TO HIGH PRESSURE.
AS THE FLUID IS A LIQUID AT THIS STAGE, THE PUMP REQUIRES LITTLE INPUT
ENERGY.
PROCESS 2-3: THE HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID ENTERS A BOILER WHERE IT IS HEATED
AT CONSTANT PRESSURE BY AN EXTERNAL HEAT SOURCE TO BECOME A DRY
SATURATED VAPOUR. THE INPUT ENERGY REQUIRED CAN BE EASILY CALCULATED
GRAPHICALLY, USING AN ENTHALPHY ENTROPY CHART(H-S CHARTOR, MOLLIER
DIAGRAM), OR NUMERICALLY, USINGSTEAM TABLES.

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RANKINE CYCLE
PROCESS 3-4: THE DRY SATURATED VAPOUR EXPANDS THROUGH A
TURBINE, GENERATING POWER. THIS DECREASES THE TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE OF THE VAPOUR, AND SOME CONDENSATION MAY
OCCUR.
PROCESS 4-1: THE WET VAPOUR THEN ENTERS A CONDENSER
WHERE IT IS CONDENSED AT A CONSTANT PRESSURE TO BECOME A
SATURATED LIQUID

BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE

POWER IS PRODUCED IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS BY ROTATING STEAM TURBINE

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TURBINE

ENERGY ABSORPTION FROM STEAM IN THE

TURBINE
WHEN TURBINE BLADES GET ROTATED BY HIGH PRESSURE HIGH
TEMPERATURE STEAM, THE STEAM LOSES ITS ENERGY. THIS IN TURN WILL
RESULT IN A LOW PRESSURE AND LOW TEMPERATURE STEAM AT THE
OUTLET OF THE TURBINE. HERE STEAM IS EXPANDED TILL SATURATION
POINT IS REACHED.
SINCE THERE IS NO HEAT ADDITION OR REMOVAL FROM THE STEAM,
IDEALLY ENTROPY OF THE STEAM REMAINS SAME. THIS CHANGE IS
DEPICTED IN THE FOLLOWING P-V AND T-S DIAGRAMS. IF WE CAN BRING
THIS LOW PRESSURE, LOW TEMPERATURE STEAM BACK TO ITS ORIGINAL
STATE, THEN WE CAN PRODUCE ELECTRICITY CONTINUOUSLY.

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PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE DROP OF STEAM WHEN

TURBINE ABSORBS ENERGY FROM IT

STEAM TURBINE
IS A DEVICE THAT
EXTRACTS THERMAL ENERGY FROM
PRESSURIZED STEAM AND USES IT
TO DO MECHANICAL WORK ON A
ROTATING OUTPUT SHAFT.
IT IS THE MECHANICAL DEVICE
WHICH CONVERTS THE KINETIC
ENERGY OF THE STEAM TO THE
MECHANICAL ENERGY

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IMPULSE TURBINE
IN THIS TYPE, THE DROP IN PRESSURE TAKES PLACE IN FIXED NOZZLES AS
WELL AS MOVING BLADES. THE PRESSURE DROPS SUFFERED BY STEAM
WHILE PASSING THROUGH THE MOVING BLADES CAUSES A FURTHER
GENERATION OF KINETIC ENERGY WITHIN THESE BLADES, GIVING RISE TO
REACTION AND ADD TO THE PROPELLING FORCE, WHICH IS APPLIED
THROUGH THE ROTOR TO THE TURBINE SHAFT. THE BLADE PASSAGE
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA IS VARIED (CONVERGING TYPE).

MULTI STAGE IMPULSE

ARE BACK PRESSURE TURBINES THAT CAN
BE MADE AVAILABLE IN FORM OF SINGLE
STAGE OR MULTI-STAGE OPTIONS. THESE
TURBINES FIND APPLICATION FOR DRIVE
APPLICATION/POWER GENERATION
APPLICATIONS AND ARE OF STRAIGHT-
BACK PRESSURE TYPE. FINDING
APPLICATION IN AREAS WHERE BACK
PRESSURE STEAM IS FULLY UTILIZED, THE
POWER GENERATION IS INCIDENTAL TO
PROCESS STEAM DEMANDS.

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REACTION TURBINE
A TYPE OF TURBINE THAT DEVELOPS
TORQUE BY REACTING TO THE
PRESSURE OR WEIGHT OF A FLUID; THE
OPERATION OF REACTION TURBINES IS
DESCRIBED BY NEWTON'S THIRD LAW
OF MOTION (ACTION AND REACTION
ARE EQUAL AND OPPOSITE).

