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Liner and Bulk Shipping
(a) Bulk Shipping
A fleet of crude oil tankers built to service the rapidly expanding economies of Western Europe
and Japan with smaller vessel for the carriage of oil products and liquid chemicals. In the dry bulk trades
steel, aluminum and fertilizer are turned to foreign supplier and a large bulk carrier was built to service
the trade. Now bulk tonnage is about three quarters of the world merchant fleet. Bulk cargoes are
drawn from the raw material trade such as oil, iron ore, core and grain and also called bulk commodities.
There are three main categories of bulk cargo: ‐
1) Liquid bulk
Requires tanker transportation
The main ones are crude oil, oil products, liquid chemicals
2) The five major bulks
iron ore, grain, coal, phosphates and bauxite
3) Minor bulks
The many other commodities that travel in shiploads.
Steel products, steel scrap, cement, gypsum, non‐ferrous metal ores, sugar, salt, sulphur,
forest products, wood chips and chemicals.
(b) Liner Shipping
General cargos are too small to justify setting up bulk shipping. They are high value or easily
damage and requires a special shipping service. There are no fixed rules for general cargoes: boxes,
bales, machinery tons of steel products, tons of bagged malting barley.
1) Loose cargo
Individual items, boxes, pieces of machinery, etc., each of which must be handled and
stowed separately.
2) Containerized cargo,
Standard boxes, TEU and FEU
3) Palletized cargo
Packed onto standard pallets, secured by straps or pallet stretch film for easy stacking and
fast handling.
4) Pre‐slung cargo
Small items such as planks of wood fasten together into standard sized packages.
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Maritime Economic (SM6002) | Zaw Myo Win (SM‐0034)
5) Refrigerated cargo
Chilled or frozen, insulated holds or refrigerated container.
6) Heavy and awkward cargo,
Large and difficult to stow.
The Difference between Liner and Bulk Shipping
Bulk Shipping Liner Shipping
1) Enters the market in ship‐size 1) Consists of many small quantities of cargo
consignments. grouped for shipment
2) On a ‘one ship, one cargo’ basis, 2) Either loose or unitized, is transported by
3) Generally using bulk vessels. liner services which offer regular
4) Where trade flows are predictable fleets of transport, accepting any cargo at a fixed
ships may be built for the trade or vessels tariff.
chartered on a long‐term basis. 3) Containerization transformed loose
general cargo into a homogeneous
commodity which could be handled in
bulk.
4) This changed the ships used in the liner
trades
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