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CONDENSER

USE OF CONDENSER
• COMPRESSING A FLUID WHICH IS IN GASEOUS STATE REQUIRES A
HUGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY, SO BEFORE COMPRESSING THE FLUID
IT SHOULD BE CONVERTED INTO LIQUID STATE. A CONDENSER IS
USED FOR THIS PURPOSE, WHICH REJECTS HEAT TO THE
SURROUNDING AND CONVERTS STEAM INTO LIQUID. IDEALLY
THERE WILL NOT BE ANY PRESSURE CHANGE DURING THIS HEAT
REJECTION PROCESS, SINCE THE FLUID IS FREE TO EXPAND IN A
CONDENSER.

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USE OF CONDENSER IN ORDER TO

TRANSFORM VAPOR INTO LIQUID STATE

CONDENSER
IS A DEVICE OR UNIT USED TO CONDENSE A SUBSTANCE FROM
ITS GASEOUS TO ITS LIQUID STATE, BY COOLING IT.

AIR-COOLED
Removes heat with the use of finned
tubes. It is made of modules arranged
in parallel rows. Each module contains
a number of fin tube bundles. An axial
flow, forced-draft fan located in each
module forces the cooling air across the
heat exchange area of the fin tubes.

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WATER COOLED
REMOVES HEAT FROM REFRIGERANT
VAPOR AND TRANSFERS IT TO THE
WATER RUNNING THROUGH IT.
HAVING THE REFRIGERANT VAPOR
CONDENSED ON THE OUTSIDE OF A
TUBE DOES THIS. IN DOING SO, THE
VAPOR CONDENSES AND GIVES UP
HEAT TO THE WATER RUNNING
INSIDE THE TUBE.

CONDENSER HEAT REJECTION -COOLING TOWER

IN ORDER TO REJECT HEAT FROM THE CONDENSER A COLDER LIQUID

SHOULD MAKE CONTACT WITH IT. IN A THERMAL POWER PLANT
CONTINUOUS SUPPLY OF COLD LIQUID IS PRODUCED WITH THE
HELP OF A COOLING TOWER. COLD FLUID FROM THE COOLING
TOWER ABSORBS HEAT FROM A CONDENSER AND GETS HEATED,
THIS HEAT IS REJECTED TO THE ATMOSPHERE VIA NATURAL
CONVECTION WITH THE HELP OF A COOLING TOWER.

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PUMP

PUMP
• AT EXIT OF THE CONDENSER FLUID IS IN LIQUID STATE, SO WE CAN
USE A PUMP TO RAISE THE PRESSURE. DURING THIS PROCESS THE
VOLUME AND TEMPERATURE (2-3 DEG.C RISE) OF FLUID HARDLY
CHANGES, SINCE IT IS IN LIQUID STATE. NOW THE FLUID HAS
REGAINED ITS ORIGINAL PRESSURE.

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COMPRESSOR PUMPS THE FLUID TO ITS ORIGINAL

PRESSURE

BOILER

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BOILER FURNACE FOR HEAT ADDITION

• HEAT IS ADDED TO THE BOILER WITH HELP OF A BOILER FURNACE. HERE FUEL
REACTS WITH AIR AND PRODUCES HEAT. IN A THERMAL POWER PLANT, THE
FUEL CAN BE EITHER COAL OR NUCLEAR. WHEN COAL IS USED AS A FUEL IT
PRODUCES A LOT OF POLLUTANTS WHICH HAVE TO BE REMOVED BEFORE
EJECTING TO THE SURROUNDINGS. THIS IS DONE USING A SERIES OF STEPS,
THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THEM IS AN ELECTRO STATIC PRECIPITATOR (ESP)
WHICH REMOVES ASH PARTICLES FROM THE EXHAUST. NOW MUCH CLEANER
EXHAUST IS EJECTED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE VIA A STACK.

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HEAT ADDITION AT BOILER BRINGS THE FLUID TO ITS

ORIGINAL TEMPERATURE

BOILER
IS A CLOSED VESSEL IN WHICH WATER OR
OTHER FLUID IS HEATED FOR VARIOUS
PROCESSES OR HEATING
APPLICATIONS, INCLUDING WATER
HEATING, CENTRAL HEATING, BOILER-
BASED POWER GENERATION, COOKING,
AND SANITATION.
IT CONVERTS THE WATER INTO HIGH
PRESSURE STEAM. IT CONTAINS THE
FURNACE INSIDE OR OUTSIDE THE BOILER
SHELL. THE COMBUSTION OF COAL TAKES
PLACE IN THE FURNACE.

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FIRE TUBE BOILER

A FIRE-TUBE BOILER IS A TYPE
OF BOILER IN WHICH HOT GASES
FROM A FIRE PASS THROUGH ONE OR
(MANY) MORE TUBES RUNNING
THROUGH A SEALED CONTAINER OF
WATER. THE HEAT OF THE GASES IS
TRANSFERRED THROUGH THE WALLS
OF THE TUBES BY THERMAL
CONDUCTION, HEATING THE WATER
AND ULTIMATELY CREATING STEAM.

WATER TUBE BOILER

IS A TYPE OF BOILER IN WHICH WATER
CIRCULATES IN TUBES HEATED EXTERNALLY
BY THE FIRE. FUEL IS BURNED INSIDE
THE FURNACE, CREATING HOT GAS WHICH
HEATS WATER IN THE STEAM-GENERATING
TUBES. IN SMALLER BOILERS, ADDITIONAL
GENERATING TUBES ARE SEPARATE IN THE
FURNACE, WHILE LARGER UTILITY BOILERS
RELY ON THE WATER-FILLED TUBES THAT
MAKE UP THE WALLS OF THE FURNACE TO
GENERATE STEAM.

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The main difference

between fire tube and
water tube is that in fire
tube boiler the flue
gases flow in the tubes
and water flows from the
shell and in water tube
boiler, water flows from
the tubes and the flue
gases from the shell or
passes over the tubes.

COMPARISON BETWEEN FIRE TUBE AND WATER TUBE

FIRE TUBE BOILER WATER TUBE BOILER

1. HOT FLUE GASES PASS THROUGH TUBES
AND WATER SURROUNDS THEM.
2. THESE ARE OPERATED AT LOW PRESSURE
UP TO 20 BAR.
3. THE RATE OF STEAM GENERATION AND
QUALITY OF STEAM ARE VERY LOW,
THEREFORE NOT SUITABLE FOR POWER
GENERATION.
4. LOAD FLUCTUATIONS CANNOT BE
HANDLED.
1. WATER PASSES THROUGH TUBES AND
HOT FLUE GASES AROUND THEM.
2. WORKING PRESSURE IS HIGH ENOUGH,
UP TO 250 BAR IN SUPER CRITICAL
BOILERS.
3. THE RATE OF STEAM GENERATION AND
QUALITY OF STEAM ARE BETTER AND
SUITABLE FOR POWER GENERATION.
4. LOAD FLUCTUATIONS CAN BE EASILY
HANDLED.

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COMPARISON BETWEEN FIRE TUBE AND WATER TUBE

FIRE TUBE BOILER WATER TUBE BOILER

5. IT REQUIRES MORE FLOOR AREA FOR A 5. IT REQUIRES LESS FLOOR AREA FOR A GIVEN
GIVEN OUTPUT. OUTPUT.

6. THESE ARE BULKY AND DIFFICULT TO 6. THESE ARE LIGHT IN WEIGHT, HENCE
TRANSPORATION IS NOT A PROBLEM.
TRANSPORT.
7. OVERALL EFFICIENCY WITH AN
7. OVERALL EFFICIENCY IS UP TO 75% ECONOMIZER IS UP TO 90%.
8. WATER DOESN’T CIRCULATE IN A DEFINITE 8. DIRECTION OF WATER CIRCULATED IS WELL
DIRECTION. DEFINED.
9. THE DRUM SIZE IS LARGE AND DAMAGE 9. IF ANY WATER TUBE IS DAMAGED, IT CAN
CAUSED BY BURSTING IS LARGE. EASILY BE REPLACED OR REPAIRED.
10. COMPLEX DESIGN, DIFFICULT TO ERECT AND
10. SIMPLE IN DESIGN, EASY TO ERECT AND
HIGH MAINTENANCE COST.
LOW MAINTENANCE.

COMPARISON BETWEEN FIRE TUBE AND WATER TUBE

FIRE TUBE BOILER WATER TUBE BOILER

11. EVEN LESS SKILL OPERATORS ARE 11. SKILLED OPERATORS ARE REQUIRED FOR
SUFFICIENT FOR EFFICIENT OPERATIONS. OPERATIONS.
12. THE TREATMENT OF FEED WATER IS NOT 12. TREATMENT OF FEED WATER IS VERY
VERY ESSENTIAL, AS OVERHEATING DUE ESSENTIAL, AS SMALL SCALE DEPOSITS
TO SCALE FORMATION CANNOT BURST INSIDE THE TUBES CAN CAUSE
THICK SHELL. OVERHEATING AND BURSTING.
13. USED IN PROCESS INDUSTRY. 13. USED IN LARGE POWER PLANTS.

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STEAM GENERATOR
• SUPERCRITICAL STEAM IS OVERLOADED
WITH ENERGY. STEAM'S ENERGY IS
CONVERTED INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY
BY FORCING IT THROUGH A STEAM
TURBINE. THE HIGH PRESSURE OF THE
STEAM PUSHES ON THE MANY ANGLED
BLADES OF THE TURBINE, CAUSING THE
SHAFT TO ROTATE. THIS MECHANICAL
ENERGY IS CONVERTED TO ELECTRICITY
BY USING THE POWER FORM THE
ROTATING SHAFT TO TURN AN
ELECTRICAL GENERATOR.

MAIN ACCESSORIES OF RANKINE CYCLE –

COOLING TOWER, BOILER FURNACE, ESP & CHIMNEY

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SUPERHEATER
• A SUPERHEATER IS A VITAL PART OF THE A BOILER SYSTEM THAT IS USED TO INCREASE THE
OVERALL EFFICIENCY OF A THERMAL POWER PLANT. MORE SPECIFICALLY, IT IS A DEVICE
WHICH CONVERTS WET STEAM (SATURATED STEAM) INTO DRY STEAM AS DRY STEAM
CONTAINS MORE THERMAL ENERGY. DRY STEAM IS ALSO LESS LIKELY TO CONDENSE WITHIN
THE ENGINE CYLINDERS OR THE CASING OF A STEAM TURBINE.

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SUPERHEATER

ECONOMIZER
• AN ECONOMISER IS A MECHANICAL DEVICE THAT REDUCES ENERGY
CONSUMPTION. IT DOES THIS BY ACTING AS A HEAT EXCHANGER,
PREHEATING THE FLUIDS THAT ENTER A BOILER OR RECOVERING RESIDUAL
HEAT FROM THE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS.

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ECONOMIZER
• IT IS DESIGNED TO SAVE ENERGY BY USING THE EXHAUST GASES FROM THE BOILER TO
PREHEAT THE COLD FLUID, MAINLY WATER, THAT IS USED TO FILL IT. AN INCREASE IN FUEL
PRICES MEANS THAT POWER PLANTS ARE HAVING TO INCREASE THE BOILER EFFICIENCY AND
THIS IS MADE POSSIBLE WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ECONOMISERS.

ECONOMIZER

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AIR-PREHEATER
• AIR HEATERS ARE AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE HEAT EXCHANGE PROCESS. SIMILAR TO
ECONOMISERS, THEY ARE DEVICES THAT TRANSFER HEAT FROM ONE SURFACE TO ANOTHER -
BUT THIS TIME FROM FLUID TO AIR. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE IS TO INCREASE THE THERMAL
EFFICIENCY OF A BOILER SYSTEM BY RECOVERING THE HEAT FROM THE FLUE GAS AND USING
IT TO HEAT THE AIR.

AIR-PREHEATER
IT IS USED TO PRE-HEAT THE AIR BEFORE ENTERING INTO THE BOILER FURNACE. THE PRE HEATING OF
AIR HELPS IN THE BURNING OF FUEL TO A GREATER EXTENT. IT TAKES THE HEAT FROM THE BURNT
GASES FROM THE FURNACE TO HEAT THE AIR FROM THE ATMOSPHERE.

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COOLING TOWER
IT IS A TOWER WHICH CONTAINS COLD WATER. COLD WATER IS CIRCULATED TO THE
CONDENSER FOR THE COOLING OF THE RESIDUAL STEAM FROM THE TURBINE.

NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWERS

• NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWERS RELY ON
NATURAL CONVECTION TO CIRCULATE AIR
THROUGHOUT THE TOWER, WHICH THEN
COOLS THE WATER. AIR MOVEMENT OCCURS
DUE TO DIFFERENCES IN DENSITY BETWEEN THE
ENTERING AIR AND THE INTERNAL AIR WITHIN
THE TOWER. WARM, MOIST AIR, WHICH IS
MORE DENSE THAN COOL AIR, WILL
NATURALLY RISE THROUGH THE TOWER, WHILE
THE DRY, COOL AIR FROM OUTSIDE WILL FALL,
CREATING A CONSTANT CYCLE OF AIR FLOW.

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MECHANICAL DRAFT COOLING TOWERS

• MECHANICAL DRAFT COOLING TOWERS EMPLOY FANS OR OTHER MECHANICS TO CIRCULATE

AIR THROUGH THE TOWER. COMMON FANS USED IN THESE TOWERS INCLUDE PROPELLER
FANS AND CENTRIFUGAL FANS. MECHANICAL DRAFT TOWERS ARE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN
NATURAL DRAFT TOWERS, AND CAN EVEN BE LOCATED INSIDE A BUILDING WHEN EXHAUSTED
PROPERLY. HOWEVER, THEY CONSUME MORE POWER THAN NATURAL DRAFT COOLING
TOWERS AND COST MORE TO OPERATE AS A RESULT.

MECHANICAL DRAFT COOLING TOWERS

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CHIMNEY

IT IS USED TO RELEASE THE HOT BURNT

GASES OR SMOKE FROM THE
FURNACE TO THE ENVIRONMENT AT
APPROPRIATE HEIGHT. THE HEIGHT OF
THE TOWER IS VERY HIGH SUCH THAT
IT CAN EASILY THROW THE SMOKE
AND EXHAUST GASES AT THE
APPROPRIATE HEIGHT. AND IT CANNOT
AFFECT THE POPULATION LIVING NEAR
THE STEAM POWER PLANT.

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

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ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
ALSO CALLED ELECTROSTATIC AIR
CLEANER, A DEVICE THAT USES
AN ELECTRIC CHARGE TO REMOVE
CERTAIN IMPURITIES—EITHER
SOLID PARTICLES OR LIQUID
DROPLETS—FROM AIR OR OTHER
GASES IN SMOKESTACKS AND
OTHER FLUES.

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EFFICIENCY OF A STEAM POWER PLANT

• THE POWER PLANT THAT OPERATES ON COAL CONSTITUTES ALMOST 41% OF THE
WORLD’S ELECTRICITY GENERATION.
• IT IS THE MODIFIED RANKINE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE ON WHICH THE COAL
FIRED POWER PLANT OPERATES.
• THE OVERALL EFFICIENCY OF THE COAL POWER PLANT RANGES FROM 32% TO
42%. AND THIS IS CALCULATED BY THE SUPERHEAT PRESSURES, AND SUPER HEAT
AND REHEAT TEMPERATURES OF STEAM.
• MOST OF THE LARGE POWER PLANTS THAT OPERATES AT STEAM PRESSURES OF
170 BAR,570 ℃ SUPERHEAT AND 570 ℃ REHEAT STEAM TEMPERATURES CAN
ACHIEVE THE EFFICIENCY RANGES FROM 35% TO 38%.

EFFICIENCY OF A STEAM POWER PLANT

• THE EFFICIENCY OF THE SUPER CRITICAL POWER PLANTS

OPERATING AT 220 BAR STEAM PRESSURE, 600/600 ℃
SUPERHEAT/REHEAT TEMPERATURES CAN ACHIEVE IS 42%.
• THE EFFICIENCY IN THE RANGE OF 45 TO 48% CAN BE ACHIEVED
BY THE ULTRA-SUPER CRITICAL POWER PLANTS OPERATING AT
300 BAR PRESSURE, 600/600 ℃ SUPERHEAT/REHEAT STEAM
TEMPERATURES.

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EXISTING PLANT
CAPACITY
COMPANY LOCATION
(MW)
135
TRANS ASIA Calaca, Batangas
United Pulp and Paper Co.,
90
Inc Calumpit, Bulacan
300
San Miguel Corp. General Santos
15
DMCI Holdings Palawan
Toledo Power Corp
246
(Metrobank) Toledo City, Cebu
200
Sultan Energy Philippines Sultan
511
EGCO Group Mauban, Quezon

ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES

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ADVANTAGES OF A STEAM POWER

PLANT
• THE FUEL (I.E., COAL) USED IS QUITE CHEAP
• LESS INITIAL COST AS COMPARED TO OTHER GENERATING STATIONS
• IT CAN BE INSTALLED AT ANY PLACE IRRESPECTIVE OF THE EXISTENCE OF COAL.
THE COAL CAN BE TRANSPORTED TO THE SITE OF THE PLANT BY RAIL OR ROAD
• IT REQUIRES LESS SPACE AS COMPARED TO THE HYDROELECTRIC POWER
STATION
• USE OF WATER IS PROMINENT HERE, THEREFORE, ANY PLACES WITH AMPLE
SUPPLY OF WATER IS A PERFECT LOCATION FOR INSTALLING A THERMAL POWER
STATION

DISADVANTAGES OF A STEAM POWER

PLANT
• HUGE PRODUCTION OF CARBON-DI-OXIDE (CO2) IN THE
ATMOSPHERE
• EXHAUSTED GASES HARMS OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT BADLY
• HANDLING OF COAL AND DISPOSAL IS QUITE DIFFICULT AND
REQUIRES LARGE AREA
• LOW OVERALL EFFICIENCY

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